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Biochemistry of Carbohydrate Loading in Endurance Sports : graduation thesis
No full textThe review presents a closer view on biochemistry and effect of COH loading in endurance athletes, with the focus on the nutritional strategies, the right amount and timing and effects on the recovery after a physical event. The different protocols ranging from the classic to modified to rapid approach give a lot of range in order to suit different kind of athletes with different preferences in time expenditure. Precise timing for the consumption of COH before and during the physical event in order to achieve optimal blood glucose levels and prevention of fatigue are crucial. The role of the GI and GL are also taking in consideration prior to an endurance event. Low-GI foods are more favorable immediately prior to the physical activity, while high GI foods are more efficiently in the days before and after the event. Supplements are used widely in order to assist in the intake of more COH. Powders are more used in the course before the event while gels are used during the activity. Ultra-endurance athletes will consume up to 50% more COH and will follow the rapid loading protocol in order to meet their increased needs. In order to replenish the glycogen store after the physical activity, the insulin independent mechanism, and the insulin-dependent mechanism, are both crucial to optimize recovery. High-GI foods have better results together with the combination with fructose. The adequate intake of COH during the event helps delaying the increase in inflammatory markers and stress-related molecules.The review presents a closer view on biochemistry and effect of COH loading in endurance athletes, with the focus on the nutritional strategies, the right amount and timing and effects on the recovery after a physical event. The different protocols ranging from the classic to modified to rapid approach give a lot of range in order to suit different kind of athletes with different preferences in time expenditure. Precise timing for the consumption of COH before and during the physical event in order to achieve optimal blood glucose levels and prevention of fatigue are crucial. The role of the GI and GL are also taking in consideration prior to an endurance event. Low-GI foods are more favorable immediately prior to the physical activity, while high GI foods are more efficiently in the days before and after the event. Supplements are used widely in order to assist in the intake of more COH. Powders are more used in the course before the event while gels are used during the activity. Ultra-endurance athletes will consume up to 50% more COH and will follow the rapid loading protocol in order to meet their increased needs. In order to replenish the glycogen store after the physical activity, the insulin independent mechanism, and the insulin-dependent mechanism, are both crucial to optimize recovery. High-GI foods have better results together with the combination with fructose. The adequate intake of COH during the event helps delaying the increase in inflammatory markers and stress-related molecules
Clinical manifestations of enteric nervous system disorders
No full textCrijevni živčani sustav je autonomna mreža neurona s važnim učinkom u homeostatskom djelovanju gastrointestinalnog trakta. Disfunkcija se očituje nizom kliničkih poremećaja koji uključuju kongenitalne neuropatije, primarne poremećaje motiliteta, funkcionalne i upalne poremećaje, metaboličke i neurodegenerativne bolesti, te promjene u starenju. Manifestacije su nespecifične i preklapaju se s drugim gastroenterološkim stanjima, a prepoznavanje učinka ENS-a je ključno za postavljanje točne dijagnoze i odabir terapijskog pristupa.
Ovaj rad prikazuje pregled recentne znanstvene literature o kliničkim manifestacijama poremećaja ENS-a u odrasloj populaciji. Prikazani su osnovni mehanizmi disfunkcije ENS-a, uključujući promjene neurotransmisije, morfologije, imunoloških procesa i poremećaje crijevno-moždane osovine.
Unatoč napretku u razumijevanju uloge ENS-a, dijagnostičke mogućnosti ostaju ograničene, a terapijski pristupi najčešće simptomatski. U budućnosti se fokus prebacuje na molekularne mehanizme, razvoj biomarkera i ciljanu terapiju kako bi se unaprijedila kvaliteta života pacijenata.The enteric nervous system is an autonomic network of neurons with an important effect on the homeostatic functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Dysfunction is manifested by a number of clinical disorders including congenital neuropathies, primary motility disorders, functional and inflammatory disorders, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, and changes due to aging. Manifestations are nonspecific and overlap with other gastroenterological conditions. Early recognition of the effect of the ENS is crucial for establishing an accurate diagnosis and choosing a therapeutic approach.
This thesis presents a review of the recent scientific literature on the clinical manifestations of ENS disorders in the adult population. The basic mechanisms of ENS dysfunction are presented, including changes in neurotransmission, morphology, immunological processes, and disorders of the gut-brain axis.
Despite progress in understanding the role of the ENS, diagnostic options remain limited, and therapeutic approaches are most often symptomatic. In the future, the focus is shifting to molecular mechanisms, biomarker development, and targeted therapy to significantly improve life quality of the patients
Cervical spine injuries in the General hospital Zadar from 2019 to 2021: A research study
No full textUvod i cilj istraživanja:Ozljede vratne kralježnice su ozbiljan izazov koji zahtijeva prevenciju i edukaciju kako bi se smanjile posljedice. Istraživanje je analiziralo faktore koji utječu na učestalost tih ozljeda i usporedilo razlike među skupinama ispitanika. Također je istražena prevalencija konzervativnog i kirurškog pristupa liječenju ozljeda vratne kralježnice.
Materijali i metode: Istraživanje je obuhvatilo pacijente s ozljedom vratne kralježnice primljene u Opću bolnicu Zadar u razdoblju od 2019. do 2021. Prikupljeni su podaci iz medicinskih izvješća pacijenata te je provedena statistička analiza. Poštovani su etički aspekti istraživanja u vezi s povjerljivošću i zaštitom podataka pacijenata.
Rezultati:Istraživanje ozljeda vratne kralježnice analiziralo je karakteristike pacijenata. Muškarci su češće ozlijeđeni u dobi od 60-79 godina. Pad s visine, pad u razini i prometne nesreće su najčešći mehanizmi ozljede. Većina pacijenata je primila konzervativno liječenje. Nema razlike u učestalosti ozljede prema mehanizmu i dobi, ali postoji veza između spola i dobi pacijenata.
Zaključak:Učestalost ozljede vratne kralježnice nije različita između prometnih nesreća i pada s visine. Muškarci imaju veću učestalost ozljeda od žena. Nema razlike u učestalosti ozljede prema dobi. Većina pacijenata primila je konzervativno liječenje. Postoji veza između spola i dobi pacijenata u kontekstu ozljede vratne kralježnice.Introduction and research objectives:Spinal cord injury is a serious challenge that requires prevention and education to reduce its consequences. This study analyzed factors that influence the incidence of these injuries and compared differences between participant groups. It also examined the prevalence of conservative and surgical approaches to spinal cord injury.
Materials and methods: The study included patients with cervical spine injuries admitted to Zadar General Hospital between 2019 and 2021. Data were collected from the patients' medical records and statistical analysis was performed. Ethical aspects of the research regarding confidentiality and protection of patient data were observed.
Results: Patient characteristics were analyzed in the study of cervical spine injuries. Men were more likely to be injured in the 60-79 age group. Falls from height, falls on the ground, and traffic accidents were the most common mechanisms of injury. The majority of patients were treated conservatively. There is no difference in the frequency of injuries according to mechanism and age, but there is a correlation between gender and age of patients.
Conclusion: The frequency of cervical spine injuries does not differ between traffic accidents and falls from height. Men have a higher frequency of injury than women. There is no difference in the frequency of injuries according to age. The majority of patients were treated conservatively. There is a correlation between gender and age of patients in relation to cervical spine injuries
The latest achievements in cellular immunotherapy
No full textZbog toga što rak predstavlja jedan od vodećih uzroka smrti u svijetu, intenzivno se radi na otkriću novih vrsta terapije. Upravo imunoterapija predstavlja nov i moderan pristup u liječenju raka, zaraznih bolesti i autoimunih bolesti. Obećavajuće rezultate pokazuje osobito u liječenju malignih formacija. Za razliku od tradicionalni terapija (kemoterapija i radioterapija), ona direktnim djelovanjem na imunosni sustav postiže efikasnu reakciju i odgovor na tumore, što je čini sigurnijom i manje štetnom za pacijente. Dijeli se na nekoliko značajnih područja, staničnu imunoterapiju, imunoterapiju antitijelima, checkpoint inhibitore, citokinsku terapiju, imunomodulatore i cjepiva. Zbog svojih iznimnih rezultata u kliničkim ispitivanjima pa i činjenice da je već nekoliko terapija odobreno od strane FDA, odlučio sam više pažnje posvetiti upravo staničnoj imunoterapiji, a posebice CAR-T stanicama. Stanična imunoterapija doživjela je veliki procvat te čini temelj za budućnost liječenja raka. Ona se bazira na poboljšanju funkcija imunosnih stanica njihovom modifikacijom, multiplikacijom i aktivacijom, a dijeli se prema vrsti stanice čije se funkcija poboljšava. Razlikujemo adoptivnu T staničnu (TILs, CAR-T, TCR-T), NK staničnu, CIK staničnu imunoterapiju i DC cjepiva. Najznačajnija vrsta terapije, upravo je adoptivna T stanična imunoterapija. Pokazuje iznimno dobre rezultate u liječenju raka, a zbog intenzivnog i predanog istraživanja u ovom području rada, već je odobren niz terapija ove vrste.Because cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, intensive efforts are being made to discover new types of therapy. Immunotherapy represents a new and modern approach in the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. It shows promising results especially in the treatment of malignant formations. Unlike traditional therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), it achieves an effective reaction and response to tumors by directly acting on the immune system, making it safer and less harmful to patients. It is divided into several significant areas: cellular immunotherapy, antibody immunotherapy, checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine therapy, immunomodulators, and vaccines. Due to its remarkable results in clinical trials and the fact that several therapies have already been approved by the FDA, I have decided to focus more on cellular immunotherapy, especially on CAR-T cells. Cellular immunotherapy has experienced a significant breakthrough and forms the foundation for the future cancer treatments. It is based on enhancing the functions of immune cells through their modification, multiplication, and activation, and it is categorized based on the type of cell whose function is being improved. We distinguish between adoptive T cell (TILs, CAR-T, TCR-T), NK cell, CIK cell immunotherapy, and DC vaccines. The most significant type of therapy is adoptive T cell immunotherapy. It shows exceptionally good results in cancer treatment, and due to intensive and dedicated work, a series of therapies of this kind have already been approved
Self-promotion and building a personal brend in the beauty industry
No full textSamopromocija je proces izdvajanja pojedinca od pretrpanog tržišta rada. Učinkovitom samopromocijom te uspješnim kombiniranjem elemenata osobnog brendiranja pojedinci si osiguravaju povrate investicija ulaganja u sebe na nekoliko različitih polja: ljudskim kapitalom, društvenim te ekonomskim. Uspješan osobni brend u 21. stoljeću predstavlja vođu javnog mišljenja, poznatije nazvan – influencera. Ovaj rad se temelji na osobnom brendiranju u industriji ljepote, s naglaskom na djelatnost manikure i pedikure - nail industrije. Empirijski dio istražuje način vođenja društvene mreže Instagram u korist širenja poslovanja, a rezultati istraživanja pokazuju što odabrane influencerice izdvaja od ostalih – uredna estetika profila, aktivno postavljanje videozapisa i fotografija te storyja.Self-promotion is the process of distinguishing an individual from a crowded labor market. Through effective self-promotion and the successful combination of elements of personal branding, individuals ensure returns on investments in themselves in several different fields: human capital, social and economic. A successful personal brand in 21st century represents an leader of public opinion, better known as an influencer. This paper is based on personal branding in the beauty industry, with an emphasis on the manicure and pedicure - nail industry. The empirical part investigates the way of running the Instagram social network for the benefit of business expansion, and the results of the research show what sets the selected influencers apart from the rest - neat profile aesthetics, active posting of videos and photos, and stories
Implementation of the National breast cancer preventive program in the Rijeka Clinical Hospital Center
No full textUvod: Rak dojke je najčešći dijagnosticirani karcinom kod žena. U Hrvatskoj je 2022. godine prema Međunarodnoj klasifikaciji bolesti (MKB-10) zabilježeno 3.108 slučajeva zloćudnih novotvorina dojke kod žena, s incidencijom od 145,60 na 100.000 stanovnika. Vlada Republike Hrvatske usvojila je 29. lipnja 2006. godine Nacionalni preventivni program ranog otkrivanja raka dojke. Ovaj program ima za cilj rano otkrivanje raka dojke, smanjenje smrtnosti od raka dojke za 25 % u razdoblju od pet godina od početka provedbe programa te poboljšanje kvalitete života oboljelih žena od raka dojke. Provedba Nacionalnog preventivnog programa za rano otkrivanje raka dojke uključuje redovite mamografske preglede za žene u dobi od 50. do 69. godine. Žene u ovoj dobnoj skupini pozivaju se na besplatne mamografske preglede svake dvije godine putem službenih poziva koji stižu na njihovu kućnu adresu.
Ciljevi: Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su utvrditi koliki je odaziv korisnica zdravstvene usluge (KZU) na mamografski pregled u sklopu nacionalnog preventivnog programa u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Rijeka (KBC) te utvrditi postoje li varijacije u stopi odaziva u odnosu na godišnje doba. Sporedni cilj rada je utvrditi dobnu skupinu s najvišim odazivom na mamografiju po nacionalnom preventivnom programu.
Materijali i metode: U ovo retrospektivno istraživanje bile su uključene ispitanice u dobi od 50 do 69 godina koje su dobile poziv na mamografski pregled u sklopu Nacionalnog preventivnog programa raka dojke na Odjelu za abdominalnu radiologiju i radiologiju dojke Kliničkog zavoda za dijagnostičku i intervencijsku radiologiju KBC-a u Rijeci u periodu od 1. 1. 2021. do 31. 12. 2023. godine tijekom provođenja 6. i 7. ciklusa Nacionalnog preventivnog programa raka dojke. Podaci potrebni za istraživanje prikupljeni su u bolničkom informacijskom sustavu (IBIS) te radiološkom informacijskom sustavu (ISSA). Za testiranje hipoteza koristio se Z-test za proporcije i Hi-kvadrat test. Sve hipoteze testirane su na statističkoj razini značajnosti od p < 0.05.
Rezultati: Udio ispitanica koje su se odazvale pozivu na mamografski pregled u sklopu nacionalnog programa probira u ispitivanom razdoblju iznosi 42,79 %. Najzastupljenija dobna skupina su ispitanice starosti od 65 do 69 godina. Najveći postotak odaziva je ostvaren u veljači.
Zaključak: Udio ispitanica koje su se odazvale pozivu na mamografski pregled u sklopu nacionalnog programa probira znatno je ispod prihvatljive razine od 70 %, a još dalje od poželjne razine od preko 75 %. Najzastupljenija dobna skupina bile su ispitanice starosti od 65 do 69 godina, što je očekivano s obzirom na to da je navedena populacija vjerojatno prestala s radnim odnosom. Analiza mjesečnog odaziva pokazuje da je veljača bila mjesec s najboljim odazivom. Uspoređujući ove podatke s pokazateljima učinkovitosti probira, jasno je da postoje značajna odstupanja koja ukazuju na potrebu za poboljšanjem strategija podizanja svijesti i motiviranja žena za sudjelovanje u programu. Posebna pažnja treba se posvetiti povećanju odaziva kako bi se približili prihvatljivim i poželjnim standardima koji su određeni Hrvatskim smjernicama za osiguranje kvalitete probira i dijagnostike raka dojke, što je ključno za postizanje bolje učinkovitosti ranog otkrivanja raka dojke.Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. In Croatia, in 2022, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), there were 3,108 cases of malignant breast neoplasms in women, with an incidence rate of 145.60 per 100,000 inhabitants. On June 29, 2006, the Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted the National Early Detection Program for Breast Cancer. The aim of this program is to ensure early detection of breast cancer, reduce mortality from breast cancer by 25% within five years from the beginning of its implementation, and improve the quality of life for women suffering from breast cancer. The implementation of the National Early Detection Program (NPP) for breast cancer involves regular mammograms for women aged 50 to 69. Women in this age group are invited to free mammograms every two years through official invitations sent to their home address.
Objectives: The objectives of this study are to determine the participation rate of women in the mammogram screening program within the National Early Detection Program at the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka (KBC) and to identify whether there are variations in participation rates related to the seasons. A secondary objective is to identify the age group with the highest participation in the mammogram screening as part of the National Early Detection Program.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included women aged 50 to 69 who were invited to undergo mammography screening as part of the National Breast Cancer Prevention Program at the Department of Abdominal Radiology and Breast Radiology of the Clinical Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology of the Clinical Hospital Center in Rijeka in the period from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2023 during the implementation of the 6th and 7th cycles of the National Breast Cancer Prevention Program. The data required for the study were collected in the hospital information system (IBIS) and the radiology information system (ISSA). The Z-test for proportions and the Chi-square test were used to test the hypotheses. All hypotheses were tested at a statistical significance level of p < 0.05.
Results: The proportion of women who responded to the invitation for a mammogram screening as part of the national screening program during the study period was 42.79%. The most represented age group was women aged 65 to 69. The highest participation rate was observed in February.
Conclusion: The proportion of women who responded to the invitation for a mammogram screening as part of the national screening program is significantly below the acceptable level of 70%, and even further from the desired level of over 75%. The most represented age group was women aged 65 to 69, which is expected since this population is likely retired. The analysis of monthly participation shows that February had the highest participation. Comparing these data with screening effectiveness indicators, it is clear that there are significant deviations that point to the need for improved strategies for raising awareness and motivating women to participate in the program. Special attention should be given to increasing participation in order to approach the acceptable and desirable standards set by the Croatian Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, which is crucial for achieving better effectiveness in early breast cancer detection
Analyzing Predictive Factors for the Media’s Impact on the Nursing Profession
No full textIntroduction: Mass media play a crucial role not only in informing the public but also in shaping public perception, educating, and enhancing the visibility of various professions, including nursing. Despite being the most populous healthcare profession, nursing remains underrepresented in media coverage. This imbalance affects the social status of the nursing profession and its public perception. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized a validated questionnaire with high internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficients) to assess nurses’ perceptions of the media’s role in society and the nursing profession. Data were collected from 203 participants using an online survey employing the snowball sampling method. Statistical analyses included Welch ANOVA, t-tests, and hierarchical regression to predict the importance of media education. Results: Participants demonstrated positive perceptions of the media’s societal influence but identified a lack of adequate representation of nurses. Younger nurses and those with higher education levels emphasized the need for media education. Regression analysis revealed that perceptions of the media’s power and self-assessed media competencies were significant predictors of valuing media education. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for integrating media literacy training into nursing education to enhance professional visibility and public engagement. This can empower nurses to actively contribute to shaping their professional image and addressing public misconceptions. Future research should expand the sample size and explore diverse healthcare settings to validate these findings
Latentna infekcija citomegalovirusom u središnjem živčanom sustavu (CMV-CNS): Plan upravljanja istraživačkim podacima
No full textZastupljenost tema iz poljoprivrede u ekonomskoj literaturi
No full textPoljoprivredna djelatnost ima velik utjecaj na ekonomski rast i razvoj. Istovremeno se nalazi pod utjecajem velikih globalnih promjena. Klimatske promjene, nove tehnologije i globalni šokovi poput pandemije COVID-19 i ratova tjeraju poljoprivrednu djelatnost na stalan razvoj. Ovaj rad daje pregled razvoja poljoprivrednih tema u ekonomskoj literaturi u posljednjih deset godina. Rezultati prikazuju kako se zastupljenost poljoprivrednih tema u ekonomiji povećava, a najčešće pokrivane teme i radovi odnose se upravno na izazove s kojima se poljoprivreda suočava. Iako su poljoprivredne teme u ekonomskoj literaturi obrađivane od autora iz cijelog svijeta, najveći broj publikacija ipak bilježi SAD, dok europske zemlje publiciraju u prosjeku najcitiranije radove
Operations managemnt in Jadran Galenski Laboratorij
No full textZavršni rad istražuje nekoliko aspekata upravljanja operacijama (poput dizajniranja, obrade
proizvoda, tipova i vrste materijala proizvoda, radnih postupaka, organizacije radnih mjesta te
poslovnih odnosa) na primjeru poduzeća Jadran galenskog laboratorija, najveće hrvatske
farmaceutske kompanije za proizvodnju proizvoda u područjima prehlade, gripe, oftalmologije
i dermatologije.
Operacijski menadžment je neizostavni dio poslovanja svakoga poduzeća koji obuhvaća
planiranje, cjelokupnu organizaciju poduzeća, planiranje i korištenje resursa koji su potrebni
za izradu pojedinog proizvoda poduzeća te usluga. Pomoću operacijskog menadžmenta
organizira se provođenje operacija od ideje do gotovog proizvoda kao i načine poboljšanja
sustava isporuke proizvoda i usluga.
Jadran galenski laboratorij predstavlja uspješnu farmaceutsku kompaniju, koja se kroz
implementaciju naprednih tehnologija, stalna ulaganja u kapacitete i održavanje visokih
standarda kvalitete, uspješno pozicionirala na globalnom tržištu. Ključni čimbenici ove
kompanije odnose se na efikasnost proizvodnje, usklađenost s međunarodnim regulativama i
tehnološke inovacije poput Bag-on-Valve tehnologije koja podiže kvalitetu i sigurnost
proizvoda