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REHABILITATIONAL PROCEDURES AFTER MENISCAL REPAIR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
No full textRad ne sadrži sažetak
NURSING CARE OF PREMATURE BORN BABY IN INCUBATOR
No full textPod terminom nedonošče označavamo novorođenče koje je rođeno prije 37.tjedna gestacije, ili prije 259. dana od prvog dana ženine posljednje menstruacije. Unazad šezdeset godina termin nedonoščeta obuhvaćao je i djecu niske porođajne mase (< 2500 g),a u posljednja dva desetljeća za takvu djecu koristi se naziv nedostašče.
Početak trudnoće se klinički određuje računanjem od datuma zadnje menstruacije te procijenjena na ovaj način prosječno iznosi 280 dana ili 40 tjedana, odnosno 10 lunarnih mjeseci.
Prenatalni razvoj čovjeka se dijeli na embrionalno i fetalno razdoblje. Embrionalno razdoblje traje 8 tjedana i u to vrijeme formiraju se ljudski embrij i posteljica. Prema RonanuO'Rahillyu i Fabioli Muller embrionalno razdoblje ima 23 Carneige stadija. Na kraju te faze fetus je težak samo 2,8 grama. Fetalno razdoblje traje oko 30 tjedana i tad se u potpunosti počinju razvijati strukture i funkcije nezrelih organskih sustava formiranih tijekom embrionalnog razvoja.
Uspješan prijelaz iz fetalnog u neonatalni život zahtijeva složenu interakciju između sljedećih sustava: respiratornog, kardiovaskularnog, imunološkog i termoregulacijskog. Zbog nerazvijenosti organskih sustava ta promjena je otežana nedonoščetu te se ono smješta na specijalizirani odjel neonatologije.
Neonatologija je specijaliziran odjel za njegu naših najmanjih i najosjetljivijih pacijenata. Rad medicinske sestre na neonatologiji je vrlo odgovoran i zahtijeva timski i uigran rad kako bi se pružila najadekvatnija skrb.Premature born baby is defined as every newborn born before the 37th week of gestation or 259 days after the first day of woman's last menstruation. In the 1960's, term premature include dinfants with low birth weight (< 2500g) born around their estimated due date (born after 37 th week of gestation). Bythe 2000's term for low birth weight infants became separate term.
Clinically, pregnancy starts from the last womans menstruation, estimated this way it lasts 280 days, or 40 weeks or 10 lunar months.
Human prenatal development divides into embryonic and fetal periods. The duration of the embryonic period is 8 weeks, during which time a human embryo and placenta are formed. According to RonanO'Rahilly and Fabiola Muller, an embryonic period can be divided into 23 Carneige stages. At the end of the stage, the fetus weighs only 2.8 grams. Fetal period takes about 30 weeks during which time the body structures begin to fully form and function after the start of process.
Successful transition from fetal to neonatal life requires a complex interaction between the following systems: respiratory, cardiovascular immune and thermoregulatory. Due to under developed organ systems, this change is difficult for preterm babies and therefore they are placed into neonatal intensive care also known as NICU. NICU specializes in the care of our smallest and most sensitive patients. Nurses workin neonatology unit is very responsible and seeks team work in order to provide the most appropriate care
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF NECK PATHOLOGY
No full textPatološke promjene vrata se mogu prikazati različitim slikovnim modalitetima, počevši od konvencionalne film radiografije do modernih tomografskih snimki. Sve promjene su uočljive na CT-u ili MR-u, ali opet imamo modalitete poput DSA te vaskularni ultrazvuk koje su optimalnije za uočavanje promjena u vertebralnim arterijama. S obzirom da je vrat anatomski složena regija, važno je izabrati odgovarajuću najbolju slikovnu metodu koja će odgovoriti na specifično kliničko pitanje da bi što preciznije postavili dijagnozu. Također, moramo uzeti u obzir moguće kontraindikacije za pojedine modalitete, poput metalnih implatanta kod magnetske rezonancije, ali i njihove prednosti i nedostatke. Kompjuterizirana tomografija (CT) ima visoku dijagnostičku vrijednost te najbolji omjer rizika i dobiti, ali jako malo bolničkih centara koriste niskodozne prokotole. Magnetska rezonancija (MR) je najbolja za analizu mekih tkiva, ali dulje traje i skuplja je metoda. Ultrazvuk se koristi uglavnom za površne strukture u vratu. DSA je zlatni standard za dijagnostičku obradu karotidnih i vertebralnih arterija, ali i ima nedostatke poput izloženosti ionizirajućem zračenju.Pathological changes of the neck can be shown by various imaging modalities, starting from conventional film radiography to modern tomographic images. All changes are noticeable on CT or MR, but again we have modalities such as DSA and DUS that are more optimal for detecting changes in the vertebral arteries. Since the neck is an anatomically complex region, it is important to know from the initial clinical examination which further procedures, ie which further imaging modalities can lead to a diagnosis as soon as possible. Also, we must take into account possible contraindications for certain modalities, such as metal implants in magnetic resonance imaging, but also their positive and negative attributes. Computed tomography (CT) has a high diagnostic value and the best risk-benefit ration, but very few hospital centers use low-dose protocol. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the
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best modality for the evaluation of soft tissues, but it is time-consuming and expensive. Ultrasonography is mostly used for the analysis of superficial structures of the neck. DSA is the gold standard for the diagnostic evaluation of carotid and vertebral arteries, but also has shortcomings such as exposure to ionizing radiation
SWI IN CALCIFICATION DETECTION: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE
No full textPrema svojoj definiciji, SWI (Susceptibility Weighted Imaging) je MRI pulsna sekvenca koja ima djelomičnu osjetljivost na spojeve koji iskrivljuju lokalno magnetsko polje i kao takvi ga čine korisnim pri otkrivanju prisutnosti venska krvi, krvarenje, kalcija ili depozita željeza.
SWI je 3D visoko-prostorna rezolucijska sekvenca koja se generira iz gradijent-echo (GRE) pulsnih sekvenci. GRE sekvence su osjetljive na razlike u osjetljivosti tkiva jer nemaju sposobnost preusmjeravanja spinova defaziranih nehomogenostima magnetskog polja.
Spojevi koji imaju paramagnetska, diamagnetska i feromagnetska svojstva međusobno djeluju s lokalnim magnetskim poljem koji ga iskrivljuje i na taj način mijenja fazu lokalnog tkiva, što rezultira gubitkom signala.
SWI slika se dobiva na način da se iskorištavaju razlike u magnetskoj osjetljivosti krvi, željeza i kalcifikata u različitim tkivima. Fazne slike su osjetljive na promjene u magnetskom polju zbog komponenti u tkivima kao što su deoksihemoglobin, hematom ili kalcifikat te se stoga mogu koristiti za diferenciranje razlika osjetljivosti između tkiva.
Najčešća primjena SWI-a je za identifikaciju mikrokrvarenja i/ili kalcifikata te prikaz venskih struktura koje se ne mogu jasno prikazati na standardnim MRI sekvencama. Komparacijom intenziteta signala u različitim sekvencama i presjecima moguće je razlikovati krvarenje od kalcifikata što nije moguće uporabom drugih sekvenci.
Iako CT predstavlja zlatni standard u otkrivanju kalcifikata, često postoje preklapanja u prikazu između kalcifikacija i krvi. S obzirom da se za diferencijaciju kalcifikata koristi atenuacijska vrijednost u leziji od 100 i više Hounsfieldovih jedinica (HU), u slučaju preklapanja kalcifikacije i krvi, atenuacijska vrijednost je <100 HU.
Kontinuirani napredak u razvoju novih i poboljšanju postojećih MR sekvenci doveo je i do razvoja SWI-a, nove tehnike za procjenu razlika u osjetljivosti tkiva, a samim time i jasne diferencijacije između mikrokrvarenja i kalcifikata što ima važnu ulogu u diferencijalnoj dijagnostici patomorfoloških promjena CNS-a.SWI (Susceptibility Weighted Imaging) is an MRI pulse sequence that is partially sensitive to compounds that distort the local magnetic field and as such make it useful in detecting the presence of venous blood (venules), bleeding, calcium, and iron deposits.
SWI is a 3D high-spatial resolution sequence that is generated from gradient-echo (GRE) pulse sequences. GRE sequences are sensitive to differences in tissue sensitivity because they do not have the ability to redirect spins dephased by magnetic field inhomogeneities.
Compounds that have paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and ferromagnetic properties interact with a local magnetic field that distorts it and thus alters the phase of the local tissue, resulting in signal loss.
The SWI image is obtained by exploiting the differences in the magnetic sensitivity of blood, iron, and calcifications in different tissues. Phase images are sensitive to changes in the magnetic field due to components in tissues such as deoxyhemoglobin, hematoma, or calcification, and can therefore be used to differentiate sensitivity differences between tissues.
The most common application of SWI is the identification of microbleeds and / or calcifications and the display of venous structures that cannot be clearly shown on standard MRI sequences. By comparing the signal intensity in different sequences in different slices, it is possible to differentiate bleeding from calcification, which cannot be decected by other sequences.
Although CT is the gold standard in the detection of calcifications, there are often overlaps in the presentation between calcifications and blood. Since the attenuation value in the lesion is 100 and more Hounsfield units (HU) is used for calcification differentiation, in case of overlap of calcification and blood, the attenuation value is <100 HU.
Continuous progress in the development of new and improvement of existing MR sequences has led to the development of SWI, a new technique for assessing differences in tissue sensitivity, and thus clear differentiation between micro-bleeding and calcifications, which plays an important role in differential diagnosis of pathomorphological changes
DEPOSITION OF GADOLINIUM IN THE BODY
No full textCilj ovog rada je naglasiti potencijalne nuspojave prilikom primjene gadolinijskih kontrasta u vidu taloženja istih u različitim tkivima. Kroz rad je dan pregled različitih istraživanja na temu taloženja gadolinija i svojstava pojedinih kontrastnih sredstava.
Ovim radom je dokazana opravdanost odluka zdravstvenih odbora širom svijeta o obustavi kontrastnih sredstava na bazi linearnih gadolinija obzirom da je višekratno dokazano njihovo taloženje u mozgu, kostima, jetri, ali bez dokaza o kliničko-radiološkoj korelaciji... Jedini klinički simptom do sada povezan uz nakupljanje gadolinija je nefrogena sistemska fibroza.
U novije vrijeme na tržištu se mogu naći i sredstva kao što su HOPO i DTPA koja smanjuju količine deponiranja gadolinija. Za smanjenje taloženja se eksperimentalno koriste i alternativni kontrasti CEST i D-glukoza. Trenutno najefikasnija metoda za smanjenje količina nakupljanja gadolinija su strože mjere određivanja indikacija za primanje kontrasta gadolinija te primjena manjih doza dovoljnih za dobivanje optimalne dijagnostičke slike.The aim of this Bachelor's Thesis is to emphasize the possible danger behind the deposited amounts of gadolinium in various body tissues. This thesis gives an overview of various studies on the topic of gadolinium deposition and it's imapct on surrounding structures.
The overview justifies the decisions of health committees around the world to suspend contrast agents based on linear gadolinium since it has been proven the deposition of all types of gadolinium in body tissues, such as brain, bones, liver etc., but it hasn't been proven the clinical-radiological correlation. The only clinical symptom associated with gadolinium deposition is nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF).
Recently, agents such as HOPO and DTPA can already be found to reduce retained dose of gadolinium. Except treatment, alternative CEST and D-glucose contrasts are experimentally used to reduce deposition. Currently, the most efficent method for reducing the amount of deposition are stricter measures in order to determine the indications for receiving gadolinium contrast and the use of smaller doses with which an optimal image can still be obtained
ACTIVITIES OF NURSE IN THE HEALTH CARE OF PREGNANCIES
No full textRad ne sadrži sažetak.Through this work, the most important facts related to pregnancy were passed through. Although it is one of the most beautiful periods in a woman's life, prejudices, fears and other problems can be encountered. Therefore, on the first place is a doctor, but the nurse with her working hours carried out by a woman. A nurse works not only as a health professional, but also as both, a friend and counsellor.
Nurses tasks are a good knowledge of the reproductive system, fertilization and implantation, knowledge of pregnancy signs, calculate the date of birth and medical history, knowledge of the changes of the genital organs and extragenital, and differentiating physiological from pathological changes in pregnant women. Also, nurses educate pregnant women on the irregularities in the pregnancy, checks vital functions, performs venepuncture and take samples for laboratory tests, carried out oral and parenteral administration of the prescribed therapy. An indispensable part of nurse care is assistance to doctor so the nurse concerned about sterility and number of instruments, patient privacy, cleanliness of room for viewing and many other things.
Part of their working time devoted to meeting the nurse medical records. It is important to accurately and legibly printing data as well as the recording of all proceedings conducted whether a diagnostic or therapeutic.
We as nurses must always bear in mind that our actions and statements in the presence of a woman who is pregnant, gives birth, or in the period immediately after birth can have far-reaching consequences for her later life and relationship to the child, partner and family and medical professionals were positive or negative.
After all, good communication is the key to mutual and good cooperation and together with mutual trust bring a good outcome and satisfaction of patients and medical professionals
THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL THERAPY ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE AS MEASURED BY THE SF-36 QUESTIONNAIRE IN PATIENTS WITH SPONDYLOARTHRITIS
No full textCILJ: Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti učinak fizikalne terapije na kvalitetu života pomoću anketnog upitnika SF-36 kod oboljelih od ankilozantnog spondilitisa koji ne primaju biološku terapiju.
METODE: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 5 pacijenata sa dijagnozom ankilozantnog spondilitisa. Ispitanici su ispunili upitnik SF-36 prije i poslije fizikalne terapije. Podaci su prikupljeni na Zavodu za fizikalnu medicinu i rehabilitaciju s reumatologijom.
REZULTATI: Omjer žena i muškaraca bio je 1,5:1. NSAR su koristili svi pacijenti, dok DMARD samo 20%. Nakon prvotne procjene kod svih bolesnika, vrijednosti su varirale od 39 (fizičko funkcioniranje) do 68.80 (psihičko zdravlje). Poslije odrađene fizikalne terapije poboljšanja su vidljiva u većini dimenzija. Najveće poboljšanje bilo je u dimenziji fizičkog funkcioniranja, dok su nepromijenjene ostale dimenzije ograničenja zbog fizičkih i emocionalnih poteškoća. Energija, psihičko zdravlje i percepcija općeg zdravlja bilježili su lagano poboljšanje, dok su tjelesni bolovi postali prihvatljiviji.
ZAKLJUČAK: Fizikalna terapija uvelike ima pozitivan učinak na kvalitetu života kod oboljelih, primarno djelujući na fizičke komponente. Upitnik SF-36 pokazao se kao valjan mjerni instrument za procjenjivanje funkcije i kvalitete života.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical therapy on the quality of life using the SF-36 questionnaire in patients with ankylosing spondylitis who do not receive biological therapy.
METHODS: The study included 5 patients with a diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. The data were collected at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation with Rheumatology.
RESULTS: The male to female ratio 1.5: 1. NSAIDs were used by all patients, while DMARDs was used by only 20%. After initial assessment in all patients, values ranged from 39 (physical functioning) to 68.80 (mental health). After physical therapy, improvements are visible in most dimensions. The biggest improvement was in the dimension of physical functioning, while other dimensions of limitations due to physical and emotional difficulties remained unchanged. Energy, mental health, and general health perceptions recorded a slight improvement, while physical pain became more acceptable.
CONCLUSION: Physical therapy has a very positive effect on the quality of life in patients, primarily affecting the physical components. The SF-36 questionnaire has proven to be a valid measuring instrument for assessing the function and quality of life
HEALTH CARE OF PATIENTS AFTER THYROID SURGERY
No full textŠtitnjača je endokrina žlijezda smještena na prednjoj strani vrata ispred dušnika. Tvore ju dva režnja u sredini međusobno spojeni suženjem, zbog kojeg žlijezda ima oblik slova H ili leptirovih krila. Izlučuje tri važna hormona za održavanje normalne funkcije organizma, a to su tiroksin, trijodtironin i kalcitonin. Za sintezu ovih hormona potreban je jod koji se hranom unosi u odgovarajućoj količini u organizam. Tiroksin i trijodtironin održavaju bazalni metabolizam, dok kalcitonin regulira razinu kalcija u krvi i njegovo deponiranje u kosti. U dijagnostici bolesti štitnjače koriste se detaljna anamneza i fizikalni pregled, laboratorijske pretrage krvi, ultrazvuk, citološka punkcija, scintigrafija te kompjutorizirana tomografija, magnetska rezonanca i pozitronska emisijska tomografija. U najčešće bolesti štitnjače spadaju guša i novotvorine koje su najčešće indikacije za kirurško liječenje. Kod kirurške obrade tumora odstranjuje se čitav režanj uz obaveznu patohistološku analizu. Dok kod pojave karcinoma, najčešće papilarnog i folikularnog, se radi totalna tireoidektomija. Nakon potpunog odstranjenja tkiva štitnjače pacijenti trebaju uzimati doživotnu terapiju nadomjeske hormona. Medicinska sestra ima veliku ulogu u sprječavanju i na vrijeme uočavanju komplikacija nakon operacije štitne žlijezde. Ona prati bolesnikovo stanje od vremena dolaska na operaciju pa sve do njegovog otpusta kući. Planira i provodi individualno izrađeni plan zdravstvene njege te pruža fizičku i psihičku pomoć pacijentu. Svojim unapređenjem znanja i vještina medicinska sestra teži pružati pacijentu što potpuniju i kvalitetniju zdravstvenu njegu. Edukacijom pacijenta o zdravim životnim navikama te postupnom povratku obavljanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti, medicinska sestra potiče njegovu samostalnost u očuvanju zadovoljavajuće kvalitete života.The thyroid is an endocrine gland located on the anterior strange neck in front of the trachea. It is formed by two lobes in the middle connected by a narrowing, due to which the gland has the shape of the letter H or butterfly wings. It secretes three important hormones to maintain normal body function, namely thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin. Iodine, which is taken into the body in the appropriate amount through food, is needed for the synthesis of these hormones. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine maintain basal metabolism, while calcitonin regulates blood calcium levels and its deposition in bone. In the diagnosis of thyroid disease, a detailed anamnesis and physical examination, laboratory blood tests, ultrasound, cytological puncture, scintigraphy and computed tomography, magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography are used. The most common thyroid diseases include goiter and neoplasms, which are the most common indications for surgical treatment. During surgical treatment of the tumor, the entire lobe is removed with obligatory pathohistological analysis. While with the appearance of cancer, most often papillary and follicular, a total thyroidectomy is performed. After complete removal of thyroid tissue, patients should take lifelong hormone replacement therapy. The nurse has a major role to play in preventing and spotting complications after thyroid surgery. She monitors the patient's condition from the time he arrives for the operation until his discharge home. It plans and implements an individually designed health care plan and provides physical and mental assistance to the patient. By improving her knowledge and skills, the nurse strives to provide the patient with the most complete and high-quality health care. By educating the patient about healthy living habits and the gradual return to performing daily activities, the nurse encourages his independence in maintaining a satisfactory quality of life
ORIGIN, VISUAL DISPLAY AND TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL RADIOLOGICAL IMAGE
No full textCilj ovog rada je bio prikazati mogućnosti digitalne radiološke slike. Digitalna radiološka slika po nastanku se dijeli na sliku dobivenu izravnim i neizravnim putem. Dok neizravni način dobivanja slike koristi scintilator (amorfni cezij) kao međuposrednik koji pobuđen energijom fotona rendgenskog zračenja svjetluca, te ta svjetlost dalje biva digitalizirana pomoću detektora. S druge strane, izravni način dobivanja radiološke slike koristi fotokonduktore (amorfni selenij) koji direktno pretvara fotone rendgenskog zračenja u električni signal.
Nakon što radiološka slika poprimi svoj elektronički oblik i prikaže se na zaslonu, radiološki tehnolog ima mogućnosti podešavati širinu i centar prozora kao i utjecati na oštrinu i šum na slici. Kada radiološki tehnolog provjeri sve podatke, te odluči da je slika dijagnostički ispravna i spremna za interpretaciju, on je prosljeđuje dalje.
PACS sustav je zaslužan za pohranu radioloških slika i međusobnu komunikaciju istima, točnije dijeljenje određenih radioloških slika u punoj rezoluciji. Zahvaljujući PACS-u, mobilna radiologija olakšava donošenje dijagnoza većem broju pacijenata koji iz određenih razloga ne mogu doći u samu dijagnostiku, kako unutar samih ustanova gdje se slike očitavaju, tako i izvan kliničkih ustanova. Uz korištenje mogućnosti koje pružaju RIS i PACS utvrđeno je da je moguće povećati godišnji broj interpretiranih slika.
Sva navedena istraživanja nam pokazuju kako digitalizacija radiološke slike ima puno svojih prednosti, kao što su odvajanja nastanka, vizualizacije i prijenosa slike kao samostalnih koraka. Svaki taj korak opet pruža veliku paletu mogućnosti radiološkom timu kako bi jednostavnije pružali kvalitetnu zdravstvenu skrb pacijentu. Samim time, možemo zaključiti kako će budućnost radiologije sigurno nastaviti u digitalnom smjeru, te možemo očekivati veliki broj napredaka na polju digitalne radiografije kao i na polju teleradiologije kroz nadolazeće godine.The aim of this thesis is to show possibilities of the digital radiologic image. The emerging digital radiological image is divided into images obtained directly and indirectly. While the indirect way of obtaining an image uses a scintilator (amorphous caesium) as an intermediate device that shimmers when exasliated by the energy of X-ray photons, this light is further digitized using detectors. On the another hand, direct method of obtaining radiological image uses photoconductors (amorphous selenium) which directly converts photons of X-ray radiation into an electrical signal.
Once the radiological image takes its electronic shape and appears on the screen, the radiological technologist has the ability to adjust the widht and center of the window as well as affect the sharpness and noise in the image. When a radiological technologist checks all data, and decides that the image is diagnostically correct and ready for interpretation, one passes it on.
The PACS is responsible for storing radiological images and communicating with them, namely sharing certain radiological images in full resolution. Thanks for PACS, mobile radiology makes it easier to make diagnoses to more patients who for certain reasons cannot atend diagnostic procedures themselves, both within the institutions themselves where the images are read, and outside the clinical institutions. With the use of the options provided by RIS and PACS, it was found that is possible to increase the annual number of interpreted images.
All of these studies show us that digitization of radiological imaging has many of its advantages, such as separation of acquisition, visualization and transmission of image as independent steps. Each step again provides a wide range of possibilities for the radiological team to provide quality healthcare to the patient. Consemass, we can conclude that the future of radiology will certainly continue in digital direction, and we can expect a large number of advances in the field of digital radiography as well in the field of teleradiology through the following years
DIAGNOSTIC OF HEPATITIS C
No full textCilj: Cilj rada bio je opisati korištenu metodu dijagnostike HCV-a, interpretirati dobivene rezultate, utvrditi postotak pozitivnih HCV rezultata u NZJZ SDŽ i postoji li razlika u postotku pozitivnih rezultata na HCV između dvije ispitivane skupine (anonimno testirani i pacijenti).
Metode: Metoda detekcije koju koristi NZJZ SDŽ je ELFA (engl. enzyme linked fluorescent assay). VIDAS® Anti-HCV je automatski kvalitativni test koji se koristi za detekciju anti-HCV iz ljudskog seruma ili plazme. Princip testa kombinira dvokorakno enzimsko imunološko ispitivanje s konačnim flourescencijskim očitavanjem čija se fluorescencija mjeri na 450 nm. Analiza rezultata vrši se automatski pomoću kompjutera. Rezultati se na nalazima izražavaju kvalitativno. Vrijednost testa jednaka je omjeru relativne fluorescencijeske vrijednosti pacijenta i one standarda. Ako je vrijednost testa ≥ 1,00, smatra se da je pacijent pozitivan na anti-HCV protutijela, a ako je < 1,00, rezultat se interpretira kao negativan.
Rezultati: U 2019. godini na Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo Splitsko-dalmatinske županije ukupno je testirano 1577 osoba, od čega je 56 osoba (3,6 %) bilo pozitivno na anti-HCV. Od ukupnog broja testiranih, njih 416 (26,4 %) testirano je anonimno i upućeno iz Službe za epidemiologiju. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u učestalosti pozitivnih nalaza na hepatitis C u dvije ispitivane skupine, pacijenti i anonimno testirani (p = 0.491568).
Zaključak: U 2019. godini na Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo Splitsko-dalmatinske županije, korištenjem VIDAS® Anti-HCV automatskog kvalitativnog testa za detekciju IgG protutijela virusa hepatitisa C iz ljudskog seruma ili plazme pomoću ELFA metode, ukupno je testirano 1577 osoba, od čega je 56 osoba (3,6 %) bilo pozitivno na anti-HCV, a nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u učestalosti pozitivnih nalaza na hepatitis C u dvije ispitivane skupine (pacijenti i anonimno testirani).Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the used method of HCV diagnosis, to interpret the results, to determine the percentage of positive HCV results in NZJZ SDŽ and whether there is a difference in the percentage of positive HCV results between two examined groups (anonymously tested and patients).
Methods: The detection method used by NZJZ SDŽ is ELFA (enzyme linked fluorescent assay). VIDAS® Anti-HCV is an automatic qualitative test used to detect anti-HCV from human serum or plasma. The principle of the test combines a two-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a final fluorescence reading measured at 450 nm. The analysis of the results is done automatically by computer. The results are expressed qualitatively. The test value is equal to the ratio of the relative fluorescence value of the patient to that of the standard. If the test value is ≥ 1.00, the patient is considered positive for anti-HCV antibodies, and if < 1.00, the result is interpreted as negative.
Results: In 2019, a total of 1577 people were tested at the Teaching Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, of which 56 (3.6 %) were positive for anti-HCV. Out of the total number, 416 of them (26.4 %) were tested anonymously and were sent from the Epidemiology Service. Statistically significant difference was not found in the frequency of positive hepatitis C findings in the two study groups, patients and those tested anonymously (p = 0.491568).
Conclusion: In 2019, at the Teaching Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, using the VIDAS® Anti-HCV automatic qualitative test for the detection of IgG antibodies to hepatitis C virus from human serum or plasma using ELFA method, a total of 1577 people were tested, of which 56 (3.6 %) were positive for anti-HCV, and statistically significant difference was not found in the frequency of positive hepatitis C findings in the two study groups (patients and anonymously tested)