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Automated breast ultrasound
No full textUvod: Zbog sve većeg broja oboljelih od raka dojke, a kako bi se smanjila smrtnost, vrlo je važna rana dijagnostika. U dijagnostici raka dojke koriste se metode kao što su mamografija, DBT, MRI, HHUS ili ABUS.
Cilj rada: Cilj ovoga rada je bio sustavnim pregledom literature prikazati princip rada ABUS-a te ukazati na njegove prednosti i nedostatke u odnosu na konvencionalne metode snimanja dojki.
Rasprava: ABUS je relativno nova ultrazvučna metoda koja je pokazala izvrsne rezultate kod žena s gustim grudima. Korištenje ABUS-a smanjuje ovisnost o operateru, a omogućuje vrijedne dijagnostičke informacije s multiplanarnim rekonstrukcijama. Pregledom brojnih istraživanja u ovom radu, ABUS se pokazao kao značajno osjetljivija metoda sa boljom stopom otkrivanja raka dojke u odnosu na zlatni standard, mamografiju. Korištenje ovih dviju metoda zajedno u probiru pokazalo je izvrsne rezultate koji potvrđuju važnost implementacije u kliničku praksu. Nedostatak kombinacije ABUS-a i mamografije je bio taj što je u velikom broju studija specifičnost bila niža u odnosu na samu mamografiju. U odnosu na DBT, ABUS je pokazao superiornije rezultate, osim u detekciji kalcifikacija. Iako je ABUS pokazao nešto lošije rezultate u usporedbi s MRI-om, jednostavnost uporabe i niska cijena čine ga alternativom MRI-u. Što se pak HHUS-a tiče, kao njegovu prednost u odnosu na ABUS pacijentice su navele manje bolan pregled i kraće trajanje, iako se on pokazao manje osjetljivijim i specifičnijim u odnosu na ABUS. Korištenje umjetne inteligencije danas postaje svakodnevnica, pa su tako razvijeni i posebni CAD softveri za ABUS kojima je svrha poboljšati stopu otkrivanja raka dojke i točnost radiologa. Korištenje CAD-a značajno je smanjilo vrijeme očitavanja slika te poboljšalo dijagnostičku točnost ABUS-a.
Zaključak: Prema svim iznesenim podatcima, važnost ABUS uređaja u kliničkoj praksi je iznimno velika, a daljnim razvojem tehnologije i medicine, očekuje se njegova potpuna integracija u zdravstvene sustave diljem svijeta.Introduction: Due to the growing number of breast cancer patients, an early diagnosis is important in order to reduce the mortality rate of those affected. Methods such as mammography, DBT, MRI, HHUS or ABUS are used in the detection of breast cancer.
Aim: The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature to show the basic principle of ABUS and to point out its advantages and disadvantages in relation to conventional methods of breast imaging.
Discussion: ABUS is a relatively new ultrasound method that performs well on patients with dense breast tissue. It reduces operator-dependence and provides valuable diagnostic information with multiplanar reconstructions. Using evidence from reliable researches, this studies have demonstrated that ABUS has a higher diagnostic accuracy compared to mammography, which continues to remain the primary modality for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Applying ABUS as an adjunct to mammography during the screening test has proven effective and further confirmed the importance of continuing their application in clinical practice. The disadvantage of the combination of ABUS and mammography was that in a large number of studies the specificity was lower compared to mammography itself. Compared to DBT, ABUS has demonstrated to have a higher diagnostic performance, with the exception that it lacks the ability to effectively detect calcifications. Although MRIs seem to outperform ABUS, ABUS devices offer a cost- effective and easy to use imaging system, making it the best alternative. The HHUS technique, on the other hand, was perceived by many studies as less painful, with a shorter operative time compared to ABUS. However, the sensitivity and specificity of this screening method continues to remain inferior to ABUS. The use of artificial intelligence is becoming widely used today. As a result, the CAD software has been developed to be applied in conjunction with ABUS in order to improve the detection rate of breast cancer as well as its accuracy. The use of CAD significantly reduced image reading time and improved the overall diagnostic accuracy of ABUS.
Conclusion: According to all the presented data, the use of ABUS medical devices in clinical practice continues to grow in importance and with the further development of technology and medicine, its full integration into healthcare systems around the world is expecte
PHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT AND THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL INJURY THROUGH A CASE REPORT
No full textSpinalne ozljede predstavljaju oštećenje bilo kojeg dijela kralježnične moždine. Ozljeda nastaje kao posljedica oštećenja dijelova kralježnice ili kao oštećenje same leđne moždine. Posljedično dolazi do prekida komunikacije između mozga i tijela. Liječenje ozljede kralježnične moždine zahtijeva imobilizaciju, medikamentoznu terapiju, ponekad i kirurško liječenje te rehabilitaciju. Rad opisuje mehanizam nastanka ozljede leđne moždine, određivanje razine ozljede i oštećenja te fizioterapijske intervencije. Također, kroz prikaz slučaja prikazuje fizioterapijsku procjenu, rehabilitacijski program i ishode liječenja pacijenta sa nepotpunom ozljedom leđne moždine.Spinal injuries represent damage to any part of the spinal cord. The injury occurs as a result of damage to parts of the spine or as damage to the spinal cord itself. As a result, communication between the brain and the body is interrupted. Treatment of spinal cord injury requires immobilization, drug therapy, sometimes surgical treatment and rehabilitation. The bachelor thesis describes the mechanism of spinal cord injury, determination of the level of injury and damage, and physiotherapy interventions. Also, through the presentation of the case, it shows the physiotherapy assessment, the rehabilitation program and the results of the treatment of a patient with an incomplete spinal cord injury
PATHOHISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES OF SKIN TISSUE PROCESSING IN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF SPLIN IN 2019
No full textCilj rada: utvrditi broj patohistoloških nalaza pacijenta čiji su uzorci kože obrađeni u Patohistološkom laboratoriju Kliničkog zavoda za patologiju, sudsku medicinu i citologiju KBC-a Split tijekom 2019. godine te analizirati histokemijske i imunohistokemijske patohistološke metode primijenjene u obradi uzoraka kože.
Materijali i metode: iz arhive patohistoloških nalaza Kliničkoga zavoda za patologiju, sudsku medicinu i citologiju KBC-a Split izdvojeni su patohistološki nalazi pacijenta čiji su uzorci kože zaprimljeni u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2019. do 31. prosinca 2019. godine. Iz patohistoloških nalaza su analizirane primijenjene imunohistokemijske i histokemijske tehnike.
Rezultati: ukupan broj patohistoloških nalaza pacijenta čiji su uzorci kože obrađeni u Patohistološkom laboratoriju Kliničkog zavoda za patologiju, sudsku medicinu i citologiju tijekom 2019. godine bio je 7512. Po jednom patohistološkom nalazu bio je jedan ili više uzoraka kože. U obradi uzoraka kože primijenjeno je: samo standardno hematoksilin-eozinsko bojenje (H i E) u 7113 pacijenata, histokemijske i imunohistokemijske metode (HK+IHK) u 23 pacijenta, samo imunohistokemijske metode (IHK) u 361 pacijenta, samo histokemijske metode (HK) u 15 pacijenata. Imunohistokemjske metode su primijenjene 669 puta na uzorcima kože u 376 pacijenata (Melan-A na 190 uzoraka, HMB45 na 184 uzorka, Ki67 na 165 uzoraka te S-100 na 130 uzoraka). Histokemijske metode su primijenjene 38 puta na uzorcima kože 32 pacijenta (PAS-alcian na 21 uzorak, Giemsa na 4 uzorka, Kongo crvenilo na 3 uzorka, Gommory na 3 uzorka, Mallory na 3 uzorka, Berlinsko modrilo na 3 uzorka i Trikrom plavilo na 3 uzorka).Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the total number of skin samples that were received and processed in 2019 at the Clinical Hospital Center Split.
Materials and methods: 7512 patients were included in the study, in skin samples processed from 01.01. to 31.12.2019 and submitted for processing to the Clinical Institute of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology of the Clinical Hospital Center Split.
Data on the results were obtained from the archives of the Clinical Institute of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology of the Clinical Hospital Center Split.
Methods of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used.
Results: the total number of pathohistological findings of patients whose skin samples were processed in the Pathohistological Laboratory of the Clinical Institute for Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology in 2019 was 7512. There were one or more skin samples per pathohistological finding. In the processing of skin samples, only standard hematoxylin-eosin staining (H and E) was applied in 7113 patients, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods (HK+IHK) in 23 patients, only immunohistochemical methods (IHK) in 361 patients, only histochemical methods (HK) in 15 patients. Immunohistochemical methods were applied 669 times on skin samples from 376 patients (Melan-A on 190 samples, HMB45 on 184 samples, Ki67 on 165 samples and S-100 on 130 samples). Histochemical methods were applied 38 times on skin samples from 32 patients (PAS-alcian on 21 samples, Giemsa on 4 samples, Congo red on 3 samples, Gommory on 3 samples, Mallory on 3 samples, Berlin blue on 3 samples and Trichrome blue on 3 sample)
Epidural analgesia in patients with chronic pain
No full textBol je neugodno osjetno i emocionalno iskustvo koje se redovito javlja u mnogim kroničnim stanjima. U ovom radu opisana je primjena epiduralne analgezije kod bolesnika s kroničnom boli, od čega je obrađena primjena kod nemaligne i maligne boli. Kronična bol kompleksan je klinički problem koji utječe na sva područja života i rada pojedinca. Pod kroničnom boli podrazumijeva se bol koja traje od 3 do 6 mjeseci i dulje i ostaje prisutna i nakon što je završen proces cijeljenja tkiva. Opisana je primjena epiduralne analgezije kod liječenja križoblje kao najčešće kronične nemaligne boli, a potom je opisana i primjena epiduralne analgezije u liječenju karcinomske boli kao maligne boli. Epiduralna analgezija je tzv. neuroaksijalna blokada kod koje se anestetik aplicira u epiduralni prostor, a njegova će definicija, kao i kontraindikacije te komplikacije spomenute analgezije biti dane u radu. Kronična nemaligna bol tretira se davanjem epiduralnih injekcija koje najčešće sadrže kortikosteroide, a ponekad i lokalne anestetike, dok se kronična maligna bol najčešće tretira plasiranjem tuneliranog epiduralnog katetera putem kojeg se daju opijati i lokalni anestetici. Prilikom primjene epiduralne analgezije u liječenju kronične nemaligne i maligne boli od neizmjerne je važnosti uloga medicinske sestre. Medicinska sestra zadužena je za provođenje kvalitetne psihološke i fizičke pripreme pacijenta, uzimanje detaljne anamneze, edukaciju pacijenta i obitelji o samom postupku, pripremu aseptičnih uvjeta i monitoring pacijenta za vrijeme i po završetku postupka.Pain is an uncomfortable sensory and emotional experience that occurs regularly in many chronic conditions. In this paper, the use of epidural analgesia in patients with chronic pain is described, of which the use in non-malignant and malignant pain is discussed. Chronic pain is a complex clinical problem that affects all areas of an individual’s life and work. Chronic pain is pain that lasts from 3 to 6 months and longer and remains present even after the tissue healing process has been completed. The use of epidural analgesia in the treatment of low back pain as the most common chronic non-malignant pain is described, and then the use of epidural analgesia in the treatment of carcinoma pain as malignant pain is described. Epidural analgesia is the neuroaxial blockade in which the anesthetic is applied to the epidural space, and its definition, as well as contraindications and complications of the mentioned analgesia, will be given in the paper. Chronic non-malignant pain is treated by giving epidural injections, which usually contain corticosteroids and sometimes local anesthetics, while chronic malignant pain is usually treated by placing a tunneled epidural catheter through which opiates and local anesthetics are given. In the application of epidural analgesia in the treatment of chronic non-malignant and malignant pain, the role of the nurse is of immense importance. The nurse is in charge of conducting quality psychological and physical preparation of the patient, taking detailed anamnesis, educating patients and families about the procedure, preparing aseptic conditions and monitoring the patient during and after the procedure
NURSING CONTRIBUTION IN THE PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS OF LONG-TERM REST
No full textPotreba za kretanjem je osnovna ljudska potreba. Kretanje utječe na čovjekovo psihičko i fizičko stanje. Ostvaruje pozitivan učinak na mnogobrojne sustave kao što su respiratorni, probavni, kardiovaskularni i brojni drugi. Također, kretanje nam je potrebno da bi zadovoljili osnovne ljudske potrebe kao na primjer hranjenje, osobna higijena, eliminacija i slično. Osobe sa smanjenom pokretljivosti imaju smanjenu plućnu ventilaciju i usporenu cirkulaciju, što uvelike doprinosi razvoju komplikacija dugotrajnog mirovanja. Aktivnosti medicinske sestre usmjerene su na prepoznavanje i poduzimanje adekvatnih intervencija u svrhu sprječavanja komplikacija dugotrajnog mirovanja. Komplikacije dugotrajnog mirovanja su: dekubitus, duboka venska tromboza, respiratorne komplikacije, opstipacija i kontrakture. Medicinska sestra procjenjuje stupanj samostalnosti pacijenta, planira i provodi zdravstvenu njegu u skladu s pacijentovim mogućnostima i potrebama. Rano osamostaljivanje, odnosno poticanje pacijenta na pokretljivost ključno je u sprječavanju komplikacija dugotrajnog mirovanja. U okolnostima kada zdravstveno stanje pacijenta zahtjeva mirovanje, potrebno je provoditi intervencije koje pomažu u sprječavanju komplikacija. Cilj ovog rada je objasniti kritične čimbenike, sprječavanje, liječenje te intervencije medicinske sestre kod pacijenta s komplikacijama dugotrajnog mirovanja.The need to move is a basic human need. Movement affects a person's mental and physical condition. It has a positive effect on many systems such as respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular and many others. We also need movement to meet basic human needs such as feeding, personal hygiene, elimination and the like. People with reduced mobility have reduced lung ventilation and slowed circulation, which greatly contributes to the development of complications of prolonged rest. The activities of the nurse are aimed at identifying and undertaking adequate interventions in order to prevent complications of prolonged bed rest. Complications of prolonged bed rest are: pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombosis, respiratory complications, constipation and contractures. The nurse assesses the degree of independence of the patient, plans and implements health care in accordance with the patient's capabilities and needs. Early independence, ie encouraging patients to be mobile, is crucial in preventing the complications of long-term rest. In circumstances where the patient's health condition requires rest, interventions are needed to help prevent complications. The aim of this paper is to explain the critical factors, prevention, treatment and interventions of the nurse in patients with complications of prolonged bed rest
ACTIVITIES OF NURSE IN PROMOTION OF HEALTHY LIVING AND PREVENTION AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE
No full textUVOD: Suvremeni način života potiče društvo da naglašava važnost zdravlja i promiče zdrav način života. Društvo treba težiti promjenama, izbaciti pušenje, alkohol, nezdravu hranu i poticati fizičku aktivnost. Roditelji mogu djeci biti partneri u igri, određenim oblikom druženja i provođenja vremena zajedno, ili im mogu osigurati uvjete da budu fizički aktivni. Uravnotežen unos hrane, ne tretirano i dobro uzgojeno voće i povrće, riba, meso u odgovarajućim količinama, smanjena i ograničena razina šećera i masti i slično, može se unaprijediti zdravstveno stanje i smanjiti rizik od pojedinih bolesti. U suvremenom svijetu djeca svoje slobodno vrijeme pridaju medijima, gdje fizičku aktivnost u potpunosti zanemaruju. CILJ: Glavni cilj ovog rada bio je prikazati stavove i navike mladih te aktivnosti medicinske sestre u promociji zdravog življenja te prevenciji i održavanju zdravlja, a svrha je unaprjeđenje spoznaja o važnosti provođenja fizičke aktivnosti i pravilne prehrane te usvojeno znanje i navike prenositi kao promicanje zdravih životnih navika. METODE: Uzorak ispitanika sačinjavali su svi punoljetni građani koji su svojevoljno htjeli sudjelovati u ovoj anonimnoj online anketi. Planirana dob ispitanika je od 18 do 30 godina. Ukupan broj ispitanika je 268, a kriterij isključenja bio je dob starijih ili mlađi od navedene dobi. REZULTATI:U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 147 ženskih ispitanika i 121 muški ispitanik, čak 78,8% ispitanika jede tri obroka dnevno, ispitanici u velikoj većini od 82,8% preferiraju vodu kao piće, više od 60% ispitanika ne puši, a samo 33,6% konzumira alkohol svaki dan. Čak 60% ispitanika pronađe vrijeme i želju za najmanje jednim vježbanjem tjedno. Ispitanici u ovom istraživanju nemaju problema sa snom, čak tri četvrtine ispitanika spava od 6-8h dnevno. ZAKLJUČCI: Istraživanje je prikazalo stavove i navike mladih u provođenju fizičke aktivnosti, pravilne prehrane, kvaliteti spavanja, znanju i navikama vezanim za zdrave životne navike. Ispitanici pokazuju kvalitetne životne navike u kojima su relativno često fizički aktivni, imaju kvalitetne prehrambene navike i vode brigu o spavanju.INTRODUCTION: The current lifestyle encourages society to promote the importance of health and a healthy lifestyle. Society should strive for changes, and keep away from smoking, consuming alcohol, and unhealthy food all the while promoting physical activity. Parents can help their children be more active by spending time playing games that physically stimulate their children. A balanced diet, unprocessed fruits and vegetables, fish, healthy amounts of meat, a limited amount of sugar and fats, and similar habits, can enhance health and reduce the risk of certain diseases. In the present times, children give their free time to various forms of media, completely overlooking physical activity. GOAL: The main goal of this paper is to present the attitudes and habits of young people as well as the role of nurses in promoting healthier living and the prevention of bad habits. The purpose of the paper is to better our understanding of the importance of physical activity and a healthy diet and to use the acquired knowledge and habits to promote a healthy lifestyle. METHODES: The sample of the participants consisted of adults who were willing to participate in this anonymous online survey. The planned age of the participants is 18 to 30 years old. The criteria for exclusion is not fitting in the mentioned age group. The total number of participants is 268. RESULTS: The research consisted of 147 female and 121 male participants. 78,8% eat three meals a day, 82,8% prefer water over other beverages, more than 60% do not smoke and only 33,6% of the participants consume alcohol every day in addition to this, 60% of participants find time and will to exercise once a week. Participants of this research do not have issues with their sleep. In fact, three-quarters of the participants sleep between 6 to 8 hours a day. CONCLUSIONS: This researchpresents attitudes and habits of young people concerning physical activity, healthy diet, sleep quality, and knowledge about a healthy lifestyle. The participants show good quality lifestyle habits which include relatively frequent physical activity, and good eating and sleeping habits
NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN WITH PNEUMOTHORAX
No full textPneumotoraks je stanje koje nastaje kao posljedica prodiranja zraka u pleuralni prostor što rezultira djelomičnim ili potpunim kolapsom pluća. Pneumotoraks može nastati spontano, kao posljedica postojeće plućne bolesti ili traume ili pak iatrogeno prilikom medicinskih postupaka. Dijagnoza se postavlja fizikalnim pregledom i RTG-om pluća. U većini slučajeva, pneumotoraks se rješava torakalnom drenažom. Cilj kirurškog liječenja je uklanjanje mogućeg izvora ulaska zraka u pleuralnu šupljinu i prevencija recidiva pneumotoraksa. U pleuralni prostor može se pristupiti na dva načina: torakotomijom ili minimalno invazivnim kirurškim pristupom, tzv. videotorakoskopijom. Od medicinske sestre se očekuje da svojim znanjem i profesionalnošću stvori osjećaj povjerenja u bolesnika i njegovih roditelja te im tako smanji osjećaj nelagode i straha. Temeljni cilj sestrinske skrbi je prevencija problema koji se javljaju u prijeoperacijskoj i posljeoperacijskoj zdravstvenoj skrbi. Individualni pristup kao i profesionalno provedeni sestrinski postupci uvelike pomažu u lakšem prihvaćanju bolesti i oporavku te na taj način pridonose očuvanju fizičkog i mentalnog zdravlja djeteta.Pneumothorax is a condition which occurs as a result of air entering the pleural space resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lungs. Pneumothorax can occur spontaneously, as a result of pre-existing lung disease or trauma, or iatrogenically during medical procedures. The diagnosis is made by physical examination and X-ray of the lungs. In most cases, pneumothorax is resolved by thoracic drainage. The goal of surgical treatment is to eliminate the possible source of air entry into the pleural cavity and to prevent recurrence of pneumothorax. The pleural space can be accessed in two ways: by thoracotomy or minimally invasive surgical approach, the so-called videothoracoscopy. With specific skill set as well as individual approach, building trust in both child and his parents which results in reduced feelings of discomfort and fear is expected from nurse. The fundamental goal of nursing care is the prevention of problems that occur in preoperative and postoperative health care. An individual approach as well as professionally performed nursing procedures greatly help in easier acceptance of the disease and recovery, thus contributing to the preservation of the child's physical and mental healt
Postoperative nursing care of patients with colon cancer
No full textKarcinom debelog crijeva predstavlja veliki javni i zdravstveni problem, a liječenje istog uključuje operaciju koja se provodi na debelom crijevu. Oporavak pacijenta nakon operacije debelog crijeva prvenstveno ovisi o stadiju bolesti, predoperativnoj edukaciji i pripremi bolesnika, vrsti i tehnici operativnog zahvata te postoperativnoj zdravstvenoj njezi. Glavna medicinska sestra, kao voditeljica i koordinatorica zdravstvene njege i skrbi pacijenta, vlastitim znanjima ima mogućnost pozitivnog utjecaja na prihvat bolesti i provođenje pacijenta kroz adekvatne pripreme i edukacije za daljnji novi način života. Moderno sestrinstvo u okvirima ubrzanog oporavka iza operacije program skrbi za pacijenta treba usmjeriti na pružanje usluga pacijentima davanjem informacija u svezi s perioperativnim razdobljem, socijalnom i psihološkom podrškom, savjetovanjem o zdravstvenoj njezi u kući, te postupcima u slučaju komplikacija.
Postoperativni oporavak pacijenta ubrzao se razvitkom minimalno invanzivnih tehnika operacije što rezultira skraćenim boravkom u zdravstvenim ustanovama nakon samog operacijskog zahvata te se pacijenta nastoji vrlo brzo, nakon same operacije, pripremiti na samostalan život. Brzi oporavak predstavlja izazov za sestrinstvo gdje sestre, kao koordinatori i organizatori zdravstvene skrbi, moraju znati odgovore na postavljene izazove kako bi svojim kompetencijama i znanjem omogućile što lakši i brži oporavak pacijenta.Colon cancer is a major public and health problem, and its treatment includes surgery on the colon. Patient recovery after colon surgery primarily depends on the stage of the disease, preoperative education and preparation of the patient, type and technique of the operative procedure, and postoperative health care. The head nurse, as the manager and coordinator of health care and patient care, has the ability to have a positive influence on the acceptance of the disease and the treatment of patients through adequate preparations and education for a further new way of life, with her own knowledge. Modern nursing within the framework of accelerated recovery after surgery, the patient care program should focus on providing services to patients by providing information regarding the perioperative period, social and psychological support, counseling on health care at home, and procedures in case of complications.
The postoperative recovery of the patient has been accelerated by the development of minimally invasive surgery techniques, which results in a shortened stay of the patient in health institutions after the operation itself, and the patient is tried to prepare for an independent life very quickly after the operation itself. Quick recovery is a challenge for nursing, where nurses, as coordinators and organizers of health care, must know the answers to the set challenges in order to use their competences and knowledge to facilitate the patient's recovery as easily and quickly as possible
ENCOURAGING HEALTH EDUCATION IN CHILDREN OF EARLY AND PRESCHOOL AGE
No full textDijete najviše svog vremena provodi u dječjim vrtiću i kod kuće zbog čega iznimnu važnost predstavlja komunikacija i suradnja između roditelja i odgajatelja kako bi se djetetu omogućio cijelovit razvoj. Zdravstveni odgoj mora biti dio svakog odgojno-obrazovnog programa. Podučavanje djece zdravstvenom odgoju počinje već u ranoj i predškolskoj dobi jer je to razdoblje kada se formira djetetova inteligencija i najveći potencijali. Provođenjem zdravstvenog odgoja u vrtićima i kod kuće, putem igre i zabave, dijete stvara rutinu i stječe pozitivne zdravstvene navike. Zdravstveni odgoj u dječjim vrtićima obuhvaća provođenje tjelesne aktivnosti, održavanje osobne higijene, kvalitetnu prehranu te zaštitu od ozlijeda i bolesti. Medicinska sestra u dječjem vrtiću predstavlja zdravstvenu voditeljicu čija je uloga edukacija djece, roditelja i osoblja vrtića.A child spends most of his time in kindergarten and at home, which is why communication and cooperation between parents and educators are extremely important in order to enable the child's overall development. Health education must be part of every educational program. Teaching children about health education begins already in the early and preschool years, because this is the period when the child's intelligence and greatest potential are formed. By implementing health education in kindergartens and at home, through play and fun, the child creates a routine and acquires positive health habits. Health education in kindergartens includes physical activity, maintenance of personal hygiene, quality nutrition and protection against injury and disease. A nurse in a kindergarten represents a health manager whose role is to educate children, parents and kindergarten staff
Prevalence of stress among Croatian nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textCilj ovog rada je ispitati zastupljenost stresa među medicinskim sestrama i tehničarima u Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom pandemije COVID-19 te identificirati glavne uzroke stresa. Također, u radu se ispitivao utjecaj razine obrazovanja i godina života na stresore u radnom okruženju i iskustvima druženja medicinskih sestara. Istraživanje je provedeno na 254 medicinske sestre, odnosno tehničara pomoću online anketnog upitnika koji se, osim od pitanja o općim podatcima ispitanika, sastojao od pitanja vezanih za iskustva medicinskih sestara s pandemijom, kao i za stresore s kojima su bile suočene. Za analizu podataka korišteni su χ2 test, T-test i Pearsonova korelacija. Značajna je razlika u zastupljenosti ispitanika s obzirom na stres tijekom pandemije (p < 0,001) što pokazuje da je većina medicinskih sestara osjećala veći stres za razliku od prije pandemije. Najčešći uzroci stresa su nedostatan broj djelatnika (59,29%), preopterećenost poslom (51,78%), loša organizacija posla (44,98%), 24-satna odgovornost (44,22%). Najveća srednja vrijednost stresa utvrđena je u kategoriji organizacija radnog mjesta i financijska pitanja (medijan=3,90). Dimenzija strahova sa srednjom vrijednosti 3,12 upućuje na povećanu razinu strahova tijekom pandemije. Najveći strah je prenošenje infekcije obitelji (47,43%). Nije pronađen utjecaj razine obrazovanja i godina života na stresore na radnom mjestu i na iskustva druženja medicinskih sestara. Istraživanje može poslužiti za podizanje svijesti o mentalnom zdravlju medicinskih sestara, kao i za dobivanje uvida u stresnu prirodu njihovog posla kako bi se razvile i primjenjivale strategije koje su učinkovite u prevenciji nepoželjnih posljedica stresa kroz poboljšanje uvjeta rada i razvijanje metoda nošenja sa stresom.This paper aims to examine prevalence of stress among Croatian nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the main causes of stress. Also, this paper’s concern is the effect that level of education and age may have on the work stressors and nurses’ social life. The survey was conducted on 254 nurses via online questionnaire which besides questions about general personal data, included questions related to nurses’ experience with the pandemic, as well as stressors they were faced with. χ2 test, T-test and Pearson's correlation were used to analyse the data. The difference between the number of respondents in relation with stress during the pandemic is relevant (p < 0,001) which shows that most nurses experienced higher levels of stress than before the pandemic. The most common causes of stress are lack of workers (59,29%), work overload (51,78%), poor job organization (44,98%), 24-hours responsibility (44,22%). The highest stress mean value is determined in workplace organization and financial issues category (the median=3,90). Fear dimension with mean value 3,12 suggests higher fear level during the pandemic. Biggest fear was transmitting infection to family (47,43%). The correlation between level of education/age and work stressors/social aspect was not found. This study can serve as an aid in raising awareness about nurses’ mental health, as well as getting insight into the stressful nature of their work with the purpose of developing and applying strategies that are effectful in prevention of unwanted consequences of stress through better work conditions and developing better coping skills