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The role of low dose CT thorax as a screening test in smokers
No full textVišeslojna kompjuterizirana tomografija, MSCT toraksa je dijagnostička metoda koja omogućuje bolji
prikaz torakalnih organa te lakše uočavanje patoloških promjena u odnosu na radiografsko snimanje toraksa.
Napredak višeslojne kompjutorizirane tomografije doveo je do mogućnosti snimanja toraksa u visokoj rezoluciji pri
jednom udahu i s prihvatljivom dozom zračenja. Visoka rezolucija zraka i plućnih nodula omogućuje provedbu
niskodoznog protokola za pluća te se pacijent izlaže maloj dozi zračenja uz kvalitetnu dijagnozu. Low – dose CT je
bezbolan i neinvazivan test probira koji traje vrlo kratko. Karcinom pluća je vodeći uzrok smrti od svih karcinoma, a
najčešći uzrok je pušenje. Važno ga je prepoznati u ranom stadiju kako bi se povećala mogućnost izlječenja, stoga je
bitno pravovremeno uočiti i razlikovati nodozne lezije plućnog parenhima. Upravo zbog toga osnovan je Nacionalni
program koji koristi low – dose CT screening za visokorizične skupine. Tu pripadaju osobe dobi između 50 i 75
godina koje su aktivni pušači te bivši pušači koji su prestali pušiti unutar 15 godina. Također, bitno je istaknuti i
važnost slučajnih nalaza tijekom probira kao što su kalcifikati koronarnih arterija, kronična opstruktivna plućna
bolest i bolesti intersticija. Low – dose CT snimanje tehnički je slično rutinskom CT snimanju prsnog koša, pa ne
zahtjeva dodatnu edukaciju. Cilj je dobiti kvalitetnu sliku na kojoj se mogu otkriti i mjeriti mali plućni noduli, a da se
za to koristi što manja doza zračenja. Low – dose CT probira je još uvijek u ranoj fazi primjene, pa uz sve svoje
pozitivne strane ipak zahtijeva još istraživanja.Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) of the thorax is a diagnostic method that provides better
visualization of thoracic organs and easier detection of pathological changes compared to chest radiography. The
advancement of multislice computed tomography has led to the ability to image the thorax in high resolution with a
single breath and with an acceptable radiation dose. The high resolution of the airways and pulmonary nodules
allows for the implementation of a low-dose protocol for the lungs, exposing the patient to a minimal radiation dose
while ensuring a quality diagnosis. Low-dose CT is a painless and non-invasive screening test that takes very little
time. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among all cancers, with smoking being the most common cause. It is
important to recognize it in the early stages to increase the chances of a cure, thus timely detection and
differentiation of nodular lesions of the lung parenchyma is crucial. For this reason, a National Program has been
established that uses low-dose CT screening for high-risk groups. These include individuals aged between 50 and 75
who are current smokers or former smokers who quit within the past 15 years. Additionally, it is important to
highlight the significance of incidental findings during screening, such as coronary artery calcifications, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung diseases. Low-dose CT scanning is technically similar to routine
CT chest scanning, so it does not require additional training. The goal is to provide a quality image on which small
pulmonary nodules can be detected and measured, using the lowest possible radiation dose. Low-dose CT screening
is still in the early stages of application and, despite its positive aspects, requires further research
SWOT analysis of the application of artificial intelligence in radiological technology and radiology
No full textUmjetna inteligencija (AI) unosi promjene u radiologiju i radiološku tehnologiju, omogućavajući razvoj programa i algoritama koji olakšavaju dijagnozu i odluke. Bitno je razumjeti na koji način AI može poboljšati ishode pacijenata, povećati učinkovitost pretraga i smanjiti troškove. Strojno i duboko učenje pokazali su se kao iznimno korisni u otkrivanju i karakterizaciji lezija, poboljšavajući rutinske tehnike snimanja i olakšavajući rad radiologa smanjenjem opterećenja i poboljšanjem kvalitete izvještavanja. Praktična primjena umjetne inteligencije u radiologiji i radiološkoj tehnologiji usporena je nedostatkom integriranih rješenja i dobro strukturiranih arhiva podataka, a također i izazovima kao što su netransparentnost sustava kod donošenja odluka i velika količine kvalitetnih podataka potrebnih za obuku modela umjetne inteligencije. Postoji zabrinutost zbog potencijalnog utjecaja AI na posao radiologa i radioloških tehnologa što može kočiti razvoj i primjenu ove tehnologije. Tekstualni podaci izvedeni iz slikovnih izvješća mogu pružiti vrijedne uvide u zdravstvu. Obrada prirodnog jezika (NLP), podskup umjetne inteligencije, nudi obećavajuća rješenja za rukovanje nestrukturiranim tekstom u ovim izvješćima, što otvara novu eru u izdvajanju informacija iz medicinskih slika i pripadajućih izvješća. Zbog izazova u obuci stručnjaka za primjenu AI-a u zdravstvu morat će se koristiti multidisciplinarni pristup i ulagati u suradnju i obrazovanje. Postoje neriješena pitanja o odgovornosti i regulaciji u vezi s pohranjivanjem podataka i privatnosti, osobito u slučaju pohrane podataka na sistemu „oblaka“. Zabrinutost i neinformiranost radne snage o umjetnoj inteligenciji predstavlja prepreku za njeno usvajanje, ali i nudi priliku za tehnološko napredovanje struke.Artificial intelligence (AI) is bringing changes to radiology and radiologic technology, enabling the development of programs and algorithms that facilitate diagnosis and decisions. It is essential to understand how AI can improve patient outcomes, increase the efficiency of investigations and reduce costs. Machine and deep learning have proven to be extremely useful in the detection and characterization of lesions, improving routine imaging techniques and facilitating the work of radiologists by reducing workload and improving the quality of reporting. The practical application of artificial intelligence in radiology and radiologic technology has been slowed down by the lack of integrated solutions and well-structured data archives, as well as challenges such as non-transparency of decision-making systems and large amounts of quality data needed to train artificial intelligence models. There are concerns about the potential impact of AI on the work of radiologists and radiologic technologists, which may hinder the development and implementation of this technology. Textual data derived from image reports can provide valuable healthcare insights. Natural language processing (NLP), a subset of artificial intelligence, offers promising solutions for handling unstructured text in these reports, opening a new era in extracting information from medical images and related reports. Due to the challenges in training experts for the application of AI in healthcare, a multidisciplinary approach will have to be used and investments in collaboration and education will have to be made. There are outstanding issues of liability and regulation regarding data storage and privacy, particularly in the case of cloud storage. The concern of the workforce and their lack of education about artificial intelligence represents an obstacle to its adoption, but also offers an opportunity for the technological advancement of the profession
Side effects of new hormone therapy for prostate cancer in daily clinical practice
No full textCilj: Ispitati koje su najčešće nuspojave nove hormonske terapije u liječenju karcinoma prostate prijavljene u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi te utvrditi razlikuje li se profil toksičnosti ovisno lijeku. Izvori podataka i metode: Za izradu ovog rada korištena je baza podataka MEDLINE putem PubMed-a koristeći ključne riječi: „prostate cancer“, „novel hormonal therapy“, „antiandrogens“, „side effects“, „safety“ i „real-world“. Prilikom pretraživanja literature uzeti su u obzir radovi objavljeni na engleskom jeziku. Odbačeni su radovi ograničeni isključivo na geografsko područje Azije i radovi koji zbog vrste terapije koju opisuju u svojim rezultatima tematski ne odgovaraju našem preglednom radu. Rezultati: Pregledom literature pronađen je ukupno 21 rad u bazi podataka MEDLINE putem PubMed-a koji odgovara temi pretraživanja. Dva rada opisivala su nuspojave abirateron-acetata te dva rada nuspojave enzalutamida, dok je devet radova uspoređivalo ta dva lijeka. Tri rada opisivala su nuspojave apalutamida, dva rada nuspojave darolutamida te jedan rad usporedbu enzalutamida, apalutamida i darolutamida. Rasprava: Abirateron-acetat je uz lakše nuspojave poput hipertenzije i perifernih edema pokazao određenu razinu kardiotoksičnog učinka, dok je kod enzalutamida osim izrazitog umora, mučnine i navala vrućine zabilježen neurotoksičan učinak. Stopa hospitalizacija zbog ozbiljnih nuspojava znatno je veća kod abirateron-acetata u usporedbi s enzalutamidom. Apalutamid i darolutamid pokazali su značajno manje nuspojava, međutim pojava osipa kože, hipertenzije i prijeloma nije izostala kod primjene apalutamida, kao ni pojava artralgija, boli u leđima i umora kod primjene darolutamida. Padovi, prijelomi i osipi kože su statistički značajno učestaliji kod apalutamida nego kod darolutamida, dok su padovi, vrtoglavica, epileptički napadaji i umor statistički značajno rjeđi kod darolutamida nego kod enzalutamida. Zaključci: Prema pregledanoj literaturi, potvrđen je povoljan profil toksičnosti nove hormonske terapije kod primjene u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi, ranije dokazan u kliničkim ispitivanjima kod pacijenata s karcinomom prostate.Objective: To examine the most common side effects of novel hormonal therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer reported in real-world settings and to determine whether the toxicity profile differs depending on the drug. Data sources and methods: The MEDLINE database via PubMed was used to produce this paper using the keywords: "prostate cancer", "novel hormonal therapy", "antiandrogens", "side effects", "safety" and "real world". During the literature search, works published in English were taken into account. Papers limited exclusively to the geographical area of Asia and papers that, due to the type of therapy described in their results, do not thematically match our review paper were rejected. Results: A literature review found a total of 21 papers in the MEDLINE database via PubMed that correspond to the search topics. Two papers described the side effects of abiraterone acetate and two papers the side effects of enzalutamide, while nine papers compared the two drugs. Three papers described side effects of apalutamide, two papers described side effects of darolutamide, and one paper compared enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide. Discussion: Abiraterone-acetate, along with minor side effects such as hypertension and peripheral edema, showed a certain level of cardiotoxic effect, while with enzalutamide, in addition to extreme fatigue, nausea and hot flushes, a neurotoxic effect was recorded. The rate of hospitalization due to serious adverse events is significantly higher with abiraterone acetate compared with enzalutamide. Apalutamide and darolutamide showed significantly fewer side effects, however, skin rashes, hypertension and fractures did occur with apalutamide, as did arthralgia, back pain and fatigue with darolutamide. Falls, fractures and skin rashes are statistically significantly more frequent with apalutamide than with darolutamide, while falls, dizziness, epileptic seizures and fatigue are statistically significantly less frequent with darolutamide than with enzalutamide. Conclusions: According to the reviewed literature, the favorable toxicity profile of the novel hormonal therapy in real-world use, previously proven in clinical trials in patients with prostate cancer, was confirme
Laboratory diagnostics of infertility in UH of Split (2014. - 2023.)
No full textRetrospektivno istraživanje obuhvatilo je 205 pacijentica liječenih u Klinici za ženske bolesti i porode KBC Split tijekom 2023. godine, analizirajući njihovu dob, metode potpomognute oplodnje i hormonski status. Pacijentice su bile podijeljene u tri grupe prema metodi liječenja: invitro fertilizacija (IVF) ili intracitoplazmatska injekcija spermija (ICSI) (131 pacijentica), transfer smrznutih embrija (FET) (48 pacijentica) i inseminacija sjemena (AIH) (27 pacijentica).
Najveći broj pacijentica bio je u grupi IVF/ICSI, s najmlađom u dobi od 24 godine i najstarijom od 44 godine. U FET grupi, dob pacijentica kretala se od 28 do 41 godine, dok je u AIH grupi bila između 27 i 42 godine. Starija dob pacijentica povezana je s nižom kvalitetom jajnih stanica, što smanjuje šanse za uspjeh trudnoće, što je potvrđeno i u ovom istraživanju.
Analiza hormonskih profila pokazala je da su prosječne vrijednosti FSH, LH i DHEA bile unutar referentnih vrijednosti. Hormoni E2, PRLi progesteron pokazali su povišene vrijednosti, dok su SHBG, vitamin D i feritin bili unutar referentnih vrijednosti, osim SHBG kod pacijentica tretiranih FET metodom. Najveće vrijednosti bile su za hormone E2 (34534 IU/L), PRL (3280 mU/L) i progesteron (70,80 nmol/L), što je znatno iznad referentnih vrijednosti. Većina pacijentica imala je izuzetno niske vrijednosti anti-Müllerovog hormona (AMH).
Rezultati istraživanja naglašavaju potrebu za individualiziranim pristupom u liječenju neplodnosti, uzimajući u obzir hormonske profile žena prije i nakon liječenja. Edukacija žena o uzrocima neplodnosti i pravovremeno prepoznavanje problema može doprinijeti boljem ishodu liječenja.A retrospective study included 205 patients treated at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Split during 2023,analyzing their age, assisted reproduction methods, and hormonal status. The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment method: in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (131 patients), frozen embryo transfer (FET) (48 patients), andartificial insemination by husband (AIH) (27 patients).
The largest number of patients was in the IVF/ICSI group, with the youngest being 24 years old and the oldest 44 years old. In the FETgroup, the age of patients ranged from 28 to 41 years, while in the AIH group, it was between 27 and 42 years. Older age of the patients wasassociated with lower quality of oocytes, reducing the chances of pregnancy success, as confirmed in this study.
The analysis of hormonal profiles showed that the average values of FSH, LH, and DHEA were within the reference values. The hormonesE2, PRL, and progesterone showed elevated values, while SHBG, vitamin D, and ferritin were within the reference values, except for SHBG inpatients treated with the FET method. The highest values were for the hormones E2 (34534 IU/L), PRL (3280 mU/L), and progesterone (70.80nmol/L), which is significantly above the reference values. Most patients had extremely low values of the Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).
The study results emphasize the need for an individualized approach to infertility treatment, considering the hormonal profiles of women before and after treatment. Educating women about the causes of infertility and timely recognition of problems can contribute to better treatment outcomes
Physiotherapy procedures after operative treatment of anterior cruciate ligaments in handball players
No full textRukomet kao sport predstavlja motoričko iznimno kompleksnu i fizički jako zahtjevnu tjelesnu aktivnost. S obzirom na moderniziranje svih sportova, pa tako i rukometa, fizički napori igrača postaju sve teži. S obzirom da je poznato da je koljeni zglob podložan najvećoj stopi ozljeda u ovom sportu, veliku pažnju valja pridati ozljedi prednjeg križnog ligamenta koja se smatra jednom od najtežih ozljeda u sportu. Rehabilitacija nakon rupture prednjeg križnog ligamenta predstavlja dug i kompleksan proces koji mora biti vođen od strane stručnog osoblja. Cilj ovog rada je detaljno istražiti prirodu ozljede ACL-a u kontekstu rukometa, te analizirati metode i protokole rehabilitacije koji se koriste za vraćanje sportaša u punu funkcionalnost i natjecateljsku formu. Naglašava se važnost multidisciplinarnog pristupa u rehabilitaciji ozljede ACL-a kod rukometaša. Uključivanjem različitih stručnjaka - fizioterapeuta, liječnika, psihologa i trenera - moguće je postići optimalne rezultate i omogućiti sportašima siguran i efikasan povratak na teren.Handball as a sport represents a highly complex motor activity and physically demanding bodily activity. With the modernization of all sports, including handball, the physical demands on players are becoming increasingly challenging. Given that the knee joint is known to be susceptible to the highest rate of injuries in this sport, significant attention should be paid to anterior cruciate ligament injury, which is considered one of the most severe injuries in sports. Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament rupture is a lengthy and complex process that must be guided by professional staff. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly investigate the nature of ACL injuries in the context of handball and to analyze the rehabilitation methods and protocols used to restore athletes to full functionality and competitive form. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation of ACL injuries in handball players is emphasized. By involving various specialists - physiotherapists, doctors, psychologists, and coaches - it is possible to achieve optimal results and enable athletes to return to the field safely and effectively
Education of parents of children with premature puberty
No full textCilj ovog rada je obrazložiti etiologiju prijevremenog puberteta te opisati procjenu prijevremenog puberteta. Cilj rada je objasniti postupke edukacije roditelja kod prijevremenog puberteta pri čemu se ističe uloga medicinske sestre. Cilj je sažeti strategije profesionalnog tima za poboljšanje koordinacije edukacije i komunikacije kako bi se poboljšali ishodi kod djece s preuranjenim pubertetom. Medicinske sestre imaju ključnu ulogu u prepoznavanju, edukaciji i podršci djece i roditelja kod preuranjenog puberteta. Stručnost i prisutnost medicinskih sestara u raznim zdravstvenim ustanovama omogućuje sveobuhvatan pristup ovom kompleksnom stanju. Uloga medicinske sestre očituje se kroz rano prepoznavanje simptoma, edukaciju roditelja o uzrocima i posljedicama preuranjenog puberteta, pružanje emocionalne podrške, promicanje zdravih životnih navika i koordinaciju njege. Kroz navedene postupke medicinske sestre pomažu u ublažavanju negativnih učinaka preuranjenog puberteta i osiguravanju optimalnog razvoja djece.The aim of this paper is to explain the etiology of precocious puberty and to describe the assessment of precocious puberty. The aim of the paper is to explain the procedures of parent education in precocious puberty, emphasizing the role of the nurse. The aim is to summarize professional team strategies to improve coordination of education and communication to improve outcomes in children with precocious puberty. Nurses have a key role in the recognition, education and support of children and parents with premature puberty. The expertise and presence of nurses in various healthcare institutions enables a comprehensive approach to this complex condition. The nurse's role is manifested through early recognition of symptoms, education of parents about the causes and consequences of premature puberty, provision of emotional support, promotion of healthy lifestyle habits and coordination of care. Through the mentioned procedures, nurses help to alleviate the negative effects of premature puberty and ensure the optimal development of children
The importance of shock wave, laser and radio frequency on the treatment of diabetic ulcers
No full textOvaj rad prikazuje utjecaj udarnog vala, lasera i radiofrekvencije na liječenje dijabetičkog ulkusa. Dijabetički ulkus je rana koja se javlja na stopalima pacijenata s dijabetesom. Rana uglavnom nastaje zbog oštećenja krvožilnog ili živčanog sustava u stopalu (oštećenje nastaje zbog visokog šećera u krvi), što dovodi do smanjene cirkulacije i smanjenja osjetljivosti tog područja. Dijabetički ulkus je ozbiljno stanje jer često dovodi do teških komplikacija kao što su infekcije i amputacije. Statistike pokazuju da oko 15-25% dijabetičara kroz život razvije ulkus, a od toga čak 50% završi sa amputacijom stopala, ponekad i smrti. Smrtnost je češća ako doĎe do amputacije, kod osoba starije životne dobi te ako osoba pati od bubrežne ili periferne arterijske bolesti.
Udarni val pokazao se učinkovitim u liječenju dijabetičkog ulkusa. Jednostavan je za primjenu, isplativ u usporedbi s drugim načinima liječenja te ne izaziva značajnije nuspojave. Terapija udarnim valom koristi se za cijeljenje tkiva te su mnogobrojne studije dokazale njegov pozitivan učinak i na dijabetički ulkus. Udarni val može dovesti do potpunog zacjeljenja rane kod dijabetičara.
Laser doprinosi smanjenju veličine, pospješuje izlječenje ulkusa te igra veliku ulogu u smanjenju boli. Zaključeno je da je terapija laserom sigurna opcija jer nijedna dosad provedena studija nije pronašla nikakve negativne učinke.
Radiofrekvencija, koja potiče rast kolagena, pokazala se veoma učinkovitom u liječenju dijabetičkog ulkusa. Istraživanja su dokazala kako terapija radiofrekvencijom omogućava potpuno zacjeljivanje rane.
Zaključno, rad prikazuje istraživanja liječenja dijabetičkog ulkusa navedenim metodama.This paper shows the impact of shock wave, laser and radiofrequency on diabetic ulcers. A diabetic ulcer is a wound that occurs on the feet of patients with diabetes. The wound is mainly caused by damage to the vascular or nervous system in the foot (damage occurs due to high blood sugar levels), resulting in reduced circulation and reduced sensitivity in that area. Diabetic ulcer is a very serious and life-threatening condition because it often leads to severe complications such as infections and amputations. Statistics show that around 15-25% of diabetics develop an ulcer during their lifetime, and even 50% of them end up with foot amputation. The mortality rate of diabetics with ulcers is 13.1% after 1 year, 49.1% after 5 years and 76.9% after 10 years. Mortality is more frequent if amputation occurs and in older age and if the person also suffers from renal or peripheral arterial disease.
The shock wave has been shown to be effective in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. It is easy to use, cost-effective compared to other methods of treatment and does not cause significant side effects. Shock wave therapy is used for tissue healing, and numerous studies have proven its positive effect on diabetic ulcers; the shock wave leads to complete wound healing in diabetics.
The laser contributes to reducing the size, promotes the complete healing of the ulcer and plays a major role in reducing pain. It was concluded that laser therapy is a safe option because no studies conducted so far have found any negative effects.
Radiofrequency, which stimulates the growth of collagen, has proven to be very effective in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. Research has proven that radiofrequency therapy enables completely healed wounds.
In conclusion, the paper presents various researches on the treatment of diabetic ulcers with the mentioned methods
Women's awareness of the importance of screening mammography a review study
No full textSvijest žena o važnosti probira karcinoma dojke, uključujući mamografiju i pregled dojki, ključna je u prevenciji i ranom otkrivanju karcinoma dojke. Istraživanja pokazuju da, iako je svijest ove populacije u porastu, postoje brojne prepreke koje ih spriječavaju da redovito sudjeluju u probiru, uključujući nedostatak informacija, strah od rezultata i nelagodu tijekom pregleda. Edukativne kampanje i osiguranje pristupa kvalitetnoj zdravstvenog skrbi ključni su koraci u poboljšanju sudjelovanja žena u programima probira i smanjenju incidencije karcinoma dojke. Kako bi se osiguralo da sve žene imaju pristup ovim važnim pregledima, potrebno je razviti i implementirati strategije kao što su podizanje svijesti o prednostima redovitog sudjelovanja u probiru za karcinom dojke. Ovaj integrirani pristup može značajno doprinijeti smanjenju smrtnosti od karcinoma dojke i poboljšanju općeg zdravlja žena.Women’s awarwness of the importance of breast cancer screening, including mammography and breast examinations, is crucial in prevention and early detection. Research indicates that although awareness among this population in increasing, there are numerous barriers preventing them from regularly participating in screening, including lack of information, fear of results, and discomfort during examinations. Educational campaigns and ensuring access to quality healthcare are key steps in improving women’s participation in screening programs and reducing the incidence of breast cancer. To ensure that all women have access to these important screenings, strategies need to be developed and implemented that include raising awarwness of the benefits of regular participation in breast cancer screening. This integrated approach can significantly contribute to reducing breast cancer mortality and improving overall women’s health
Health care of patients with prostate cancer surgery
No full textU Republici Hrvatskoj je prema najnovijim podacima iz 2024. godine karcinom prostate najčešće novo dijagnosticirani karcinom kod muške populacije kako navodi Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo(HZJZ). Postaje javnozdravstveni problem zbog sve veće zastupljenosti. Neki od znakova koji se javljaju kod karcinoma prostate su: isprekidan mlaz urina, učestalo mokrenje, bol i peckanje pri mokrenju, dijagnostika započinje uzimanjem anamneza, zatim digitorektalni pregled, PSA u krvi te biopsija tkiva prostate. Postoje 4 stadija karcinoma. Liječenje ovisi o kliničkoj slici, samom tumoru i njegovoj veličini, vrsti i agresivnosti, ali i o pacijentu, njegovoj dobi i zdravstvenom stanju, a ukoliko bolesnikovo stanje dopušta najčešće je to operacijski zahvat. Medicinska sestra je važna osoba u timu koji se brine za bolesnika oboljelog od karcinoma prostate. Priprema ga za sami operacijski zahvat, gdje svoju pažnju usmjerava i na psihološku podršku. Nakon operacije medicinska sestra intenzivno brine za bolesnika, provodi edukaciju i pruža podršku njemu i njegovoj obitelji do otpusta kući.In the Republic of Croatia, according to the latest data from 2024, prostate cancer is the most frequently newly diagnosed cancer in the male population, according to the Croatian Institute of Public Health (HZJZ). It is becoming a public health problem due to its increasing prevalence. Some of the signs that occur with prostate cancer are: intermittent stream of urine, frequent urination, pain and burning when urinating, diagnosis begins with taking an anamnesis, followed by a digital rectal examination, PSA in the blood and prostate tissue biopsy. There are 4 stages of cancer. The treatment depends on the clinical picture, the tumor itself and its size, type and aggressiveness, but also on the patient, his age and state of health, and if the patient's condition allows, it is most often an operation. A nurse is an important person in the team that cares for a patient with prostate cancer. She prepares him for the surgery itself, where she focuses his attention on psychological support. After the operation, the nurse intensively cares for the patient, carries out education and provides support to him and his family until he is discharged home
Biomarkers of second-hand smoke
No full textCilj: Cilj ovog rada je prikazati mogućnost određivanja biomarkera pasivnog pušenja kod odraslih osoba analizom uzoraka urina.
Materijal i metode: Materijal koji se koristi za analizu je urin. Opisani su postupci određivanja nikotina i njegovih metabolita u urinu pomoću metoda masene spektrometrije te plinske i tekućinske kromatografije.
Rezultati: Uspoređuju se rezultati različitih istraživanja dobiveni od osoba koje puše ili su izložene pasivnom pušenju. Srednja vrijednost kotinina u urinu nepušača izloženih pasivnom pušenju bila je 56,544 ng/mL za žene i 65,234 ng/mL za muškarce, dok je srednja vrijednost 3-OHK u urinu nakon izloženosti iznosila 41,501 ng/mL za žene i 14,941ng/mL za muškarce.
Zaključak: Izloženost pasivnom pušenju može se pouzdano mjeriti analizom nikotina i njegovih metabolita u urinu. Postavljanje dobre granične vrijednosti bitno je zbog razlika u metaboliziranju nikotina. Praćenje izloženosti bitno je zbog razvoja bolesti povezanih s pasivnim pušenjem.Objectives: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility of determining biomarkers of passive smoking in adults through the analysis of urine samples.
Material and methods: The material used for analysis is urine. The procedures for determining nicotine and its metabolites in urine using mass spectrometry, as well as gas and liquid chromatography methods, are described.
Results: The results of various studies conducted on individuals who smoke or are exposed to passive smoking are being compared. The average cotinine level in the urine of non-smokers exposed to passive smoking was 56.544 ng/mL for women and 65.234 ng/mL for men, while the average 3-OHK level in the urine after exposure was 41.501 ng/mL for women and 14.941 ng/mL for men.
Conclusion: Exposure to passive smoking can be reliably measured by analyzing nicotine and its metabolites in urine. Establishing a good threshold value is crucial due to differences in nicotine metabolism. Monitoring exposure is essential due to the development of diseases associated with passive smoking