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Comparison of morphological characteristics of selected and nonselected young female volleyball players
No full textOdbojka je sport u kojemu je tjelesna visina i izduženost ekstremiteta imaju važnu ulogu u uspjehu sportaša. Kao jedna od sastavnica antropološkog statusa čovjeka, morfološke karakteristike u odbojci predstavljaju prvi selekcijski kriterij kod kreiranja i izgradnje mladih talenata. Osnovni cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je analizirati i utvrditi postoje li statistički značajne razlike između selektirane i neselektirane populacije odbojkašica kadetskog i juniorskog uzrasta u prostoru morfoloških karakteristika. Istraživanju je pristupilo 57 ispitanica dobi 16.08±1.19 godina. Za potrebe istraživanja kreirane su dvije grupe ispitanica. Kriterij za odabir ispitanica u grupu selektiranih odbojkašica bio je da su članice Hrvatske odbojkaške reprezentacije. Kriterij za odabir ispitanica u drugu grupu bio je da nisu članice nacionalne reprezentacije te da pripadaju kadetskoj ili juniorskoj dobnoj kategoriji. Skup varijabli sastojao se od 41 morfološke mjere koje su zastupale prostor longitudinalnosti (7), transverzalnosti (8), voluminoznosti (8) i sastava tijela (18). Nakon prikupljanja i obrade podataka provedene su metode deskriptivne statistike i Studentov t-test za nezavisne uzorke kojim je računato postoji li statistički značajna razlika između navedenih grupa. Cohen d test korišten je za utvrđivanje veličine učinka analize između grupa u mjerenim varijablama. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između selektirane i neselektirane populacije u 10 morfoloških mjera, a one su: dužina noge, raspon ruku, visina tijela, dijametar skočnog zgloba, dijametar koljena, postotak potkožnog masnog tkiva mjeren pomoću dvije različite metode, postotak vode u tijelu, postotak mišićne mase i postotak mineralne mase u tijelu. Rezultati mogu trenerima poslužiti kao orijentir u svakodnevnom radu i selekciji mladih odbojkašica.Volleyball is a sport where body height and limb length play a crucial role in the athlete's success. As one of the components of a person's anthropological status, morphological characteristics in volleyball represent the primary selection criterion in the creation and development of young talents. The main goal of this thesis was to analyse and determine whether there are statistically significant differences between the selected and non-selected populations of female volleyball players in the cadet and junior age categories in terms of morphological characteristics. The study included 57 participants aged 16.08 ± 1.19 years. For the study's purposes, two groups of participants were created. The criterion for selecting participants in the group of selected volleyball players was that they were members of the Croatian national volleyball team in the cadet and junior age groups (U17 and U19). The criterion for selecting participants in the second group was that they were not members of the national team and that they belonged to the cadet or junior age category. The set of variables consisted of 41 morphological measurements, representing the dimensions of longitudinality (7), transversal dimensions (8), body volume (8), and body composition (18). After data collection and processing, descriptive statistics methods and Student's t-test for independent samples were used to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the mentioned groups. The Cohen d test was used to determine the effect size of the difference analysis between the groups in the measured variables. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the selected and non-selected populations in 10 morphological measures, which are: leg length, arm span, body height, ankle diameter, knee diameter, percentage of subcutaneous fat measured by two different methods, percentage of water in the body, percentage of muscle mass, and percentage of mineral mass in the body. The results can serve as a guideline for coaches in their daily work and the selection of young volleyball players
THE FOOTWEAR INFLUENCE ON THE JUMPING EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utječe li i koliki je utjecaj obuće na kinematičke parametre. Istraživanje je provedeno na osamnaest (18) muških studenata Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u kojem se mjerila visina skoka, trajanje kontakta s podlogom i reactive strength index (RSI). Prosječna dob ispitanika je bila 23.56 ± 1.54 godina, tjelesna masa 83.11 ± 11.37 kilograma, a visina 181.22 ± 6.59 centimetara. Mjerenje je provedeno aplikacijom MyJumpLab. Ispitanici su provodili po pet kontinuiranih sunožnih i jednonožnih skokova iz stopala s obućom i bez nje, dok su skokove s pripremom i bez pripreme s obućom i bez obuće izvodili tri puta na način da svaki skok zasebno izvode. Trajanje kontakta s podlogom i RSI mjereni su samo za skokove iz stopala jer skokovi s pripremom i bez pripreme su izvođeni zasebno, stoga nije ni RSI vrijednost mjerena. Vrsta obuće nije bila prethodno definirana stoga su ispitanici testiranje provodili u vlastitoj obući po osobnom izboru. Nakon mjerenja uspoređivani su podaci u jednakim motoričkim zadacima s obućom i bez obuće. Rezultati su pokazali razlike između skokova s obućom i bez nje, no te razlike nisu bile statistički značajne osim u prosječnoj visini skokova iz stopala s obućom (SISOV) i prosječnoj visini skokova bez obuće (SISBV) (p=0,04, t=2.18) . Usporedba rezultata motoričkih zadataka s obućom i bez obuće pokazala je u većini varijabli minimalne razlike što sugerira da bi pliometrijski trening trebao dati jednake adaptacije bilo da se provodi s obućom ili bez obuće budući da se visina, trajanje kontakta s podlogom te RSI značajno ne mijenjaju posredstvom obuće u većini mjerenih varijabli.The purpose of this study was to establish if and to what extent footwear affects the values of jumps. The research was conducted on eighteen (18) male students of the Faculty of Kinesiology of the University of Zagreb, in which the height of the jump, the ground cotact time and the reactive strength index (RSI) were measured. The average age of the subjects was 23.56 ± 1.54 years, body weight 83.11 ± 11.37 kilograms, and height 181.22 ± 6.59 centimeters. The measurement was performed using the MyJumpLab application. The subjects performed five continuous two-legged pogo jumps and five one-legged pogo jumps with and without shoes, while they performed countermovement jump and squat jump with and without shoes three times in such a way that they performed each jump separately. Ground contact time and RSI were measured only for pogo jumps because countermovement jump and squat jump were performed separately, therefore the RSI value was not measured either. The type of footwear was not pre-defined, so the test subjects carried out the testing in their own footwear of personal choice. After the measurements, data were compared in the same motor tasks with and without shoes. The results showed differences between jumps with and without shoes, however, these differences were not statistically significant, with the exception of in the average height of two-legged pogo jumps with shoes (SISOV) and the average height of pogo jumps without shoes (SISBV) (p=0.04, t=2.18 ). Comparison of the results of motor tasks with and without shoes showed minimal differences in most variables, which suggests that plyometric training should provide equal adaptations whether it is performed with or without shoes, since height, ground contact time, and RSI do not significantly change through footwear in most measured variables
STRATEGIES IN THE INTEGRATION OF BADMINTON IN CROATIA AND EUROPE
No full textTjelesna aktivnost je izrazito bitna kod cijele populacije neovisno o dobi, spolu i ostalim karakteristikama jer utječe na održavanje, rast i razvoj cjelokupnog ljudskog bića. Spominjat će se badminton kao sport od njegova nastanka pa sve do današnjih oblika igre koji je utemeljen pravilima i vođen hijerarhijski postavljenim organizacijama. Uspoređivati će se primjena strategija za promociju i razvijanje badmintona unutar samih zemalja te između Hrvatske, Danske, Engleske, Španjolske i Švedske. Kroz ovaj rad će se prikazati stanje badmintona između spomenutih zemalja Europe te kako se integrira raličitim strategijama putem institucija i projekata. Hrvatska ima mjesta za napredak ukoliko se krene ulagati u mlađe uzraste, trenere, dvorane i ostale neophodne stvari potrebne za napredak kako bi u budućnosti mogli imati zadovoljavajuće rekreativne i natjecateljske rezultate. To se može vidjeti na primjeru europskih zemalja koji imaju najbolje rezultate, posebno Danske koja uz odlične rezultate radi na tome da buduće generacije nastave slijediti trenutni mentalitet i praksu.Physical activity is extremely important for the entire population, regardless of age, gender and other characteristics, because it affects the maintenance, growth and development of the entire human being. Badminton will be mentioned as a sport from its origin until today's forms of the game, which is based on rules and guided by hierarchical organizations. The application of strategies for the promotion and development of badminton within the countries themselves and between Croatia, Denmark, England, Spain and Sweden will be compared. Through this paper, the state of badminton between the mentioned European countries will be presented and how it is integrated with various strategies through institutions and projects. Croatia has room for improvement if it starts investing in younger ages, coaches, gyms and other necessary things needed for progress so that in the future they can have satisfactory recreational and competitive results. This can be seen on the example of European countries that have the best results, especially Denmark, which works with excellent results to ensure that future generations continue to follow the current mentality and practice
GOAL ORIENTATIONS AND LEADERSHIP STYLES OF MALE AND FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS COACHES
No full textSportska gimnastika jedan je od tehnički najzahtjevnijih sportova u kojem trenerski pristup ima ključnu ulogu u razvoju sportaša. Ovo istraživanje usmjereno je na ispitivanje povezanost ciljne orijentacije i stilova rukovođenja trenera sportske gimnastike te na utvrđivanje razlika u tim varijablama s obzirom na spol trenera. Na uzorku od 60 muških i ženskih trenera prikupljeni su podaci o njihovoj ciljnoj orijentaciji i rukovodećem ponašanju trenera. Rezultati su pokazali da među trenerima prevladava orijentacija na zadatak, što uključuje usmjerenost na proces učenja, razvoj vještina i kontinuirani napredak sportaša. Nadalje, treneri i trenerice češće primjenjuju demokratski nego autokratski pristup, skloni su davanju uputa, instrukcija i povratnih informacija, dok su u pružanju socijalne podrške umjereniji. Suprotno očekivanjima, nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između muških i ženskih trenera u ciljnoj orijentaciji ni u stilovima rukovođenja, što sugerira da spol nije ključan faktor u oblikovanju trenerskog pristupa, već da isti više ovisi o specifičnostima sporta. Korelacijska analiza ukazala je na značajnu pozitivnu povezanost orijentacije na zadatak s dimenzijama rukovođenja poput instruktivnosti, pružanja socijalne podrške i davanja pozitivnih povratnih informacija. Orijentacija na ishod i rezultat još je izraženije povezana sa sklonošću trenera davanju pozitivnih povratnih informacija i podrške, osobito kod trenerica. Ovi rezultati ističu važnost procesne motivacije i usmjerenosti na razvoj sportaša u sportovima poput gimnastike, gdje tehnička izvrsnost zahtijeva dugotrajan i sustavan rad. Zaključno, istraživanje pruža vrijedan uvid u trenerske prakse u sportskoj gimnastici, naglašavajući važnost stilova rukovođenja i motivacije trenera. Dobiveni rezultati mogu poslužiti kao osnova za daljnja istraživanja i unaprjeđenje edukacije trenera, s ciljem stvaranja okruženja koje podržava tehnički i psihosocijalni razvoj sportaša.Artistic gymnastics is one of the most technically demanding sports, where the coaching approach plays a key role in athletes’ development. This study focuses on examining the relationship between goal orientation and leadership styles of gymnastics coaches and identifying differences in these variables with respect to the gender of the coaches. Data about goal orientation and leadership behaviour were collected from a sample of 60 male and female coaches.
The results showed that task-oriented goal orientation predominates among coaches, emphasizing a focus on the learning process, skill development, and continuous athlete progress. Furthermore, gymnastics coaches are more inclined toward a democratic than an autocratic approach, frequently providing instructions, guidance, and feedback, while being more moderate in offering social support. Contrary to initial assumptions, no statistically significant differences were found between male and female coaches in goal orientation or leadership styles, indicating that gender is not a key factor in shaping coaching approaches. Instead, these approaches are probably more influenced by the characteristics of the sport itself. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between task-oriented goals and leadership dimensions such as instructiveness, providing social support, and delivering positive feedback. Outcome- and result-oriented goals were even more positively related to a tendency among coaches to provide positive feedback and support, especially among female coaches. These findings highlight the importance of process motivation and a developmental focus in sports like gymnastics, where technical excellence requires prolonged and systematic effort.
In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into coaching practices in artistic gymnastics, emphasizing the importance of leadership styles and coaches’ motivation. The findings can serve as a basis for further research and the improvement of coach education programs, aiming to create an environment that supports both the technical skill development and psychosocial growth of athletes
EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE PLATFORM GUIDED REHABILITATION AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
No full textSvrha ove studije bila je istražiti učinak online rehabilitacijskog protokola Videoreha u usporedbi s standardnim pristupom rehabilitacije uživo, mjerenjem mišićne jakosti na izokinetičkom dinamometru Biodex System 4 PRO. Ispitanici su bili pacijenti poliklinike Patela u Zagrebu i pacijenti iz drugih ustanova (n=16) koji su operirali prednji križni ligament barem godinu dana prije testiranja. Ispitanici su podvrgnuti zagrijavanju mišića na Biodexu nakon čega su odradili glavno testiranje sa svojom maksimalnom jakosti 100 % u oba testa; prvo testiranje je s 5 ponavljanja maksimalne jakosti, te drugo testiranje je s 20 ponavljanja maksimalne jakosti koje su izvodili u pokretima ekstenzije i fleksije ozljeđene i ne ozljeđene noge. Razlike su testirane na osnovu momenta sile (eng. peak torque) u njutnmetrima (Nm) i ukupnog rada (eng. total work) u đulima (J) u 60˚/sec i 180˚/sec ozlijeđenom i ne ozlijeđenom nogom. Za statističku analizu korišten je T-test za nezavisne uzorke. Statističkom obradom podataka nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika (p=0,0) u primjeni rehabilitacije online platformom u usporedbi s standardnim pristupom rehabilitacije uživo.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Videoreha online rehabilitation protocol compared to the standard live rehabilitation approach, measuring muscle strength on the Biodex System 4 PRO isokinetic dynamometer. The subjects were patients of the Patela Polyclinic in Zagreb and patients from other institutions (n=16) who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament surgery at least one year prior to testing. The subjects underwent a muscle warm-up on Biodex after which they did the main testing with their maximum strength of 100% in both tests; The first test is with 5 repetitions of maximum strength, and the second test is with 20 repetitions of maximum strength that they performed in the extension and flexion movements of the injured and uninjured leg. Differences were tested based on peak torque in newton meters (Nm) and total work in joles (J) at 60°/sec and 180°/sec with the injured and uninjured leg. For statistical analysis, a T-test for independent samples was used. Statistical data processing did not reveal a statistically significant difference (p=0.0) in the use of rehabilitation with an online platform compared to the standard approach of live rehabilitation
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF PILATES EXERCISES ON THE REFORMER
No full textPilates nije samo oblik vježbanja, već je holistički pristup dobrobiti zdravlju i cjeloživotni proces usavršavanja motoričkih sposobnosti. Surađivanjem uma i tijela postiže se optimalna ravnoteža i maksimalna aktivacija mišića. Pilates kao sustav vježbanja, osim što utječe na snagu, fleksibilnost, koordinaciju i ravnotežu ima utjecaja i na svijest, kontrolu uma i tijela, koncentraciju i disanje. Jedna od najpopularnijih sprava današnjice u pilatesu je „reformer“. Pilates na reformeru je oblik vježbanja koji omogućava širok spektar vježbi koristeći opruge i pokretne dijelove kako bi pružio otpor ili podršku tijekom izvođenja pokreta. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati praktične smjernice i preporuke za sigurnu i učinkovitu primjenu pilates vježbi na reformeru.Pilates is not just a form of exercise, it is a holistic approach to well-being, health and lifelong process of motor skills improvement. The mind and body working together tend to achieve optimum balance and maximum muscle activation. Pilates as a system of exercise, in addition to affecting strenght, flexibility, coordination and balance, has effects on consciousness, mind and body control, concentration and breathing. One of the most popular devices in pilates today is the reforme. Pilates on a reformer is a form of exercise that enables to do a wide range of exercises using springs and moving parts to provide resistance or support while performing the movement. The aim of this thesis is to present practical guidelines and recommendations for the safe and effective application of pilates exercises on the reformer
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LUMBAR PAIN SYNDROME IN TOP CROATIAN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je istraţiti čimbenike povezane s lumbalnim bolnim sindromom kod odbojkašica Superlige Republike Hrvatske. Provedeno je retrospektivno istraţivanje na uzorku od 109 ispitanica koje su u sezoni 2023./2024.g. predstavljale jedan od dvanaest hrvatskih superligaških klubova. Zadatak im je bio ispuniti anketni upitnik o pojavi lumbalne boli unazad godinu dana. Anketni upitnik sadrţi originalnu verziju anketnog upitnika „The Athletes Disability Index Questionnaire“ autora Pardis, N., Alireza, H. K., Farzin, F., Ali M. M., Smuck, M. i Ramin, K. (2018). Upitnik se sastoji od početnog općeg dijela (s općim podatcima o ispitaniku) zatim je uslijedio dio vezan za sportski angaţman i svakodnevni ţivot (pitanja vezana za trenaţno i natjecateljsko opterećenje te sposobnost obavljanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti) i pitanja vezana za odbojkaške elemente prilikom kojih se lumbalna bol javljala. Prosječna dob ispitanica Superlige RH iznosi 20,97 ± 3,73 godina, a prosječna visina 180,67 ± 7,6 cm. Prosječna tjelesna masa ispitanica je 69,88 ±7,75 kg. Lumbalni bolni sindrom najčešće se pojavljuje prilikom elemenata smeča i servisa. Povezanost izmeĎu volumena trenaţnog opterećenja i lumbalne boli je blago negativna što znači da veći volumen trenaţnog opterećenja moţe pridonijeti smanjenju boli u donjem dijelu leĎa. Libero je pozicija na trećem mjestu po riziku pojave lumbalnog bolnog sindroma, a prethode mu pozicije srednji bloker i primač. Ne postoji statistički značajna razlika izmeĎu istezanja nakon treninga i pojave lumbalne boli. Na prevenciju pojave lumbalne boli utječe niz faktora zajedno. Stoga, dobro poznavanje etiologije nastanka lumbalnog bolnog sindroma kod odbojkašica moţe doprinijeti planiranju ciljanih protokola primarne i sekundarne prevencije.The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the factors associated with lumbar pain syndrome in female volleyball players who played in the Superliga of the Republic of Croatia in the season 2023./2024. A retrospective study was conducted on a sample of 109 respondents who represented one of the twelve Croatian Super League clubs. Their task was to fill out a questionnaire about the occurrence of lumbar pain in the last year. The questionnaire, carried out in this dissertation, contains the original version of the survey questionnaire "The Athletes Disability Index Questionnaire", by Pardis, N., Alireza, H. K., Farzin, F., Ali M. M., Smuck, M. and Ramin , K. (2018). The questionnaire consisted of an initial general part (with general data about the respondent), then followed by a part related to sports engagement and everyday life (questions related to training and competition load and the ability to perform daily activities) and questions related to volleyball elements during which the lumbar pain was reported. The average age of the female participants of the Croatian Superliga is 20.97 ± 3.73 years, and the average height is 180.67 ± 7.6 cm. The average body weight of female participants is 69.88 ± 7.75 kg. Lumbar pain syndrome most often appears during elements of the spike and service. The association between training load volume and lumbar pain is slightly negative, which means that a higher training load volume may contribute to a reduction in low back pain. Libero is the position with the third highest risk of lumbar pain syndrome, is followed by middle blocker and outside hitter. There is no statistically significant difference between stretching after training and the occurrence of lumbar pain. Prevention of lumbar pain is influenced by a number of factors together. Therefore, a good knowledge of the etiology of lumbar pain syndrome in volleyball players can contribute to the planning of targeted primary and secondary prevention protocols
Epidemiology of injuries in adolescent basketball players in the city of Zadar
No full textEpidemiologija nastanka ozljeda kod košarkaša adolescenata na području grada Zadra provedena je na uzorku od 89 ispitanika iz tri različita kluba (KK Zadar, KK Opus Puntamika i KK Diadora). Prosječna dob ispitanika iznosila je 15,78±1,30 godina, u rasponu od 14. do 19. godine. Prosječna tjelesna masa ispitanika iznosila je 75,78±9,49 kg, dok je prosječna visina ispitanika bila 186,51±8,24 cm. Sukladno tome indeks tjelesne mase iznosio je 21,78. Nad ispitanicima je provedeno retrospektivno anketno istraživanje o epidemiologiji nastanka ozljeda u sezoni 2023./2024. Anketni upitnik, uz opće podatke sudionika, ispitivao je vrstu, lokaciju i frekvenciju ozljeda. Također, ispitivani su uvjeti i situacije ozljeđivanja te trenažno i natjecateljsko opterećenje. Zabilježeno je ukupno 123 ozljede od čega 76,2 % akutnih te 23,8 % sindroma prenaprezanja. Najveći broj ozljeda bilježi se na donjim ekstremitetima, zatim slijede ozljede na gornjim ekstremitetima te ozljede trupa i glave. Većinski dio ozljeda nastao je tijekom treninga (56,5 %). Ispitanicu su bili razvrstani u tri dobne skupine (pretkadeti, kadeti i juniori). Zabilježena je statistički značajna razlika u trenažnom opterećenju između ozlijeđenih i neozlijeđenih ispitanika juniorskog i kadetskog uzrasta dok kod ispitanika pretkadetskog uzrasta nije vidljiva statistički značajna razlika.The epidemiology of injury occurrence among adolescent basketball players in the City of Zadar was conducted on a sample of 89 respondents from three different clubs (Basketball Club Zadar, Basketball Club Opus Puntamika, and Basketball Club Diadora). The average age of the respondents was 15,78±1.30 years, ranging from 14 to 19 years. The average body weight of the respondents was 75,78±9.49 kg, while the average height was 186,51±8.24 cm. Accordingly, the body mass index was 21,78. A retrospective survey study on the epidemiology of injury occurrence in the 2023/2024 season was conducted on the respondents. The survey questionnaire, along with general participant information, examined the type, location, and frequency of injuries. Additionally, the conditions and situations of injuries, as well as training and competition loads, were examined. A total of 123 injuries were recorded, of which 76,2% were acute and 23,8% were overuse syndromes. The highest number of injuries occurred in the lower extremities, followed by injuries to the upper extremities, trunk, and head. Most injuries occurred during training (56,5%). The respondents were classified into three age groups (pre-cadets, cadets, and juniors). A statistically significant difference in training load between injured and non-injured respondents of junior and cadet age was recorded, while no statistically significant difference was visible among pre-cadet respondents
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF PAIN DURING LONG DISTANCE RUNNING TRAINING IN RECREATIONAL RUNNERS
No full textRekreativno trčanje je sve popularniji oblik aktivnosti današnjice, a nerijetko je popraćena preprekama u obliku bolnih stanja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi povezanost pojave bola tijekom trčanja dužinskih treninga i prijašnjih ozljeda, prisutnosti kroničnih i autoimunih bolesti i broja sjedilačkih sati tijekom radnog dana. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 108 rekreativnih trkača prosječne dobi 42,29±10,11, visine 172,27±7,73 i tjelesne mase 69,74±11,85. Ispitanici u prosjeku tjedno odrađuju 3 treninga trčanja, na prosječnom tempu trčanja od 6:15 min/km. Istraživanje je provedeno u obliku anketnog upitnika koji je tematski bio podijeljen u 4 dijela. Svaki dio anketnog upitnika imao je za cilj sakupiti određene podatke kao što su: opći podatci ispitanika, povijest prijašnjih akutnih ozljeda, prisutnost kroničnih i autoimunih bolesti, prisutnost određenih bolnih sindroma, sedentarnost na poslu ili fakultetskim obavezama i samu pojavu bola tijekom odrađivanja dužinskog treninga trčanja. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da kod 72 ispitanika dolazi do pojave bola u određenom dijelu treninga, što je 66,67 % ispitanika od ukupnog uzorka. Borgovom skalom za subjektivnu procjenu bola dobili su se podatci da je intenzitet tog bola u vrijednosti 3,93±1,50. Pojedinačnim korelacijskim analizama dobiveni su rezultati koji pokazuju da ne postoji statistički značajna povezanost između prijašnjih ozljeda (r=0,18), trenutnih kroničnih i autoimunih oboljenja (r=0,06) i prekomjerne sedentarnosti (r=0,12), trkačkog staža (r=-0,05) sa pojavom bola tijekom treninga. Međutim, korelacijska analiza pokazala je da prisutnost bolnih sindroma ima statistički značajnu povezanost sa pojavom bola tijekom trčanja (r=0,39). Za razliku od bolnih sindroma, korelacijskom analizom se utvrdilo da pojava bola nema statistički značajnu povezanost sa trkačkim stažem (r=-0,05). Regresijskom analizom potvrdila se teza da prisutnost bolnih sindroma ima statistički značajan utjecaj na pojavu bola tijekom dužinskog treninga trčanja (T=4,15). Analizom dobivenih rezultata ovog istraživanja zaključeno je da bolni sindromi predstavljaju veliku prepreku u rekreativnom bavljenju trčanjem. Zahvaćaju velik broj rekreativaca i naizgled predstavljaju bezopasnu prolaznu fazu. Ukoliko se zanemari problem, bolni sindromi mogu postati indirekti uzročnici novih bolnih stanja i ozljeda.running is an increasingly popular form of activity today, and it is often accompanied by obstacles in the form of painful conditions. The aim of this research is to determine the connection between the occurrence of pain during long training runs and previous injuries, the presence of chronic and autoimmune diseases and the number of sedentary hours during the working day. The research was conducted on a sample of 108 recreational runners with an average age of 42.29±10.11, height of 172.27±7.73 and body mass of 69.74±11.85. On average, the respondents do 3 running training sessions per week, at an average running pace of 6:15 min/km. The research was conducted in the form of a survey questionnaire, which was thematically divided into 4 parts. Each part of the questionnaire aimed to collect certain data such as: general data of the respondents, history of previous acute injuries, presence of chronic and autoimmune diseases, presence of certain pain syndromes, sedentary work or university duties and the occurrence of pain during long running training . The results of the research showed that 72 subjects experienced pain in a certain part of the training, which is 66.67% of the subjects from the total sample. Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion showed that the intensity of pain was 3.93±1.50. Individual correlation analyzes yielded results that show that there is no statistically significant relationship between previous injuries (r=0.18), current chronic and autoimmune diseases (r=0.06) and excessive sedentariness (r=0.12), running experience (r=-0.05) with the appearance of pain during training. However, the correlation analysis showed that the presence of pain syndromes has a statistically significant relationship with the appearance of pain during running (r=0.39). In contrast to pain syndromes, the correlation analysis found that the occurrence of pain has no statistically significant relationship with running experience (r=-0.05). Regression analysis confirmed the thesis that the presence of pain syndromes has a statistically significant influence on the appearance of pain during long running training (T=4.15). The analysis of the results of this research concluded that pain syndromes represent a major obstacle in recreational running. They affect a large number of recreational users and seem to represent a harmless transitory phase. If the problem is ignored, pain syndromes can become indirect causes of new painful conditions and injuries
Anthropologic characteristics and functional swimming capacities in youth water polo players
No full textIstraživanje je provedeno s ciljem utvrđivanja razlika antropoloških karakteristika i funkcionalnih sposobnosti mladih vaterpolista, polaznika završnog kampa Hrvatskog vaterpolskog saveza. U tu svrhu primijenjena je baterija od osam morfoloških i pet motoričkih testova. U istraživanje je uključeno 89 ispitanika u dobi od 14 godina. Ispitanici su prema kriteriju uspješnosti igranja vaterpola podijeljeni u one koji su tijekom protekle vaterpolske sezone 2023./2024. igrali u prvoj Hrvatskoj vaterpolskoj ligi (G1) (n=50, 56,2%) i one koji nisu (G2) (n=39, 43,8%). Prosječna dob ispitanika iz skupine G1 bila je 20,12±0,80 godina, a iz G2 20,03±0,87 godina (P=0,597). Ispitanici koji su nastupali u prvoj Hrvatskoj vaterpolskoj ligi (G1) nisu se razlikovali u antropometrijskim obilježjima od onih koji nisu (G2), ali su imali značajno bolje rezultate specifičnih plivačkih testova u dobi od 14 godina. Specifične plivačke sposobnosti ispitanika u dobi od 14 godina, 400 m kraul koja procjenjuje aerobni kapacitet i 100 m kraul koja procjenjuje anaerobni kapacitet, pokazali su se kao značajni prediktori uspješnosti igranja u prvoj Hrvatskoj vaterpolskoj ligi u kasnijoj dobi od 18 do 21 godine starosti. Rezultati ovog istraživanja nadopunjuju ranije studije, ali također mogu služiti trenerima vaterpola kako bi kreirali svoje programe treninga, kao i olakšati im postupak selekcije djece za natjecateljski sport, prvenstveno vaterpolo.The main objective of this study was to determine differences in anthropometric characteristics and functional swimming capacities in youth water polo players who attended Croatian Water Polo Federation camps. The battery of eight morphologic and five motoric tests was used. There were 89 participants aged 14 years included in the study. According to the success criterion for playing senior level in the first Croatian water polo league participants were divided in group 1 (G1) (N=50, 56.2%), players who participated in the first Croatian water polo league during the past season 2023/2024 and those players who did not (G2) (n=39, 43.8%). There were no significant differences in anthropologic characteristics between players in G1 from those in G2 but players in G1 showed significantly better results in functional swimming tests when they were at the age of 14 years. Players' specific functional swimming capacities, 400 m crawl as a measure of aerobic capacity and 100 m crawl as a measure of anaerobic capacity at the age of 14 years were shown as significant predictors as a success criterion for playing water polo in the first Croatian water polo league at the age of 18 to 21 years. Results of this study are in accordance with some previous research and it can help coaches to develop appropriate training programs, as well as in selection of talented children for team sports, specifically water polo