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THE IMPACT OF SLEEP DURATION AND SLEEP QUALITY ON RATING OF PERCEIVED EXERTION DURING AEROBIC EXERCISE
No full textSvrha: Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi kako trajanje i kvaliteta sna utječu na subjektivni doživljaj napora kod aerobnog vježbanja. Metode: Sudionici istraživanja su odrasle osobe koje se bave rekreativnim trčanjem u klubu trčanja „Trčaona“. Uzeti su podaci 34 ispitanika od čega 20 žena te 14 muškaraca. Pokazatelji kvalitete i kvantitete sna mjereni su Fitbit Charge 3 mjeračima tjelesne aktivnosti kroz 14 uzastopnih dana i noći. Mjereni pokazatelji sna su: ukupno vrijeme spavanje, budnost nakon usnivanja, efikasnost sna i vrijeme provedeno u krevetu. Subjektivni doživljaj težine treninga ispitanici su ocjenjivali sukladno modificiranoj Borgovoj skali. U isto vrijeme intenzitet treninga bio je praćen pomoću frekvencije srca mjerene na zapešću putem Fitbit Charge 3 mjerača aktivnosti. Također je izračunata i razlika u rezultatima subjektivnog doživljaja težine treninga (procijenjeni doživljaj intenziteta, odnosno procijenjena frekvencija srca) i objektivnog pokazatelja (frekvencija srca mjerena na zapešću). Studentov T-test za zavisne uzorke se koristio za utvrđivanje statističke značajnosti razlika između osjećaja napora i objektivnog pokazatelja napora, ovisno o kvaliteti i trajanju sna. Multivarijantna linearna regresijska analiza korištena je kako bi se provjerilo li moguće predvidjeti vrijednost osjećaja napora i razlike između osjećaja napora i objektivnog pokazatelja napora na temelju više parametara sna uz koje su kovarijable bile dob i spol sudionika te trajanje treninga. Rezultati: Analiza je pokazala kako nijedan od parametara kvalitete i kvantitete sna nije bio povezan s osjećajem napora procijenjen modificiranom Borgovom skalom. Također, nijedan od parametara kvalitete i kvantitete sna nije bio povezan s razlikom subjektivnog osjećaja napora procijenjenog modificiranom Borgovom skalom i objektivnog pokazatelja opterećenja. U rezultatima isto tako nema uočenih statistički značajnih razlika između osjećaja napora i objektivnog pokazatelja napora treninga koji su se odvijali nakon dana odnosno noći u kojima su ispitanici imali maksimalne i minimalne vrijednosti pojedinog pokazatelja kvalitete ili kvantitete sna. Zaključak: Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to kako trajanje i kvaliteta sna nemaju statistički značajni utjecaj na subjektivni doživljaj napora kod aerobnog vježbanja rekreativnih vježbača s prethodnim iskustvom. Buduća istraživanja bi se trebala usmjeriti na dulje razdoblje praćenja ispitanika kao i na skupine ispitanika s poremećajima u spavanju.Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish how does duration and quality of sleep influence subjective perceived exertion in aerobic training. Methods: Participants of this study were adults engaged in running and associated with running club „Trčaona“. Data was collected from 34 participants from which 20 are female and 14 are male participants. Indicators of quality and quantity of sleep were measured using Fitbit Charge 3 activity and sleep monitor for 14 consecutive days and nights. Measured indicators of sleep were: total sleep time, wake time after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and time in bed. Subjectively perceived exertion in training was graded by participants according to modified Borg scale. At the same time, intensity of training was monitored through Fitbit Charge 3 activity monitor and its wristband heart rate monitor. Also, difference between subjectively perceived exertion (subjectively estimated intensity/estimated heart rate) and objective indicator of effort (wristband measured heart rate). Student T-test for dependent samples was used for determining significance of statistical difference between subjective perceived exertion and objective indicator of effort, depending on quality and quantity of sleep. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine if it is possible to predict the value of subjectively perceived exertion and objective indicator of effort based on multiple parameters of sleep and covariables – age and gender of participants and duration of training session. Results: Analysis showed that none of the parameters of quality and quantity of sleep were linked with subjectively perceived exertion estimated by modified Borg scale. Also, none of the parameters of quality and quantity of sleep were linked with difference between subjectively perceived exertion estimated by modified Borg scale and objective indicator of effort. Results also show that there are no statistically significant differences between subjectively perceived exertion and objective indicator of effort on the days, that is, nights in which participants measured maximal and minimum values of individual indicators of sleep quality or quantity. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the duration and quality of sleep do not have a statistically significant effect on the subjective experience of exertion in aerobic exercise of recreational exercisers with previous experience. Future research should focus on a longer follow-up period of subjects as well as on groups of subjects with sleep disorders
Ritual structures of movement in Japanese Koryu Budo : ethnokinesiological aspects of Budo culture as intangible cultural heritage
No full textU doktorskom se radu predstavlja analiza odnosa između tradicionalne japanske kulture budoa (koryu) i njezinih modernih korespondenata (gendai). Analiza se temelji na ideji uklopljenosti različitih klasičnih ryuha – tog analitički potentnog korpusa japanske performativno-somatske kulture – u kontekst dugotrajnih i divergentnih procesa razvoja japanske kulture općenito, sve od modernizacije, specijalizacije, sportifikacije, inkulturacije i sl. U istraživanju se analiziralo i ritualno i formalizirano nasljeđe modernog i klasičnog japanskog budoa, osobito u kontekstu japanske imperijalističke i nacionalističke povijesti nakon razdoblja Meiji. Naglasak je stavljen na strukture pokreta koje predegzistiraju u ritualiziranim praksama ryuha, ali još uvijek postoje u modernim japanskim borilačkim vještinama. Značajan je dio japanske nematerijalne kulturne baštine uvrštene na UNESCO-vu popisu blizak tradiciji koryua. Većina je takvih praksi danas izgubila svoje ritualne i religijske funkcije, ali su pritom zadržale živi „performativni habitus“. U radu se nastojalo pokazati da su moderna japanska borilačka umijeća naslijedila velik broj elemenata iz starih stilova, kao i da većina struktura pokreta koji se koriste u modernom budou zapravo proizlaze iz koryu budoa, iako ti procesi nisu kontinuirani te nastaju pod utjecajem različitih dinamičkih procesa. Usporedba tradicionalnih borilačkih vještina s onim modernima (gendai budo), rezultirala je otkrićem mnogobrojnih struktura pokreta, principa koje se kriju u njihovoj podlozi: (1) kao strukture kretanja u praksama vojnog i tjelesnog odgoja ryuha, koje su upotrebljavane na bojnom polju kao pragmatične i nekonvencionalne fizičke prakse; (2) kao strukture pokreta duboko ukorijenjene u japanskom društvu, tj. kao norme, konvencije, običaji, tjelesni rituali, koje se mogu naći i u nekim drugim fizičkim aktivnostima, poput plesnih rituala, ceremonije čaja, u kabukiju i no-kazalištu i sl.; (3) kao strukture kretanja koje podrazumijevaju unaprijed strukturirane tehnike koje se svladavaju i prenose hereditarno, a predstavljaju suštinu ryuha. Sve navedeno u doktorskom se radu iščitavalo na pozadini vlastita etnokineziološkog i sociokulturalnog istraživanja, performativne antropologije i suvremenih martial arts studies.The doctoral research thesis presents an analysis of the relation between traditional Japanese martial arts culture (koryu bud) and its modern correspondents (gendai budo). The analysis is based on the idea of putting the ryuha to the list of the UNESCO’s intangible cultural heritage, as a Japan’s oldest martial cultural asset. The initial proposals were made in the last decade by some Japanese martial arts organizations, e. g. Nippon Budokan, especially by its division for koryu legacy. Ritual-like and pattern-like formalism of the Japanese modern and traditional budo legacy is being interpreted, especially in the context of Japanese nationalist history after the Meiji Restoration. Emphasis is therefore put on the structures of movements that pre-exist in ritual practices of the classical budo culture, and are still present in modern martial arts systems, thus because of their hereditary and pre-formalized performativity. Far-Eastern martial arts and combat disciplines (especially Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, or Chinese) are nowadays widely known in western societies, although they have stopped gaining popularity in the last couple of decades. Even Japanese society has lost its interest in both, modern and ancient martial ways (bujutsu, budo): nowadays they may seem as being too complex, they gained some aura of esotericism, mysticism, unperceivable in the rationalist milieu of the contemporary Japan, they did not manage to establish a clear stance towards their nationalist and militarist heritage, etc. Many martial arts were forbidden during the control period imposed by the Americans after the World War II. After the controlling American forces left the Japanese soil in 1952, some modern martial arts were included in the educational systems or physical activity curriculums in Japan, but also in some other, western countries (Australia, America, Europe), either because of pedagogical values they promote or sportivecompetitive nature they contextualize, either because of the rich cultural background and the important role they have had in preserving national heritage. Some of the martial arts have 10 transformed their legacy in westernized sports and leisure activities. About half a century ago some became members of the Olympic family of sports and different national or international organizations, like judo, kendo, karatedo, subsequently kyudo, sumo and aikido. In 1977, some thirty years after the occupying allied United States forces imposed a ban on practicing budo, nine of the dominant Japanese national martial arts federations decided to establish Nippon Budo Kyogikai, with the main purpose of preserving Japanese budo as important and even constitutive element of the Japan’s cultural heritage, thus adhering to the pre-war efforts of the kind, undertaken by organizations such as Dai Nippon Butokukai. Given that during the war – from the European and Anglo-American standpoint, such efforts have been strongly associated with the propulsive militarism and newly born Japanese nationalist ideologies, it took almost half a century to decontaminate traditional Japanese budo from this imposed semantics. During the 1960s many scholars, but mainly anthropologists and ethnologists, recognized a need for scholarly approach to all aspects of classical Japanese martial culture. Many top universities took this opportunity to establish new budo culture faculties, academic circles, or to promote journals and congress meetings all around the globe. Today many top universities in Japan specialize in ryuha culture – as a part of the broadly perceived national cultural history. Connections between literary culture, arts and budo culture are inherited from the past. Samurais, feudal noble warriors, were to be perceived as well educated and highly sophisticated military class, usually oriented towards bunburyodo, a social concept and a political philosophy emphasized by the shogunate during the Tokugawa period, or even afterwards, that can be summarized as taking the path of cultural learning and the martial was as well. Consequentially it had evolved in two directions: first one leading towards the idea of cultification of the samurai class (in a way, it could be interpreted as samurai humanism) and the second one, on the other hand, leading to the ideology of pacifism. In this research I focused on some elements of the Japanese tradition by scrutinizing them against the background of the UNESCO’s definition of 11 the intangible cultural heritage. For the intangible cultural heritage, it is thus necessary to incorporate three elements: a traditional, contemporary and a living component (UNESCO, Article 1-3). Thus, in this doctoral research the Japanese koryu styles is presented as a martial culture system with its strong traditional or essential historic (kobudo) background, as well as its living, contemporary correspondent in different modern or modernized (gendai) martial arts systems. Secondly, it is necessary that the intangible cultural heritage is inclusive and has been passed from one generation to another, thus evolving in response to the social environment, by providing the sense of identity and continuity, a link from the past to the present and into the future. Hereditary principle of ryuha (iemoto) is thus examined in this doctoral research as one of its central components. Thirdly, it is important that intangible assets are representative in the context that communities provide for them and that they depend upon those whose knowledge of traditions, skills, techniques, and customs is passed on to community, from generation to generation or to other communities. This representative status of koryu is emphasized in the
context of its performativity, in the concluding segments of the doctoral research. Finally, the intangible cultural heritage can be recognized as such by the communities, groups or even individuals that create, maintain, and transmit it. A short history of the institutional background of ryuha culture is thus be presented. In this context, the following emerges as central to this
doctoral research: (1) koryu (or kobujutsu) styles should be perceived as the Japan’s intangible cultural heritage, because they have all the components of the UNESCO’s definition of the intangible cultural heritage assets; (2) one of the main components examined in this doctoral research is the koryu budo ritual-performative structure; (3) this part of the Japan’s oldest martial traditions is therefore examined from the standpoint of its performativity or structuredmovement-strategies in this performativity’s background; (4) the changeable circumstances in which martial culture in Japan has evolved is discussed against the institutional background of tradition (or different institutions dedicated in preserving and re-examining its legacy); (5) the evolution of modern budo system, in all of its diversity, is presented as a logical consequence of demilitarization of koryu styles; (6) finally, this legacy is thus be put in the militarist context of the Meiji era regime, that subsequently explains why most of the Japanese institutions have had some inner inhibition in promoting and codifying budo as a national cultural heritage. In general, it should be stated that other cultures did not face the same problem in praising their respective legacy. Japanese cultural policy recently managed to include on the UNESCO list a variety of rituals, festivals, crafts, dance, or theatre facets, etc., but martial arts traditions were just recently considered to be included, even though there was a strong pressure by the Okinawan (or Ryukyu) prefecture cultural heritage representatives to push classical Okinawa styles on the list, wherein karatedo is just one of the most recognizable traditions (arts). to the world’s athletic, as well as performative-aesthetic or festive intangible (cultural) heritage, while some consider budo as one of the most prominent Japanese cultural exports. There could be several reasons underlying the almost habitual bringing of the budo legacy into some sort of relation to Japan, some of them being sociocultural (in the case of Nikkeijin, the Japanese
descendants, or newly settled immigrants in attempt to keep contact with their heritage, e.g. Brazilian and Hawaiian), and/or economical (marketing or advertising strategies on the West are often based on the superficial interpretations of the so called samurai code precepts), even military-historical (there are number of Japanese martial arts schools on the West whose founders claim that they were introduced in the Japanese budo through the occupation army military service after the World War II). Indeed, to learn budo, for many Japanese during the 1930s, before the war, usually meant to learn how to be patriot and a militarist, in accordance to regime’s propaganda. At that point precisely, the old-school budo (as well as all its more modern equivalents) managed to re-enter Japanese primary and secondary education system and to get a lot of new members. On the other hand, for many American soldiers, soon after Japan was defeated, to study Japanese martial arts culture, on Japanese territory, although in highly controlled circumstances, meant to acquire a certain piece of living Japanese heritage. Marcel Mauss uses the term bodily technique in a way that encompasses the effective and traditional act of doing something. If there is no tradition, some symbolic order or even a religious context, the concept of technique, at least in a Maussian sense, does not really exist. Japanese term jutsu refers precisely to this ritualistic and thus maximum-efficiency-oriented technique. The main role of a jutsu student was to acquire skills necessary for him to survive on the battlefield, in an uncomfortable war environment, whether these are spearmanship, swordmanship, swimming skills, combat tactics, strategic procedures or close-encounter drills. On the other hand, transformation to do could be seen as an appropriation of the old traditions, just like in the case of jujutsu to judo transformation. When commenting on jujutsu, bare-arms techniques in the classical Japanese martial arts, Jigoro Kano stated that he does not necessarily believe all traditional training methods are valid, but that with some reformation, bujutsu [or old-school martial arts] training could very well become an effective means for nurturing the individual’s intellect, physique, and morality. Many Japanese martial arts succeeded in this transformation, either with a strong institutional support of Nippon Budokan, like sumo, either with some help of a founding figure, like Jigoro Kano and Morihei Ueshiba, or a strong bujutsureformist personality, like Kenzo Awa. It seems there were at least three strategies at work in this transfer. I have called them demilitarization, demystification, and cultural appropriation. Military context of ryuha culture was not appropriate for modern time martial arts culture, rooted in the pacifist ideas. Traditional martial culture thus had to transform its own fieldcombat-oriented heritage towards more general, even modern ideas of self-development and physical conditioning, (kin)aesthetic and performative values, etc. Subsequently, this usually led to the mystification of budo, wherein it was often interpreted as an utmost appropriate mean for achieving spiritual stability, etc. Many western practitioners assisted in this mystification or spiritualization processes. There is no doubt that these processes helped spreading Japanese martial arts in Europe during the 1960s and 1970s to a great extent. The third concept, cultural appropriation, is maybe the most problematic one. Japanese martial arts, while being selfmodernized/reformed by a few founding figures, appropriated their legacy, in order to be more acceptable to non-Japanese practitioners. Consequently, modern budo schools started to be incorporated in the international physical activities and sport organizations (measurement of grade-progress seems to be a Western requirement, although this is not clear enough), being even studied through western educational pedagogies. Competitive, rivalry-oriented western sport culture thus made an impact on traditional values of the Japan’s most prominent cultural export. Although this brought several positive western values in the world of modern Japanese budo, especially while it was being interconnected with the original Olympic ideals, some of its original values got lost on the way. On the other hand, sociocultural heritage of the pure non-competitive bodily techniques of budo is revitalized today in many ways. In the history of Japanese martial arts styles or culture of budo in general there is a strong division between modern martial arts, usually called gendai budo, and, on the other hand, traditional martial arts heritage, denominated by the terms koryu budo, koryu bujutsu, bugei or kobudo. Modern budo has its roots in the classical systems, codified from the end of Heian period, but strategies of continuation were elaborated in detail, through the Tokugawa period onwards. One of the first category of combat traditions developed in the early Heian era was mounted archery (kyuba jutsu), and one of the oldest sword routines was the one belonging to
Kashima tradition. It is very important to mention that all the traditions of ryuha were so called technically composite or integrative traditions (sogo jutsu). Due to realities of war the feudal soldier was obliged to educate himself in various combat skills, armed or unarmed techniques, horsemanship, swimming strategies, military tactics, etc. Broadly taken, ryuha repertoire could be categorized in the following (heterogeneous) groups: bujutsu or horsemanship, kyujutsu or archery, kenjutsu or swordsmanship, sojutsu or long-spearmanship, naginatajutsu or glaive techniques, bojutsu or long staff techniques, kamajutsu or sickle techniques, jujutsu or unarmed and small-armed close combat techniques, suijutsu or tactical swimming, and hojutsu or musketry techniques. History of classical Japanese martial arts is, thus, full of reconstructive procedures. Not many written evidence, besides technical or kinaesthetic ones, have survived. It is evident that during the Tokugawa period the number of styles suddenly increased, reaching at one point close to one hundred known ryuha. By the end of 1800s, mystical aura surrounding budo was already created, mainly interconnected with neo-Confucian philosophy from China, different traditions of esoteric Buddhism and Shinto religious rituals, etc. This aura is related to Oriental martial arts even today, although it is useless to analyze them only in this manner, as Zen-arts, as some do. The increase of ryuha can be perceived pragmatically: Japanese military history demanded different patterns of physical education, especially in the domain of field-combat systems. During the Meiji period, before the World War I escalated, samurai class system was dismantled. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, some of the traditional martial arts styles almost disappeared. There were some efforts to preserve ryuha as an important aspect of Japan’s classical cultural heritage. Commercial martial arts shows and demonstrations (gekken kogyo), for example, were often being performed to promote the historical values of bushido, in all its interpretations, and ryuha legacy. Furthermore, in 1895 the Great Japan Association of Martial Virtue (Dai Nippon Butokukai) was established in order to preserve ancient martial ways. Butokukai was founded in Kyoto by a small group of enthusiasts willing to conserve classical martial art traditions, those which had not disappeared after the Meiji Restoration. In 1899 the group had built the Hall of Martial Virtue (Butokuden) next to Heian shrine in Kyoto. Main mission of the group was, unfortunately, to prepare young generations of Japanese for war, especially by putting budo into obligatory education by the end of 1911. Japanese, their patriotic feelings and the national ideal were thus brought into lasting relationship and dynamic interaction with one another, by using nothing more than a metaphor of budo – standing for a unique national body. However, this is an extreme example, as I have tried to show, of the misemployment of national heritage. Since 2009, the Nippon Budokan acknowledges seventyeight ryuha, with clear lineages and traceable history, that have been affiliated to Nippon Kobudo Kyokai. Surprisingly, as a central organization for all Japanese martial arts, both modern and traditional, Nippon Budokan was founded and then reopened in the occasion of
the westernized sporting event, in the 1964, for the Tokyo Olympics. Modern educational theories influenced a lot the main mission and all the activities of the Budokan. Today, researchers in the field of interconnections between modern and traditional martial arts systems play an important role in most of the Japanese Universities and Faculties specialized in the
field of physical education, anthropology of structured movements and cultural history. Many dozens of ryuha that are still alive, transmitting their knowledge to more and more decreasing audience, are thus, of course, considered to be Japanese national heritage precisely because of the efforts of the mentioned institutions. Most of koryu budo schools has strongly influenced modern budo, but influences are visible vice versa as well. These traditions are even today being studied, not only in a practical manner, but also as a subject of ethnographic interest. On many occasions, during different hono embu, votive martial arts demonstrations and festivals, koryu bujutsu culture is shown to the public in all its technical and aesthetical diversity. The most important exhibitions are performed in a ritual context of Shinto shrines, including Katori, Kashima, Meiji and Ise Jingu and Yasukuni Jinja, to name just a couple of them. Technical repertoires of the modern martial arts are extremely wide-ranging and interesting enough to be analyzed from various standpoints. Contemporary scholars of modern budo often overlook the fact that there is a vast field of knowledge, technical, tactical, and strategical skills, hidden
somewhere beneath the surface of these modernized systems/lists of techniques (waza). Being deeply inscribed in modern martial arts techniques, but also, for many different reasons, in modern Japanese perception of their own tradition or cultural heritage, this knowledge asks for a thorough sociocultural research. My analysis fit into what may be termed, in the broader sense of the word, an ethno-kinesiological research, first and foremost due to an overall attempt
to encompass the pre-structured, pre-ritualized and formalized movements on the background of many complex budo systems. Comparing traditional martial arts systems with the modern ones resulted in discovering some of the movement structures that lie beneath the modern budo technical surface. This idea can thus be researched on from various sides and by employing different disciplinary positions, whilst here I decided for an approach that will enable me to trace these movement (or technical) structures within the ritualization process visible in koryu budo. These ritualized and formalized or pre-existent structures of movements I refer to can be defined in the following ways: (1) as movement structures that can be found in military and physical education pr
9th International scientific conference on kinesiology: Proceedings
No full textBeside more or less standard tentative sections in various fields of kinesiology, this year Conference organizes two satellite symposiums on Social Aspects of Sport in Southeastern Europe and Prevention and Rehabilitation of Sport Injuries. The latter is related to presentation of postgraduate specialist study program that we are establishing at the Faculty of Kinesiology in this field. The Proceedings contains 251 papers or abstracts published by 583 authors from 23 countries all over the world. It is a great opportunity to point out the important anniversary that we are all proud of – Scientific journal Kinesiology celebrates 50 years since its first issue
CURRENT SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF SPORTS-RECREATIONAL TOURISM IN KRAPINA-ZAGORJE COUNTY
No full textModernizacija, ekonomski razvoj te tehnološki i tehniĉki napredak društva doveli su do promjena koje utjeĉu na turistiĉku aktivnost kao i na ukupan razvoj turizma, od masovnog do turizma specifiĉnih interesa. MeĊu turizam specifiĉnih interesa spada i sportsko-rekreacijski turizam koji s vremenom ima sve vaţniju ulogu u odabiru turistiĉke destinacije. Razvoj sportsko-rekreacijskog turizma temelji se na prirodnim i društvenim materijalnim resursima. U Krapinsko-zagorskoj ţupaniji postoje mnogobrojni kapaciteti za razvoj sportsko-rekreacijskog turizma. MeĊutim, analiza dosadašnjeg razvoja sportsko-rekreacijske ponude pokazuje kako je nedovoljno iskorištena. Razvojem postojećih prirodnih resursa te izgradnjom nove i moderne infrastrukture, Krapinsko-zagorska ţupanija ima mogućnost postati još jaĉa destinacija kontinentalnog turizma po uzoru na bogate kontinentalne regije Europe. Radeći na promociji i razvoju sportsko-rekreacijskog turizma smatramo nuţnim voditi raĉuna o odrţivom razvoju na naĉin da se prednost daje aktivnostima poput biciklizma, planinarenja, pješaĉenja i ostalim aktivnostima koje ne uzrokuju uništenje prirodnih resursa te kulturne i povijesne baštine. Sportsko-rekreacijskim turizmom na prostoru Krapinsko-zagorske ţupanije moguće je upravljati na temelju naĉela odrţivog razvoja: sociokulturnih, ekonomskih, ekoloških i tehnoloških naĉela koje je neophodno infiltrirati u sve poslovne planove razvoja Ţupanije.Modernization, economic development and technological and technical progress of society have led to changes that affect tourism activity as well as the overall development of tourism, from mass to tourism of specific interests. Among the tourism of specific interests is sports and recreational tourism, which over time has an increasingly important role in choosing a tourist destination. The development of sports and recreational tourism is based on natural and social material resources. In Krapina-Zagorje County, there are numerous capacities for the development of sports and recreational tourism. However, the analysis of the development of the sports and recreational offer so far shows that it has been underused. With the development of existing natural resources and the construction of new and modern infrastructure, Krapina-Zagorje County can become an even stronger destination for continental tourism, following the example of the rich continental regions of Europe. Working on the promotion and development of sports and recreational tourism, we find it necessary to consider sustainable development by giving priority to activities such as cycling, hiking, hiking and other activities that do not cause the destruction of natural resources and cultural and historical heritage. Sports and recreational tourism in the Krapina-Zagorje County can be managed on the basis of the principles of sustainable development: socio-cultural, economic, ecological and technological principles that need to be infiltrated into all business development plans of the County
Acute caffeine effect on power output in a complex motor task
No full textCilj ovog randomiziranog, dvostruko slijepog, placebom kontroliranog istraživanja s ukriženim ustrojem bio je utvrditi akutni utjecaj kofeina na prosječni i vršni izlaz snage u testu na veslačkom ergometru kod ispitanika iskusnih u treningu sa otporom. Istraživanje je provođeno na uzorku od 25 muških ispitanika (dob ( aritmetička sredina ± standardna devijacija) 23 ± 2,0 godine, visina 181,5 ± 7,3, masa 83,2 ± 11,3) koji su kroz 3 dolaska u laboratorij prošli upoznavanje sa testiranjem, te testiranje izvedbe nakon konzumacije 6 mg/kg placeba (dekstroza) ili 6 mg/kg kofeina. Zadatak ispitanika je bio izvesti šest zaveslaja s maksimalnim ulaganjem sile i brzine na veslačkom ergometru uz prethodno zagrijavanje. Varijable koje su proučavane bile su prosječni izlaz snage (prosjek svih 6 maksimalnih zaveslaja) i vršni izlaz snage (najjači pojedinačni zaveslaj). U uvjetima konzumacije kofeina dobivena je statistički značajna razlika u vršnom izlazu snage u odnosu na placebo (p=0,02) dok je za prosječni izlaz snage konzumacija kofeina u odnosu na konzumaciju placeba rezultirala ne postojanjem statistički značajne razlike (p=0,19) iako se i tu u prosjeku postižu bolji rezultati. Zaključeno je kako kofein ima ergogeni učinak na vršni izlaz snage u kompleksnom motoričkom zadatku. Temeljem rezultata može se preporučiti konzumacija kofeina prije kratkotrajnih kompleksnih motoričkih zadataka u svrhu akutnih poboljšanja izvedbe, specifično, poboljšanja u izlazu snage.The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross sectional study was to determine the acute effects of caffeine on average and peak power output on a rowing ergometer in individuals experienced in resistance training. The study was conducted on a sample of 25 male subjects (age ( mean ± standard deviation) 23 ± 2,0 years, height 181,5 ± 7,3, weight 83,2 ± 11,3) who were through 3 visits to the laboratory passed familiarization with testing, and performance testing after consumption of 6 mg / kg placebo (dextrose) or 6 mg / kg caffeine. The task of the respondents was to perform six "all-out" strokes on a rowing ergometer with pre-heating. Variables studied: average power output (average of all 6 strokes), peak power output (strongest single stroke). In the conditions of caffeine consumption, a statistically significant difference was obtained in the peak power output in relation to placebo (p = 0.02), while for the average power output, caffeine consumption in relation to placebo consumption resulted in no statistically significant difference (p = 0,19) although on average better results are achieved here as well. It was concluded that caffeine has an ergogenic effect on peak power output in a complex motor task. Based on the results, caffeine consumption may be recommended prior to a complex motor task for the purpose of acute improvements in performance
EFFECTS OF PREVENTIVE WARM-UP PROGRAMS ABOUT LOWER EXTREMITIES INJURIES
No full textCilj je ovoga rada objasniti i opisati mogućnosti smanjenja rizika ozljeđivanja donjih ekstremiteta primjenom preventivnih programa zagrijavanja te na temelju znanstveno- utemeljenih programa zagrijavanja, uz čiju je primjenu moguće smanjiti rizik nastanka ozljeda donjih ekstremiteta, predložiti i opisati primjer preventivnoga programa. Do ozljeda u individualnim i ekipnim sportovima dolazi zbog neadekvatnoga zagrijavanja, nepoznavanja strukture treninga te pripreme koje trening ili utakmica zahtijevaju, ozljeda nastalih pretreniranošću ili nedovoljno razvijenim određenim motoričkim sposobnostima. Nerjetko se događa da se prevencijski trening zagrijavanja ne uvrsti u trenažni proces ili se zagrijavanja preskaču. Opisani preventivni programi zagrijavanja mogu biti vrlo korisni prilikom planiranja i programiranja treninga, unapređenja određenih motoričkih sposobnosti te se njima može utjecati na smanjenje rizika od ozljeda donjih ekstremiteta.Goal of this project is explain and describe how to lower the risk of injuries of lower extremities by using preventive programs of warm-ups and on the scientifically based foundation and with this application lower the risk of injuries of lower extremities, propose and describe an example of preventive program. Injuries in individual and group sports come from inadequate warm- up, not knowing the structure of training and preparation for tasks which training or match provide, injuries that come because of overtraining or insufficiently developed motor abilities. It often happens that the preventive warm-up training is not listed in process or it is skipped entirely. Described preventive warm-up programs can be very useful during the training plans, improvements of certain motor abilities and by them affect on lowering the risk of injuries of lower extremities
ANALYSIS OF SITUATIONAL EFFICIENCY INDICATORS OF THE CROATIAN HANDBALL NATIONAL TEAM AT THE 2019 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP IN GERMANY AND DENMARK
No full textCilj ovoga diplomskog rada je analiza uspješnosti Hrvatske rukometne reprezentacije na svjetskom prvenstvu u Njemačkoj i Danskoj 2019 godine. Sveukupno su učestvovale 24 momčadi koje su odigrale 96 utakmica, sa ukupnim brojem od 5239 postignutih golova i prosjekom od 54,57 postignuta gola po utakmici. Hrvatska je završila kao šesta plasirana momčad dok je prvo mjesto zauzela reperezentacija Danske. Najbolji strijelac svjetskog prvenstva je Mikkel Hansen (Danska) sa 72 postignuta zgoditka. Analizirano je svih devet utakmica Hrvatske reprezentacije. Uzorak ispitanika obuhvaća 16 reprezentativaca (14 igrača i 2 golmana), a u radu je utvrđena pojedinačna učinkovitost igrača i učinkovitost po odigranim utakmicama, te sveukupna učinkovitost ekipe na natjecanju kroz 10 varijabli situacijske efikasnosti. Ukupno je analizirano 16 varijabli situacijske efikasnosti uz uvid golmanske efikasnosti. Najefikasniji igrači po pozicijama bili su: Stepančić Luka sa 40 zgoditaka, Domagoj Duvnjak sa 59 zgoditaka i Karačić Igor sa 61postignutim zgoditkom na vanjskim pozicijama, te Štrlek Manuel sa 34 zgoditaka i Horvat Zlatko sa 41 zgoditaka na krilnim pozicijama. Željko Musa kao kružni napadač postigao je 25 zgoditaka. Postotak vratarske učinkovitosti iznosi je 34% (112/332). Hrvatska je u 9 utakmica postigla ukupno 250 golova iz 381 šuta uz postotak od 66% učinkovitosti.The aim of this thesis is to analyze the success of the Croatian national handball team at the World Cup in Germany and Denmark in 2019. A total of 24 teams participated, playing 96 matches, with a total of 5239 goals scored and an average of 54.57 goals scored per game. Croatia finished as the sixth placed team, while the first place was taken by the Danish national team. The top scorer of the World Cup is Mikkel Hansen (Denmark) with 72 goals scored. All nine matches of the Croatian national team were analyzed. The sample of respondents includes 16 national team members (14 players and 2 goalkeepers), and the paper determined the individual efficiency of players and efficiency per game played, and the overall effectiveness of the team in the competition through 10 variables of situational efficiency. A total of 16 situational efficiency variables were analyzed with an insight into goalkeeping efficiency. The most efficient players by position were: Stepančić Luka with 40 goals, Domagoj Duvnjak with 59 goals and Karačić Igor with 61 goals in outside positions, and Štrlek Manuel with 34 goals and Horvat Zlatko with 41 goals on the wing positions. Željko Musa as a circle striker scored 25 goals. The percentage of goalkeeping efficiency is 34% (112/332). In 9 games, Croatia scored a total of 250 goals from 381 shots with a percentage of 66% efficiency
SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF TITLES OF ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC AND PROFES-SIONAL ARTICLES ON HANDBALL
No full textJedna je od funkcija jezika razmjena informacija o svijetu općenito između pošiljatelja poruke s jedne strane i primatelja poruke s druge. Što se pak jezika struke tiče, uporaba jezika specifičnog za neku struku je način prijenosa informacija, odnosno znanja među predmetnim stručnjacima. Cilj ovog rada je bio analizirati naslove engleskih znanstvenih i stručnih radova o rukometu kako bi se putem jezične i predmetne analize dobio uvid u istraživačke trendove, te u konačnici u znanje koje se o tome sportu prenosi putem objavljenih radova. Uzorak entiteta se sastojao od 368 naslova znanstvenih i stručnih radova na engleskom jeziku, objavljenih u časopisima i zbornicima radova. Unutar tog cilja utvrđeni su rezultati učestalosti naziva za cijeli uzorak, kao i naziva u dvjema kategorijama varijable izvor rada. Također su analizirana okruženja odabranih riječi za cijeli uzorak te okruženja odabranih riječi po dvjema kategorijama navedene varijable. Rezultati su pokazali da je potrebno neprestano analizirati sudionike rukometne igre, kao i samu rukometnu igru s ciljem razvoja i unapređenja toga sporta.One of the functions of language is the exchange of pieces of information on the world in general between the sender of the message and the receiver of the message. As for the language for specific purposes, the use of language specific for a particular profession is a way of con-veying information, i.e. knowledge among the domain experts. The aim of this final paper was to analyse the titles of English scientific and professional articles on handball to gain, by means of the language and subject analysis, an insight into research trends and ultimately the knowledge disseminated through the published articles about the sport in question. The sample consisted of 368 titles of English scientific and professional articles published in journals and conference proceedings. Within this aim the results regarding the frequency of terms as well as the concordance for the selected terms were determined both for the whole sample and for the categories of the variable source. The results showed that it is necessary to permanently analyse the participants in the handball game, together with the handball game itself to develop and improve this sport
ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF THE SITUATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF THE CROATIAN HANDBALL NATIONAL TEAM AT THE 2021 WORLD MENS HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIP
No full textCilj ovoga rada jest utvrđivanje pokazatelja situacijske efikasnosti rukometne reprezentacije Hrvatske na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2021. godine, odigranom u Egiptu. Dosadašnji format ovog natjecanja sadržavao je 24 reprezentacije, no ove smo godine u Egiptu po prvi puta vidjeli prošireni format od 32 momčadi koje su bile podijeljene u osam skupina po četiri. Uzorak ispitanika čini 21 (3 vratara + 18 igrača). U ovome je radu utvrđena učinkovitost svakog pojedinačnog igrača te učinkovitost povezana sa njihovim igračkim pozicijama. U fazi napada analizirano je šest varijabli situacijske efikasnosti; šutiranja sa vanjskih i krilnih pozicija, pozicije kružnog napadača te iz prodora, protunapada i sa linije sedam metara. Kod vratara su se analizirale uspješne i neuspješne intervencije šuteva protivničkih napadača.
Rukometni reprezentativci Hrvatske na ovome su prvenstvu uputili ukupno 263 udarca prema protivničkim vratima te su pritom postigli 156 pogodaka što daje uspješnost od 59%. Najviše je pogodaka zabijeno sa pozicije kružnog napadača (44/61), zatim sa vanjskih pozicija (34/92) te sa pozicije krila (24/40). Slijede pogoci iz protunapada (20/25) i prodora (18/23), dok je najmanje pogodaka postignuto sa linije sedam metara (16/22). Najefikasniji igrač rukometne reprezentacije Hrvatske na ovome je prvenstvu bio kružni napadač Marino Marić sa 26 pogodaka iz 33 pokušaja (79%). Najviše je obrana sakupio prvi vratar reprezentacije Ivan Pešić; 44 od 133 upućena udarca što daje uspješnost od 33%. Hrvatska reprezentacija na ovome je prvenstvu odigrala šest utakmica te je pritom ostvarila učinak od tri pobjede, jednog remija i dva poraza što im je u konačnici donijelo 15. mjesto. Jedan od glavnih razloga neuspjeha ove su godine bili problemi sa ozljedama nekih od ključnih igrača reprezentacije (Cindrić, Karačić, Šego...) te generalno vrlo slaba učinkovitost vanjskih napadača.The aim of this paper is to determine the indicators of the situational efficiency of the Croatian national handball team at the 2021 World Cup, played in Egypt. The previous format of this competition contained 24 national teams, but this year in Egypt we saw for the first time an expanded format of 32 teams that were divided into eight groups of four. The sample of entity consists of 21 national team members (3 goalkeepers + 18 players). In this paper, the efficiency of each individual player and the efficiency associated with their playing positions are determined. In the attack phase, six situational efficiency variables were analyzed; shooting from outside positions, wing positions and line position, as well as from breakthroughs, counterattacks and 7-meter throws. The goalkeepers performance is analyzed by the successful and unsuccessful saves of the opponents' shots directed towards the goal.
In this championship, the Croatian national handball team sent a total of 263 shots towards the opponent's goal and scored 156 goals, which gives a success rate of 59%. Most goals were scored from the pivot position (44/61), then from the backcourt positions (34/92) and from the position of the wings (24/40). Followed by goals from counterattack (20/25) and breakthroughs (18/23), while the fewest goals were scored from the seven-meter line (16/22). The most efficient player of the Croatian national handball team at this championship was the circle runner Marino Marić with 26 goals from 33 attempts (79%). The first goalkeeper of the national team, Ivan Pešić, saved 44 out of 133 shots which gives a success rate of 33%. The Croatian national team played six games in this championship and achieved the result of three wins, one draw and two defeats, which ultimately brought them 15th place. One of the main reasons for failure this year were problems with injuries of some of the key players of the national team and generally very poor efficiency of backcourt strikers
SKI DISCIPLINE GIANT SLALOM
No full textU ovom teorijskom diplomskom radu prikazana je natjecateljska disciplina veleslalom, od njenog nastanka pa do danas. Prikazana je povijest nastanka veleslaloma, te njen razvoj do neizostavne discipline Svjetskog skijaškog kupa, Svjetskih prvenstava, te Olimpijskih igara.
Opisana su i objašnjena pravila veleslaloma, od procedure izvlačenja startnih brojeva prije početka natjecanja, te sam tijek natjecanja. Također su opisana pravila natjecanja za mlađe dobne kategorije, koja su vrlo bitna za profiliranje budućih vrhunskih skijaša natjecatelja. Opisan je sustav bodovanja u Svjetskom skijaškom kupu, te koji skijaši imaju pravo nastupa u drugoj vožnji jedne skijaške utrke. Također, opisano je značenje osvajanja malog kristalnog globusa za disciplinu veleslalom, te su prikazani najtrofejniji veleslalomaši.
Kako bi alpski skijaši pristupili natjecanju obavezni su koristiti opremu propisanu od FIS-a (Svjetske skijaške organizacije). Stoga je opisana sva neophodna skijaška oprema, dok su skije kao tehnološki najzahtjevnije, te funkcionalno najbitniji dio opreme opisane do detalja od početaka do razvoja suvremenih carving skija. Također su prikazane razlike između natjecateljskih i rekreativnih veleslalom skija, čija je uporaba vrlo česta kod skijaša rekreativne razine.
Veleslalom je prva disciplina alpskog skijanja koju treniraju i u kojoj se natječu mladi alpski skijaši. Iz tog razloga analizirana su sva potrebna gibanja za izvedbu kvalitetnog veleslalom zavoja. Kroz faze zavoja objašnjeno je kako zadržati ravnotežni položaj te maksimalno iskoristi potencijal veleslalom skija i savladati sile koje djeluju na tijelo skijaša.In this theoretical thesis, the competition discipline of giant slalom is presented, from its inception to today. The history of the origin of giant slalom, and its path to the indispensable discipline of the World Ski Cup, World Championships and the Olympic Games is presented.
The rules of the giant slalom are described and explained, from the procedure of drawing the starting numbers before the start of the competition, and the course of the competition itself. Also, the rules of competition for youth categories are described, which are particularly important for profiling future top skiers of competitors. The scoring system of the World Ski Cup is introduced, and which skiers have the right to participate in the second run of a ski race. Also, the significance of winning a small crystal globe for the giant slalom discipline is described, and the most trophy giant slalom skiers are presented.
In order for skiers to enter the competition, they are required to use equipment prescribed by the FIS (World Ski Federation). Therefore, all the necessary ski equipment is described, while skis are the most technologically demanding, and functionally the most important part of the equipment are described in detail from the beginning to the development of modern carving skis. Also, the differences between competitive and recreational giant slalom skis are shown, the use of which is quite common among recreational level skiers.
The giant slalom is the first discipline of Alpine skiing that is trained and in which young Alpine skiers compete. For this reason, all the necessary movements for performing a quality giant slalom turn were analyzed. Through the phases of the turns, it was explained how to maintain a balanced position, and make the most of the potential of the giant slalom skis and overcome the forces acting on the body of the skier