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COMPARISON OF RESULTS IN VERTICAL FORCE-SPEED TESTS CONDUCTED WITH DIFFERENT LOAD FORM
No full textČesto korišteni testovi u dijagnostici sportaša su testovi vertikalne skočnosti, test odnosa sile-brzine jedan je od njih. Sastoji se od više skokova od kojih su neki sa opterećenjem i nastoji utvrditi oslanja li se sportaš prilikom skoka više na njegove sposobnosti proizvodnje sile ili na sposobnosti proizvodnje brzine. Test se najčešće provodi sa opterećenjem u obliku olimpijske šipke koja se drži na ramenima. Postoji sve više dokaza koji prednost u skokovima s opterećenjem daju trap (hexagonal) šipci, zbog takvih prednosti cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti rezultate testa provedenog s olimpijskom i trap šipkom, i provjeriti pouzdanost testiranja s trap šipkom test-retest metodom. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 14 studenata Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u dobi od 22,93 ± 1,07 godina, tjelesne visine 184,77 ± 7,89 i tjelesne mase 82,57 ± 8,73. Provedena su tri testiranja jednakog protokola jednom sa olimpijskom šipkom i dva puta sa trap šipkom. Rezultati testa u varijablama maksimalne teoretske sile, maksimalne teoretske brzine, maksimalne snage, indeksa omjera sile i brzine i postotka odstupanja od optimalnog profila uspoređena su T-testom za olimpijsku šipku i prvo testiranje sa trap šipkom, a korelacijom kod prvog i drugog testiranja sa trap šipkom. Rezultati statističke obrade ukazuju na to da se testiranja sa olimpijskom i trap šipkom značajno razlikuju i da su ispitanici postizali više skokove sa trap šipkom. Koeficijentom korelacije u test-retest metodi nije utvrđena značajna povezanost u svim varijablama testa sa trap šipkom. Iako su postignuti rezultati veći sa trap šipkom ne možemo joj dati prednost u testiranju jer su sva mjerenja testa namijenjena na njegovo provođenje sa olimpijskom šipkom i nije utvrđena velika pouzdanost kod testa sa trap šipkom.Often used tests in the diagnosis of athletes are vertical jump tests, the force-velocity test is one of them. It consists of several jumps, some of which are loaded, and tries to determine whether the athlete relies more on his strength production abilities or on his velocity production abilities during the jump. The test is most often conducted with a load in the form of an Olympic bar held on the shoulders. There is more and more evidence that trap (hexagonal) bars have an advantage in weighted jumps, due to such advantages, the goal of the study was to compare the results of the test conducted with the Olympic and trap bar, and to check the reliability of testing with the trap bar using the test-retest method. 14 students of the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, age 22.93 ± 1.07, body height 184.77 ± 7.89 and body weight 82.57 ± 8.73 participated in the research. Three tests of the same protocol were performed, once with the Olympic bar and twice with the trap bar. The test results in the variables of maximum theoretical force, maximum theoretical speed, maximum power, force-speed ratio index and percentage of deviation from the optimal profile were compared by T-test for the Olympic bar and the first test with the trap bar, and by correlation between the first and second tests with the trap bar. The results of the statistical processing indicate that the Olympic and trap bar tests are significantly different and that the subjects achieved higher jumps with the trap bar. The correlation coefficient in the test-retest method did not establish a significant connection in all the variables of the trap bar test. Although the results achieved are higher with the trap bar, we cannot give it an advantage in testing because all the measurements of the test are intended for its implementation with the Olympic bar and no high reliability has been established in the test with the trap bar
INDIVIDUAL STRENGHT & CONDITIONING TRAINING IN FOOTBALL - PERSONALIZATION OF THE STRENGTH & CONDITIONING PROGRAM
No full textRazvoj sporta, sportske znanosti i sportske industrije uvelike su utjecali na zahtjevnost i kompleksnost suvremenog nogometa. Dobra sportska izvedba privlači pozornost velikog broja ljudi od kojeg igrači i klubovi u profesionalnom nogometu egzistiraju, u ekonomskom i socijalnom pogledu. Moderni nogomet kojemu danas svjedočimo, od sportaša zahtjeva nadprosječno razumijevanje taktike nogometne igre, tehnička znanja moraju biti na vrhunskom nivou, kondicijske sposobnosti zavidno razvijene, morfološke karakteristike u skladu s trendom, a psihička pripremljenost uvijek na visokoj razini. Ako gore navedeno nije u savršenom balansu, možemo reći da sportaš ne ispunjava pretpostavku za sportski, to jest nogometni uspjeh i ne zadovoljava zahtjeve današnjeg sporta gdje publika očekuje uzbudljivi, atraktivni i natjecateljski sadržaj. Iz tog razloga, većina sportaša i trenera traži nova rješenja za unaprijeđenje sportskih performansi kako na individualno-personalnom nivou tako i na momčadsko-timskom nivou. Iako je nogomet timski sport, u kojem je veća koncentracija na timskoj pripremljenosti, timskoj formi i timskom rezultatu u natjecanju, pojedinačna kvaliteta i kondicijska pripremljenost igra veliku ulogu. Igrači na terenu djeluju timski, ali i individualno, stoga ih tako treba i trenirati. Razlog tomu je što različiti oblici razvojnih trenažnih programa ne djeluju na svakog sportaša jednako. U prilog tome ide i činjenica da individualni odgovor igrača na jednaki trenažni program nije isti. Tako određeni sportski program za neke igrače može biti primjeren - takve sportaše možemo nazvati responderima, dok za neke igrače može biti potpuno neprimjeren, takozvani non-responderi. Iz tog razloga, sve sposobnosti treba razvijati u segmentu individualnog, to jest personaliziranog treninga, ali ih kasnije treba uskladiti, koordinirati i unaprijeđivati u segmentima momčadskog treninga te, kasnije, nogometne utakmice. U ovom diplomskom radu prvenstveno ćemo se baviti individualnim-personaliziranim treningom kondicijskih sposobnosti kod nogometaša kako bi poboljšali svoj osobni učinak, a posljedično tomu i sportski učinak svoje momčadi.The development of sport, sports science and the sports industry have greatly influenced the demand and complexity of todays football. A good sport performance attracts the attention of a multitude of people for whom many players and clubs in professional football exist in economic and social terms. The requirements of todays football represent a great challenge for athletes who are expected to develop above-average tactical knowledge, technical skills that must be at the top level, conditioning abilities enviously developed, morphological characteristics in accordance with the trend and mental preparedness always at high level. If the above is not in perfect balance we can say that it does not meet the prerequisite for sport and football success and does not meet the requirements of today's sport where exciting, attractive and competitive content is expected by the viewers and the general population. For this reason, most athletes and coaches are looking for new solutions for improving sports performances, both at the individual - personal level and at the team level. Although football is a team sport, in which the main point lies on the team preparedness, team form and team success, individual quality and fitness preparation play a big role. Players on the field act as a team but also individually, so they should be coached in this way. The reason is that different forms of training programs do not work on every athlete equally, this is supported by the fact that the individual response of players to the same training program is not the same for all of them. A certain training program for some players can be well affected; such athletes can be called responders, while for some players it can be completely missed; so-called non-responders. For this reason, all abilities should be developed in the segment of individual or personalized training, but later they need to be coordinated and improved in the segments of team training and football competition. In this graduate thesis we will primarily deal with individual-personalized strength and conditioning training of football players in order to improve their personal performance and consequently the sporting performance of their team
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL TOURISM IN KARLOVAC COUNTY
No full textOvaj rad opisuje sportsko – rekreacijski turizam na području Karlovačke županije. U radu je opisan sportsko – rekreacijski turizam na području Karlovačke županije koja je pogodna za aktivan odmor. U ponudi turističkih sportsko-rekreacijskih sadržaja nalaze se biciklizam, jahanje, kanuing, kajaking, špiljarenje i mnoge druge aktivnosti koje su opisane u radu. Također, analizirani su smještajni kapaciteti i napravljena je SWOT analiza za stanje sportsko-rekreacijskog turizma u Karlovačkoj županiji. Konačno, predložene su mjere kojima se sportsko-rekreacijski turizam u županiji može unaprijediti.This paper describes sports and recreation tourism in the area of Karlovac County. The paper describes sports and recreational tourism in the area of Karlovac County, which is ideal for an active vacation. The offer of tourist sports and recreational facilities includes cycling, horseback riding, canoeing, kayaking, caving and many others activities that are described in the paper. Accommodation capacities were also analyzed and a SWOT analysis was made for the state of sports and recreation tourism in Karlovac County. Finally, measures were proposed to improve sports and recreational tourism in the county
Changes in Pelvic Tilt in Sagittal Plane after Core Stability Training Systematic Literature Review
No full textRazličiti oblici provođenja vježbi proksimalne stabilnosti trupa (eng. core stability) zauzimaju važno mjesto u sklopu preventivnih i rehabilitacijskih programa različitih ozljeda, pa tako i ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice. Cilj je ovog rada pokušati odrediti u kojoj mjeri trening proksimalne stabilnosti trupa (PST) može utjecati na promjene u nagibu zdjelice u sagitalnoj ravnini te u kojoj bi mjeri taj oblik treninga mogao smanjiti rizik za sprinterski ili istezajući tip ozljede mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice. Promatrajući funkcionalnu povezanost nagiba zdjelice i duljine mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice, provedba treninga PST-a potencijalno dovodi i do promjene u fleksibilnosti mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice. Stoga će vrijednosti u testovima koji procjenjuju tu fleksibilnost također biti prikazane jer je pojedini autori i treneri smatraju rizičnim faktorom za ozljedu.
Sustavni pregled literature proveden je pretragom dviju elektronskih baza podataka – Scopus i PubMed. Od ukupno identificirana 492 rada, naposljetku je 7 studija uvršteno u kvalitativnu analizu ovog rada. Visok stupanj heterogenosti uključenih radova očituje se u različitim položajima i testovima u kojima se nagib zdjelice i fleksibilnost promatraju, kao i u različitim karakteristikama ispitanika u studijama.
Analiza uključenih studija upućuje da je trening proksimalne stabilnosti trupa učinkovita metoda za poboljšanje kontrole nagiba zdjelice što potencijalno doprinosi stvaranju optimalnog odnosa sile i duljine mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice i posljedično utječe na smanjenje rizika za ozljedu. No, uzevši u obzir da samo jedna studija proučava položaj zdjelice u pokretu koji se može poistovjetiti s mehanizmom nastanka ozljede mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice, potrebna je provedba većeg broja takvog tipa istraživanja. Ta bi provedba doprinijela stvaranju jasnijih uputa i smjernica u odabiru vježbi PST-a za pojedini sport te određivanju njihova intenziteta i volumena izvođenja. Rezultati provedenih studija također pokazuju da trening PST-a može utjecati na povećanje fleksibilnosti mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice mjerene različitim testovima, što se može objasniti mehanizmima poput poboljšanja u aktivaciji dubokog stabilizacijskog mišićnog podsistema te povećanja u proksimalnoj krutosti.Various types of core stability exercises have an important role in prevention and rehabilitation programmes of various injuries, including the injuries of hamstring muscles. This thesis attempts to find out to what degree the core stability training can influence the changes in the pelvic tilt in the sagittal plane and to what degree it could reduce the sprinting- and stretching-type of a hamstring injury. Given the functional interrelation of the pelvic tilt and the hamstring length, core stability training programme may potentially lead to the change in hamstring flexibility. Since some authors and trainers consider flexibility to be an injury risk factor, the test values for flexibility will also be presented.
A systematic literature review was conducted by the search of two electronic databases: Scopus and PubMed. The initial search identified a total of 492 articles, out of which seven studies were included in the qualitative analysis of this systematic review. High heterogeneity of the included studies is reflected in various positions and tests in which the pelvic tilt and flexibility were examined as well as various characteristics of the participants.
The analysis of the included studies suggests that core stability training is an effective method for better control of the pelvic tilt, which may contribute to the optimal relation of force and length of the hamstring and, consequentially, reduce the injury risk. However, given that only one study examines the pelvic tilt in a motion that can be related to hamstring injury, a larger number of such studies should be conducted. Conducting of such studies would provide more specific instructions and guidelines for the selection of core stability exercises for different sports as well as define their intensity and volume. The results of the conducted studies reveal that core stability training leads to better results in tests which assess hamstring flexibility. This improvement can be explained by more intensive activation of the deep stabilising muscle subsystem as well as an increase in proximal stiffness
Gender differences in the level and attitudes towards physical activity among high school students in Zadar Medical School
No full textCilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi rodne razlike u stavovima prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti te povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti u različitim domenama (posao, transport, kućanstvo i slobodno vrijeme) s očekivanim dobrobitima i percipiranim preprekama za vježbanje. Uzorak je činilo 76 učenica i učenika srednje medicinske škole u Zadru. Razina tjelesne aktivnosti mjerena je dugom verzijom Međunarodnog upitnika za tjelesnu aktivnost (IPAQ), a stavovi prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti upitnikom „Barriers & Benefits Scale“ za procjenu očekivanih dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti i percipiranih prepreka za vježbanje. Rezultati pokazuju da su najznačajnije očekivane dobrobiti vježbanja zdravlje, bolji osjećaj nakon aktivnosti, smanjenje stresa i opuštanje. Najznačajnije percipirane prepreke za vježbanje su nedostatak vremena, obiteljske i školske obveze. Učenice pridaju veći značaj dobrobitima psihološkog učinka u odnosu na učenike. Na tjednoj razini ispitanici su prosječno aktivni 7364,22 ± 5338,38 MET-min/tjedno, a usporedbom po domenama utvrđeno je da su najaktivniji su u slobodnom vremenu, u prosjeku 2241,7 ± 2599,62 MET-min/tjedno. Nema razlika u domenama tjelesne aktivnosti između učenica i učenika. Na cijelom uzorku postoji značajna povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodnom vremenu sa zdravstvenim dobrobitima (r=0,33) te ukupnog sjedenja s psihološkim dobrobitima (r=-0,27), nedostatkom volje (r=0,25), objektivnim preprekama (r=0,27), ukupnim dobrobitima (r=-0,24) i ukupnim preprekama (r=0,27). Kod učenica, tjelesna aktivnost u kućanstvu povezana je s objektivnim preprekama (r=-0,37), tjelesna aktivnost u slobodnom vremenu povezana je sa zdravstvenim dobrobitima (r=0,37) te je ukupno sjedenje negativno povezano s psihološkim dobrobitima (r=-0,28), objektivnim preprekama (r=0,31) i ukupnim dobrobitima (r=-0,31). Kod učenika, tjelesna aktivnost na poslu povezana je s objektivnim preprekama (r=0,43), tjelesna aktivnost u kućanstvu povezana je s nedostatkom volje (r=0,4), objektivnim preprekama (r=0,4) i ukupnim preprekama (r=0,39) te je ukupna tjelesna aktivnost povezana s objektivnim preprekama (r=0,49) i ukupnim preprekama (r=0,4). Nedostatak vremena je najznačajnija percipirana prepreka, a unapređenje zdravlja najznačajnija percipirana dobrobit vježbanja kod učenica i učenika u srednjim školama. Analizom razlika između učenica i učenika, utvrđeno je da u najvećoj mjeri nema razlika u očekivanim dobrobitima, preprekama i razini tjelesne aktivnosti. U kampanjama za promociju
tjelesne aktivnosti potrebno je cjelovito informirati učenice i učenike o zdravstvenim dobrobitima tjelesne aktivnosti i uključiti strategije koje će učenicima pomoći da učinkovitije organiziraju svoje slobodno vrijeme.The aim of this research was to determine gender differences in attitudes towards physical activity and the association between the domains of physical activity and the benefits and barriers of exercise. The sample consists of 76 male and female students of Zadar medical school. The level of physical activity was measured with the long form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and attitudes towards physical activity with the Barriers & Benefits Scale (EBBS) questionnaire. The results show that the most significant benefits of exercise are health, feeling better after activity, and stress reduction and relaxation. The most significant barriers are lack of time, family and school obligations. Female students give greater importance to the well-being of the psychological effect compared to male students, and there is no significant difference in other variables. On a weekly level, the students are active on average 7364.22 ± 5338.38 MET-min/week, and they are most active in their leisure time, on average 2241.7 ± 2599.62 MET-min/week. There are no differences in physical activity domains by gender. In the entire sample, there is a association between physical activity in leisure time with health benefits (r=0.33) and overall sitting with psychological benefits (r=-0.27), lack of will (r=0.25), objective obstacles (r= 0.27), total benefits (r=-0.24) and total barriers (r=0.27). Among female students, physical activity at home is associated with objective obstacles (r=-0.37), physical activity in leisure time is associated with health benefits (r=0.37) and overall sitting is associated with psychological benefits (r=- 0.28), objective obstacles (r=0.31) and overall benefits (r=-0.31). Among male students, physical activity at work is associated with objective obstacles (r=0.43), physical activity at home is associated with lack of will (r=0.4), objective obstacles (r=0.4) and total barriers (r=0.39) and total physical activity is associated to objective obstacles (r=0.49) and total barriers (r=0.4). Lack of time is the most significant perceived barrier while the health benefits are the most significant
expected benefit in female and male high school students. In campaigns for the promotion of physical activity, it is necessary to comprehensively inform students about the health benefits of physical activity and include strategies that will help students organize their free time more effectively
The influence of outdoor physical activity as a preventive action in improving mental health
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi povezanosti boravka u prirodi i tjelesne aktivnosti s mentalnim zdravljem izraženo putem simptoma depresije, anksioznosti i stresa. Ispitanici su bili članovi društva sportske rekreacije (DŠR) FeelGood (n = 41), a njihov zadatak je bio ispunjavanje elektroničke ankete koja je sadržavala pitanja o učestalosti i trajanju posjeta prirodnom okruženju, angažmanu u različitim tjelesnim aktivnostima na otvorenom u prirodi, i procjeni vlastitog mentalnog zdravlja. U ovom istraživanju primijenjena su dva validirana upitnika: DASS-21, koji se koristi kako bi dobili uvid u to kako se netko osjeća te ispituje prisutnost depresivnih i anksioznih simptoma te simptoma stresa, te upitnik Aktivnosti na otvorenom u prirodi, koji uključuje pitanja o vježbačevom angažmanu u različitim vrstama aktivnosti na otvorenom, učestalosti i trajanju posjeta prirodnom okruženju. Glavni rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na statistički značajnu, iako relativno malu, povezanost između vrtlarenja i simptoma depresije te vožnje bicikla i simptoma stresa. Osobe koje vrtlare su pokazali nešto više simptoma depresije, dok su osobe koje voze bicikl pokazale znakove stresa. Prema navedenim rezultatima preporučuje se razmatranje i promicanje drugih oblika tjelesne aktivnosti na otvorenom koji bi mogli imati pozitivan utjecaj na mentalno zdravlje, posebno u urbanim sredinama gdje se vrtlarenje i vožnja bicikla nije pokazala najboljom opcijom. Isto tako, u zaključku je istaknuta važnost nastavka istraživanja i razmatranja intervencija usmjerenih na prevenciju i poboljšanje mentalnog zdravlja putem tjelesne aktivnosti.This thesis aimed to determine the connections between being in nature and physical activity with mental health, emphasizing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. The respondents were members of the Sports Recreation Society (DŠR) FeelGood association, and their task was to fill in an electronic survey that contained questions about the frequency and duration of visits to the natural environment, engagement in various outdoor activities in nature, and how one feels. In this research, two validated questionnaires were applied: DASS-21, which is used to gain insight into how someone feels and examines the presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and stress symptoms, and the Outdoor Activities questionnaire, which includes questions about the exerciser's engagement in different types of outdoor activities, frequency, and duration of visits to the natural environment. The main results of the research indicate a statistically significant, albeit relatively small, association between gardening and symptoms of depression and cycling and symptoms of stress. People who garden showed slightly more symptoms of depression, while people who ride bicycles showed signs of stress. According to the mentioned results, it is recommended to consider and promote other forms of outdoor physical activity that could positively impact mental health, especially in urban areas where gardening and cycling did not prove to be the best option. Likewise, the research highlights the importance of continuing research and considering interventions aimed at preventing and improving mental health through physical activity
INJURIES OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS
No full textNogomet je kontaktni sport kojeg karakterizira visoki intenzitet igre sa velikim brojem akcija kao što su: promjene smjera kretanja, akceleracija, deceleracija, skokova, doskoka itd. U takvom ubrzanom i zahtjevnom ritmu u kojemu se odigravaju nogometne utakmice nije rijedak slučaj pojava teških ozljeda. Takve ozljede predstavljaju veliki rizik za razvoj daljnje karijere sportaša, a jedna od najtežih je ozljeda prednjeg križnog ligamenta.
U ovom radu prikazana je anatomska i biomehanička struktura zgloba koljena sa naglaskom na prednji križni ligament. Nadalje, prikazani su epidemiološki podaci koji nam govore o proširenosti i učestalosti ove ozljede u okružju profesionalnog sporta. U prikazu su uključeni podaci iz najboljih svjetskih i europskih nogometnih liga.
Cilj ovog rada je istražiti i prikazati najučestalije beskontaktne mehanizme ozljeđivanja prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Iako postoje i kontakti mehanizmi ozljeđivanja, na njih treneri nemaju mogućnosti utjecati pa je fokus ovog rada na beskontaktnim mehanizmima ozljede prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Poznavanje tih mehanizama ključno je u radu trenera kako bi mogli utjecati na smanjenje pojavnosti ozljeda prednjeg križnog ligamenta među svojim igračima. Igrači u velikom broju slučajeva slabije usvojenom tehnikom motoričkih zadataka utječu na ozljedu. Kod krivo usvojenih doskoka, promjena smjera i deceleracija nogometaši potenciraju mogućnost ozljede prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Treneri bi u preventivne programe ozljede prednjeg križnog ligamenta trebali uključiti vježbe jačanja mišića koji se opiru povećanju sila u zglobu koljena te vježbe za usvajanje pravilne tehnike različitih rizičnih motoričkih zadataka koji se pojavljuju tijekom odigravanja utakmice. Tim postupkom bi treneri upotpunili i unaprijedili svoje preventivne programe te smanjili rizik za pojavu ove teške ozljede zgloba koljena.Football is a contact sport characterized by a high intensity of play with a large number of actions such as: changes of the direction of movement, acceleration, deceleration, jumps, landings, etc. In such an accelerated and demanding rhythm in which football matches are played, serious injuries are not uncommon. Such injuries represent a great risk for the further development of an athlete's career, and one of the most notorious is the anterior cruciate ligament injury.
This paper presents the anatomical and biomechanical structure of the knee joint with an emphasis on the anterior cruciate ligament. Epidemiological data are also presented that tell us about the prevalence and frequency of this injury in the professional sports environment. The display includes data from the best world and european football leagues.
The aim of this paper is to investigate and present the most common non-contact mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Although there are also contact mechanisms of injury, coaches have no ability to influence them, so the focus of this work is on non-contact mechanisms. Knowledge of these mechanisms is essential in the work of coaches in order to influence the reduction of ACL injuries among their players. In a large number of cases, players influence the injury with a poorly adopted technique of motor tasks. When landing incorrectly, changing directions and decelerating, soccer players increase the possibility of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament. Coaches should include exercises to strengthen the muscles that resist the increase of forces in the knee joint and exercises to adopt the correct technique of various risky motor tasks that appear during the game in the preventive programs of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. With this procedure, coaches would complete and improve their preventive programs and reduce the risk of this serious injury to the knee joint
Analysis of points won in professional female beach volleyball: comparison regarding set outcome
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja je analiza distribucije poena u setu vrhunske ženske odbojke na pijesku s obzirom na rezultatski ishod seta. Sve ukupno 108 utakmica odigrano je na Svjetskom prvenstvu u odbojci na pijesku u Hamburgu 2019. godine. Analizirano je ukupno 8585 pojedinačnih akcija odigranih u 247 setova na vrhunskom uzorku od 494 entiteta. Varijable u ovom istraživanju bili su poeni osvojeni smečom, blokom, servisom te pogreškama protivnika. Za sve varijable izračunati su osnovni statistički parametri. Istraživanje je podijeljeno na analizu setova do 21 i do 15 poena. Za utvrđivanje razlike korišten je Mann – Whitney U test. Utvrđivanje pouzdanosti odrađeno je test-retest metodom te visoki koeficijenti korelacije upućuju na visoku pouzdanost. Prema rezultatima istraživanja za setove do 21 poena utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u svim varijablama. U setovima do 15 poena utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u varijablama smeča i bloka.The aim of this research is to analyze the distribution of set points in professional female beach volleyball depending on the set outcomes. A total of 108 matches were played at the World Beach Volleyball Championship in Hamburg in 2019. A total of 494 entities were analyzed that comprised of 8585 individual actions played in 247 sets. The variables examined in this research include attack points, block points, serve points and points won by opponent's mistakes. Basic statistical parameters were calculated for all variables. The research was divided into the analysis of sets up to 21 and up to 15 points. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the difference. Determining reliability was done using the test-retest method, and high correlation coefficients indicated high reliability. According to the research results for sets up to 21 points, a statistically significant difference was shown for all variables. In sets up to 15 points, a statistically significant difference was shown in the attack and block variables
CONNECTION OF DISRUPTIVE FACTORS WITH THE AMOUNT OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE IN WINDSURFING
No full textCilj ovoga diplomskog rada jest utvrđivanje povezanosti remetećih faktora na količinu usvojenog znanja u jedrenju na dasci. Mjereni i analizirani remeteći faktori su jačina vjetra, promjenjivost vjetra, visina vala, temperatura zraka, temperatura vode te razina anksioznosti kod studenata, koja je mjerena uz pomoć Endlerovog anketnog upitnika trenutne razine anksioznosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 94 ispitanika, studenata i studentica 3. godine Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a svi ispitanici u istraživanju prvi su se puta susreli s jedrenjem na dasci, tako da su bez prethodnog znanja pristupili ovome istraživanju. Mjerenje remetećih faktora provodilo se zadnjeg dana istraživanja, isto kao i anksioznost koja se mjerila pomoću anketnog upitnika, neposredno prije demonstracije ispitnih elemenata. Količina usvojenog znanja mjerena je uz pomoć ocjena, na Likertovoj skali od 1 do 5. U obzir
su uzete ocjene iz četiriju elemenata iz jedrenja na dasci - start, okret uz vjetar, okret niz vjetar i upravljanje. Postoji čitav niz čimbenika koji mogu utjecati na količinu usvojenog znanja u jedrenju na dasci, od kompleksnosti samog sporta pa do izlaganja ispitanika nepoznatim uvjetima koji su za njih intrigantna i nova okolina, koja ih dovodi izvan njihove uobičajene zone ugode. Upravo zato bitno je dublje razumijevanje, ne samo vanjskih remetećih faktora, već i unutrašnjih psiholoških čimbenika koji uvelike mogu utjecati na sportsku izvedbu i usvajanje znanja u jedrenju na dasci.
Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je količina usvojenog znanja u jedrenju na dasci u određenoj mjeri objašnjiva remetećim faktorima i razinom anksioznosti, prilikom čega se razina anksioznosti pokazala prediktivnijom za količinu usvojenog znanja, u odnosu na remeteće faktore koji su se pokazali manje prediktivnim, a razlog tomu je što su ispitanici koji su iskazali veću razinu anksioznosti ocijenjeni slabijim ocjenama, dok su ispitanici koji su iskazali manju razinu anksioznosti ocijenjeni boljim ocjenama.The aim of this study was to determine the connection between disruptive factors and the amount of acquired knowledge in windsurfing. The measured and analyzed disruptive factors included wind strength, wind variability, wave height, air temperature, water temperature, and the anxiety level of students measured using the Endler Anxiety State Questionnaire. The research was conducted with 94 participants, third-year students of the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Zagreb. All participants were introduced to windsurfing for the first time, having no prior knowledge.
The measurement of disruptive factors and anxiety occurred on the last day of the study, just before the demonstration of test elements. The amount of acquired knowledge was assessed using grades on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Grades from four elements of windsurfing were considered: start, upwind turn, downwind turn, and control. There are numerous factors that could influence the amount of acquired knowledge in windsurfing due to the complexity of the sport and exposure to unfamiliar conditions, making it an intriguing and new environment for the participants, taking them out of their comfort zones. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding not only of external disruptive factors but also of internal psychological factors that can significantly impact sports performance and knowledge acquisition in windsurfing.
The research results suggest that the amount of acquired knowledge in windsurfing can be partly explained by disruptive factors and the level of anxiety. Anxiety level proved to be more predictive of the amount of acquired knowledge compared to disruptive factors, as participants with higher anxiety levels received lower grades, while those with lower anxiety levels received higher grades
PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION OF TYPICAL INJURIES IN SPORTS CLIMBING
No full textSportsko penjanje postaje sve popularnije, privlačeći sve veći broj ljudi koji se žele uključiti u tu aktivnost. Međutim, zbog same prirode sporta, sportaši su izloženi različitim ozljedama, stoga je važno provoditi odgovarajuću prevenciju i rehabilitaciju kako bi se očuvala njihova sportska izvedba i smanjila mogućnost ponovnih ozljeda. Glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada jest pružiti pregled najučestalijih ozljeda u sportskom penjanju i predložiti strategije koje će pomoći u prevenciji i rehabilitaciji tih ozljeda. U uvodu se predstavljaju osnovne informacije o sportskom penjanju i važnosti prevencije i rehabilitacije ozljeda. Nakon toga, drugi dio rada detaljno analizira ozljede koje se najčešće javljaju u sportskom penjanja. To uključuje ozljede šake i prstiju, ozljede lakta, ramena i koljena. Prekomjerno opterećenje, ponavljajući pokreti, loša tehnika i padovi su glavni uzroci tih ozljeda. Detaljno su opisani simptomi, dijagnostičke metode i klasifikacija ozljeda kako bi se pravilno identificirale i liječile. U posljednjem poglavlju rada iznesene su osnovne smjernice za prevenciju ozljeda u sportskom penjanju. To uključuje zagrijavanje prije aktivnosti, mijenjanje tipa treninga i jačanje mišića kako bi se pripremili za opterećenje, te pravilnu tehniku i opremu za trening. Također se ističe važnost edukacije sportaša o pravilnoj periodizaciji, važnosti pravilne prehrane i kvalitetnog odmora. Također je važno educirati sportaše o prevenciji i pravovremenom tretmanu ozljeda. Daljnja istraživanja mogu se usmjeriti na razvoj naprednih metoda prevencije i rehabilitacije kako bi se poboljšala sigurnost i izvedba sportaša u sportskom penjanju.Sport climbing is becoming more and more popular, attracting an increasing number of people who want to get involved in the activity. However, due to the very nature of sports, athletes are exposed to various injuries, therefore it is important to carry out appropriate prevention and rehabilitation in order to preserve their sports performance and reduce the possibility of repeated injuries. The main goal of this thesis is to provide an overview of the most common injuries in sport climbing and to propose strategies that will help in the prevention and rehabilitation of these injuries. The introduction presents basic information about sport climbing and the importance of injury prevention and rehabilitation. After that, the second part of the paper analyzes in detail the injuries that most often occur in the sport of climbing. These include hand and finger injuries, as well as elbow, shoulder and knee injuries. Overloading, repetitive movements, poor technique and falls are the main causes of these injuries. Symptoms, diagnostic methods and classification of injuries are described in detail in order to properly identify and treat them. In the last chapter of the paper, the basic guidelines for the prevention of injuries in sport climbing are presented. This includes warming up before activity, changing the type of training and strengthening the muscles to prepare for the load, and proper technique and equipment. The importance of educating athletes about proper periodization, the importance of proper nutrition and sufficient rest is also emphasized. Further research can be focused on the development of advanced prevention and rehabilitation methods to improve the safety and performance of sport climbing athletes