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Static Calculation of a Family House : Undergraduate Thesis
No full textU radu je prikazan statički proračun manje obiteljske kuće. Građevina se sastoji od dvije etaže, prizemlja i potkrovlja sa kosim krovom. Izvedba građevine je zidana sa armirano betonskom međukatnom monolitnom pločom i fert gredicama kao konstrukcija krova. Projekt sadrži: tehnički opis konstrukcije, opće i posebne tehničke uvjete, plan kontrole i osiguranja kvalitete, proračun nosivih konstrukcijskih elemenata i karakteristične građevinske nacrte i armaturne planove.The static design of small family house is presented in this work. The building consist of two stories: ground floor and attic with slated roof. The construction of house is masonry walls with reinforced concrete slab between stories and fert structure as roof structure. The work includes technical description of the structure, general and particular conditions of civil engineering works, control plan, and quality assurance plan, calculation of the main structural elements as well as characteristic structural plans and reinforcement plans
The Influence of Aggregate Type and Mixing Methods on the Properties of Concrete with High Performance Properties : Master's Thesis
No full textBeton ultra visokih performansi je nova generacija betona s visokom tlačnom čvrstoćom i trajnosti. Smjesa je to cementa i mineralnih dodataka s niskim vodocementnim faktorom i kvalitetnim agregatom. Postižu se tlačne čvrstoće čak do 200 MPa. Velike količine potrebnog cementa reduciraju se s dodatcima kao što su silikatna prašina, metakaolin i leteći pepeo koji u kombinaciji s kvarcnim, eruptivnim i vapnenačkim agregatom daju najbolja svojstva. U ovom radu istražen je utjecaj tipa agregata i načina miješanja na svojstva UHPC betona u svježem i očvrslom stanju. Svi rezultati su prikazani tablično i grafički, te su dani najvažniji zaključci istraživanja.Ultra-high performance concrete is a new generation of concret with high compressive strength and durability. Is is a mixture cement and mineral additives with a low water-cement factor and quality aggregate. Compressive strengths of up to 200 Mpa are achieved. The large amounts of cement required are reduced with additives such as silicate dust, metakaolin and fly ash which, in combination with quartz, eruptive and limestone aggregate provide the best properties. In this paper, the influence of aggregate type and mixing method on the properties of UHPC concrete in fresh and hardend state was investigated, and most important research conclusions are given
Assessment of Rainwater and Wastewater Quantities for Eastern Makarska : Master's Thesis
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se procjenom oborinskog i fekalnog opterećenja na sustav odvodnje za istočni dio grada Makarske kroz analizu hipotetskog najnepovoljnijeg scenarija. Cilj rada je analizirati postojeće stanje sustava odvodnje i procijeniti opterećenje u ekstremnim uvjetima, bez uzimanja u obzir rada postojećih crpnih stanica. Grad Makarska, kao turistička destinacija, suočava se s povećanim opterećenjem infrastrukturnih kapaciteta, posebno tijekom ljetnih mjeseci, što dodatno naglašava važnost ove analize. Posebna pažnja posvećena je analizi meteoroloških podataka za Makarsku, izradi hidrološke analize slivova bujice i procjeni maksimalnih količina oborinskih voda metodom SCS. Također, procijenjeno je fekalno opterećenje na temelju demografskih podataka, industrijskih aktivnosti i turizma. Rezultati pružaju podršku za buduće planiranje i upravljanje vodnim resursima u istočnoj Makarskoj, uzimajući u obzir potencijalne rizike za sustav odvodnje u ekstremnim uvjetima.This thesis focuses on estimating stormwater and wastewater loads on the drainage system for the eastern part of the city of Makarska by analyzing a hypothetical worst-case scenario. The objective is to assess the current state of the drainage system and evaluate the loads under extreme conditions, excluding the impact of existing pumping stations. As a popular tourist destination, Makarska faces increased pressure on its infrastructure, particularly during the summer months, which highlights the importance of this analysis. The study emphasizes the analysis of meteorological data for Makarska, the hydrological assessment of flash flood catchments, and the estimation of maximum stormwater runoff using the SCS method. Additionally, wastewater loads are evaluated based on demographic data, industrial activities, and tourism. The findings provide support for future planning and water resource management in eastern Makarska, considering potential risks to the drainage system under extreme conditions
Design of the Overpass above Highway : Undergraduate Thesis
No full textU radu je prikazan glavni projekt nadvožnjaka preko autoceste. Nadvožnjak se sastoji od dva jednaka raspona (16 m) i polumontažne je izvedbe. Stup između dva polja projektiran je kao „V“ stup. Niveleta nadvožnjaka je oko 8 m iznad nivelete autoceste tako da ima dosta prostora za slobodan profil ispod nadvožnjaka. Projekt sadrži proračun uzdužnog, poprečnog nosača i stupa, te karakteristične građevinske nacrte i tehnički opis.This paper presents the main design of the overpass above the highway. The structure is semi prefabricated and it consists of two equal spans (16 m). The middle pier is V- shaped. Elevation of the overpass is cca. 8 m above highway elevation and therefore leaves enough space for traffic beneath the overpass. The work includes the calculation of the longitudinal, and transversely span girders and column, and characteristic construction plans as well as a technical description of the construction
Survival: Remaining - Revitalization of an Abandoned Village Bobani, Klis : Master's Thesis
No full text“Ko to more platit?” Ova uvriježena uzrečica za kojom često posegnemo u trenucima kada bivamo svjesni neprocjenjivosti ljepote krajolika i grada u kojem živimo, u današnjem svjetlu sve dubljeg ponora stambene krize Splita, postaje odraz otrežnjujuće zbilje skupoće stambenog kvadrata. Preusmjeravanje pozornosti na zapostavljeno ruralno zaleđe Splita otvara jedno od potencijalnih rješenja te krize, otvarajući istovremeno mogućnost ponovnog naseljavanja napuštenih sela splitskog zaleđa, očuvanja njihove graditeljske, krajobrazne i kulturne tradicije."Who can pay for it?" This common saying, which we often reach for in moments when we become aware of the priceless beauty of the landscape and the city we live in, in today's light of the deepening abyss of the housing crisis in Split, becomes a reflection of the sobering reality of the high cost of a square meter of housing. Redirecting attention to the neglected rural hinterland of Split opens up one of the potential solutions to this crisis, simultaneously opening the possibility of repopulating the abandoned villages of the Split hinterland, preserving their architectural, landscape and cultural traditions
Modèle numérique multi-échelle pour l'analyse de structures en verre feuilleté soumises à un chargement statique : thèse de doctorat
No full textThis thesis presents a multiscale numerical model for the analysis of laminated glass structures exposed to static loads, and its validation with experimental tests and analytical calculations. The first part deals with the influence of atmospheric temperatures and load duration on laminated glass structures. The aim of this research is to analyse the stiffness degradation of laminated glass members exposed to different atmospheric temperatures and different load durations. The influence of these parameters is analysed through analytical calculations and numerical models. Analytical calculations include the effective thickness approach (ETA), and different expressions taken from the literature and regulations are used to define the effective thickness of the laminated glass elements. The accuracy of prediction for deflection and stress under applied loads was tested for each expression, by varying the temperature and load duration. The obtained results from the applied analytical expressions were compared and analysed. Numerical calculations were carried out using numerical models created in the ANSYS software. These numerical models were first validated by experimental tests conducted according to EN 1288-3. A four-point bending test was used so that the obtained results could be compared with available results from the literature. In the experiments, specimens were tested until fracture, while in the numerical analysis, the fracture was not simulated due to the lack of methods that could reliably describe the nonlinear behaviour of the glass part of the member. This issue arises in the simulation of the glass’s nonlinear behaviour when exposed to static loads. Therefore, the analysis was conducted for a fixed load value (stress kept under nonlinear limits), but the temperature and load durations were varied. The results showed a significant influence of temperature and load durations, as well as the type and thickness of the interlayer, on the behaviour of laminated glass elements. In the second part of this work, the focus is on solving the problem encountered in the numerical analysis from the previous step. There are not many numerical methods that can accurately predict the nonlinear behaviour of brittle materials exposed to static loads, and those that are capable usually require input to define an initial crack. Simulation of the initial crack is not in the spirit of glass material because this type of analysis mostly observes the crack propagation, and an initial crack in glass elements implies the breakage of the whole element (especially in the case of tempered glass). The lack of methods for simulating the non-linear behaviour of laminated glass members exposed to static loads is solved here with a multiscale model that uses the embedded discontinuity method in simulations of nonlinear behaviour. The embedded discontinuity method is capable of simulating crack appearance in solids without the demand for initial cracks. By using the embedded discontinuity method, a multiscale model is developed, that can simulate the ultimate load for laminated glass elements without simulating detailed fracture pattern. The model consists of a micro model that simulates a real laminated glass cross-section and a macro model that represents a monolithic cross-section with assigned material behaviour according to the micro model. This model is further extended for plate structures using discrete Kirchhoff plate theory and a constitutive model for the principal directions of the internal forces/stresses. The basic micro model is also used to define the constitutive behaviour, but this time for the principal directions of macro plate elements. In the third part of the research, in-plane loaded laminated glass elements are analysed using a combination of a simple numerical model and “Level 2” of interlayer modelling from regulations. The “Level 2” interlayer modelling proposes the simplified engineering approach (ETA) from regulations (and literature). This approach is analysed regarding the prediction of buckling forces for in-plane loaded laminated glass members. Two numerical models are used: one discretized with beam finite elements and the other with shell finite elements. The analysis was performed for several different geometries of laminated glass specimens, with different types of interlayers and different boundary conditions. The buckling force prediction is validated by comparing the results with experimental results from the literature for different geometries, interlayers, and boundary conditions. This work presents the analysis of laminated glass elements exposed to out-of-plane and in-plane static loading.U ovom radu predložen je višeskalni numerički model za analizu laminiranih staklenih konstrukcija izloženih statičkom opterećenju potkrijepljen eksperimentalnim ispitivanjima i analitičkim proračunima. U prvom dijelu analizirani su laminirani stakleni elementi izloženi statičkom opterećenju i promjeni temperature. Prikazana je degradacija krutosti elemenata od laminiranog stakla izloženih različitim temperaturama, koje se nalaze unutar amplitude atmosferskih temperatura, te različitom trajanju opterećenja. Utjecaj ovih parametara analiziran je analitičkim proračunima i numeričkim modelima. Analitički proračuni podrazumijevaju tzv. pristup efektivne debljine – ETA gdje su korišteni različiti izrazi za definiranje efektivne debljine laminiranog staklenog elementa, preuzeti iz literature i propisa. Testirana je točnost predviđanja veličine progiba i naprezanja za primijenjeno opterećenje uz variranje temperature i trajanja opterećenja. Uspoređeni su i analizirani dobiveni rezultati primijenjenih analitičkih izraza. Numerički proračun je proveden kreiranim numeričkim modelima u programskom paketu ANSYS. Numerički modeli najprije su validirani eksperimentalnim ispitivanjima provedenima prema EN 1288-3 tako da se dobiveni rezultati mogu usporediti i s dostupnim rezultatima iz literature. U eksperimentima uzorci su ispitani do loma, dok se u numeričkoj analizi lom nije simulirao zbog ograničenja samog računalnog programa. Ovakav se problem javlja u simulaciji nelinearnog ponašanja stakla izloženog statičkom opterećenju. Stoga je analiza provedena za fiksnu vrijednost opterećenja (naprezanje se održava ispod granice nelinearnosti), uz variranje temperature, trajanja opterećenja i debljine slojeva. Analiza je pokazala utjecaj temperature i trajanja opterećenja, kao i vrste i debljine međusloja na ponašanje laminiranih staklenih elemenata, što je u radu potkrijepljeno dobivenim rezultatima. U drugom dijelu rada fokus je na rješavanju problema koji se pojavio u prethodno opisanoj numeričkoj analizi. Numeričke metode koje se primjenjuju za simulaciju materijalne nelinearnosti krtih materijala pri statičkom opterećenju kao ulazni parametar zahtijevaju definiranje položaja inicijalne pukotine. Definiranje položaja inicijalne pukotine kao ulaznog parametra nije dobar pristup u analizi laminiranih staklenih konstrukcija zbog fizikalne prirode stakla kao materijala jer se ovom vrstom analize uglavnom promatra propagacija već definirane početne pukotine. Početna pukotina u staklu uzrokovala bi lom cijelog elementa (posebno u slučaju kaljenog stakla) pa ovakav pristup nema fizikalno opravdanje. Nedostatak metoda za simulaciju nelinearnog ponašanja laminiranog stakla izloženog statičkom opterećenju ovdje je riješen modelom s više razmjera koji koristi metodu ugrađenog diskontinuiteta u simulacijama nelinearnog ponašanja. Metoda ugrađenog diskontinuiteta simulira pojavu pukotina u materijalu, bez potrebe za definiranjem položaja početne pukotine kao ulaznog parametra. Korištenjem metode ugrađenog diskontinuiteta razvijen je model u više razmjera koji može simulirati nosivost konstrukcije od laminiranog stakla bez simulacije detaljnog uzorka loma. Model se sastoji od mikromodela koji simulira stvarni poprečni presjek laminiranog stakla i makromodela koji ima monolitni presjek s konstitutivnim zakonom ponašanja materijala definiranim mikromodelom. Ovaj model je dalje proširen za analizu laminiranih staklenih konstrukcija pri diskretizaciji pločastim elementima, korištenjem diskretne Kirchhoffove teorije ploča. Osnovni mikro model se koristi za definiranje konstitutivnog zakona ponašanja, ali ovaj put za glavne smjerove momenata u makro elementu ploča. U trećem dijelu istraživanja analiziraju se laminirani stakleni elementi opterećeni u ravnini i to kombinacijom numeričkog modela s „Razinom 2“ modeliranja međusloja prema tehničkim propisima. „Razina 2“ modeliranja međusloja podrazumijeva definiranje efektivne debljine elementa prema dostupnim analitičkim izrazima koji se koriste u numeričkom modelu za predviđanja sile izvijanja. Korištena su dva numerička modela, jedan koji primjenjuje diskretizaciju grednim elementima, a drugi elementima ljuske. Analiza je provedena za nekoliko različitih geometrija laminiranog stakla, s različitim vrstama međuslojeva i različitim rubnim uvjetima. Predviđanje sile izvijanja potvrđeno je usporedbom rezultata s eksperimentalnim rezultatima iz literature za različite slučajeve geometrije, međuslojeva i rubnih uvjeta. U sažetku, tri dijela ovoga rada prikazuju analizu laminiranih staklenih elemenata izloženih statičkom opterećenju izvan ravnine i u ravnini.Dans cette thèse, on propose un modèle numérique multi-échelle pour l'analyse des structures en verre feuilleté soumises à un chargement statique, et on le valide par des tests expérimentaux et des calculs analytiques. La première partie traite de l'influence des températures atmosphériques et de la durée des charges sur les structures en verre feuilleté. Le but de cette recherche est d'analyser la dégradation de la rigidité des éléments en verre feuilleté exposés à différentes températures atmosphériques et différentes durées de charge. L'influence de ces paramètres est analysée par des calculs analytiques et numériques. Les calculs analytiques incluent l'approche de l'épaisseur effective (ETA), et lors de l'analyse, différentes expressions tirées de la littérature et de la réglementation sont utilisées pour définir l'épaisseur effective des éléments en verre feuilleté. La précision de la prédiction de la flèche et de la contrainte pour la charge appliquée a été testée pour chaque expression, en faisant varier la température et la durée de la charge. Les résultats obtenus des expressions analytiques appliquées sont comparés et analysés. Le calcul numérique est réalisé à l'aide de modèles numériques créés dans le logiciel ANSYS. Les modèles numériques ont d'abord été validés par des tests expérimentaux réalisés selon la norme EN 1288-3. L’essai de flexion quatre points a été utilisé afin que les résultats obtenus puissent être comparés aux résultats disponibles dans la littérature. Dans les expériences, les échantillons sont testés jusqu'à la rupture, tandis que dans l'analyse numérique, la rupture n'est pas simulée en raison du manque de méthodes permettant de décrire de manière fiable le comportement non linéaire de la partie en verre de l'élément. Ce problème se produit dans la simulation du comportement non linéaire du verre lorsqu'il est exposé à des charges statiques. Par conséquent, l’analyse est effectuée pour une valeur de charge fixe, mais la température et les durées de charge ont varié. Les résultats montrent la grande influence de la température et des durées de charge, ainsi que du type et de l'épaisseur de l'intercalaire sur le comportement des éléments en verre feuilleté. La deuxième partie de ce travail concerne la résolution du problème apparu lors de l’analyse numérique en étape précédente. Il n'existe pas beaucoup de méthodes numériques capables de prédire avec précision le comportement non linéaire des matériaux fragiles exposés à un chargement statique, et celles qui en sont capables ont généralement besoin de définir une fissure initiale. La simulation de la fissure initiale n'est pas dans l'esprit du matériau verrier car ce type d'analyse ne peut s’applique que pour la propagation de la fissure, et une fissure initiale dans les éléments en verre signifie la rupture de l'élément dans son ensemble (surtout dans le cas du verre trempé). Le manque de méthodes de simulation du comportement non linéaire des éléments en verre feuilleté exposés à un chargement statique est résolu ici avec un modèle multi-échelle qui utilise la méthode de discontinuité forte intégrée dans les simulations du comportement non linéaire. La méthode de discontinuité forte est capable de simuler l’apparition de fissures dans une structure, sans besoin de postuler une fissure initiale. En utilisant la méthode de discontinuité forte, un modèle multi-échelle est développé, capable de simuler la charge ultime pour les éléments en verre feuilleté sans simulation de modèle de fracture détaillé. Le modèle se compose d'un modèle micro qui simule une section transversale réelle de verre feuilleté et d'un modèle macro qui est une section transversale monolithique avec un comportement de matériau attribué selon le modèle micro. Ce modèle est encore étendu aux structures de type plaque, en utilisant la théorie des plaques discrètes de Kirchhoff et un modèle constitutif pour les directions principales des forces/contraintes internes. Le modèle micro de base est également utilisé pour définir le comportement constitutif, mais cette fois pour les directions principales de moments fléchissant calculés par un élément de plaque. Dans la troisième partie de la recherche, des éléments de verre feuilleté chargés dans le plan sont analysés et la combinaison d'un modèle numérique avec le « niveau 2 » de modélisation simplifiée d’interface entre couches issue de la réglementation (ETA) est utilisée dans l'analyse. Le « niveau 2 » implique de définir l'épaisseur effective de l'élément en fonction des expressions analytiques disponibles utilisées dans le modèle numérique pour prédire l'effort de flambement. Cette approche est utilisée pour calculer des charges critique de flambement pour les éléments en verre feuilleté chargés dans le plan. Les deux modèles numériques sont utilisés, l'un construit des éléments finis de poutre et l'autre des éléments finis de coque. L'analyse a été réalisée pour plusieurs géométries différentes d'échantillons de verre feuilleté, avec différents types d'intercalaires et différentes conditions aux limites. La prédiction de la force de flambement est validée en comparant les résultats avec les résultats expérimentaux de la littérature pour différentes géométries, interfaces entre les couches et conditions aux limites. En somme, les trois parties du travail présentent l'analyse d'éléments en verre feuilleté soumis à des charges statiques appliquées hors plan et dans le plan
Seismic Analysis of the Eastern Colonnade of the Peristil in Split : Master's Thesis
No full textCilj ovog rada je seizmička analiza istočne kolonade na Peristilu u svrhu zaštite kulturne baštine, ali prije svega ljudskih života tijekom potresa. Konstrukcija je izložena djelovanju tri razorna potresa koja su se dogodila kroz povijest: Petrovac 1979., Campano Lucano 1980. i South Iceland 2000. Za proračun zidane građevine korišten je Y2D numerički model koji se temelji na kombiniranoj metodi konačnih i diskretnih elemenata. Rezultati analize uključuju grafičke prikaze i stanja kolonade u odnosu na vršno ubrzanje i pomake konstrukcije tijekom svakog potresa.The aim of this study is the seismic analysis of the eastern colonnade at Peristil for the purpose of protecting cultural heritage but above all human lives during earthquakes. The structure was exposed to the effects of three devastating earthquakes that occurred throughout history: Petrovac in 1979, Campano Lucano in 1980, and South Iceland in 2000. The Y2D numerical model based on the combined method of finite and discrete elements was used for the calculation of the masonry structure. The results of the analysis include graphical representations and the condition of the colonnade in relation to peak acceleration and displacements of the structure during each earthquake
Project of the Masonry Building on the Island of Korčula : Master's Thesis
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu je prikazan proračun zgrade za povremeno stanovanje sa konstruktivnim sustavom od armirano-betonskih elemenata i zidanih zidova. Potresna otpornost građevine određena je pojednostavljenim proračunom prema pravilima za jednostavne zidane zgrade. Proveden je proračun i analiza ploča, temelja i greda na djelovanje vertikalnog opterećenja. Iz proračuna su dobivene rezne sile u elementima konstrukcije koji su sukladno tome armirani. Također je napravljen i proračun vodovoda i kanalizacije sukladno važećim normama.The thesis of this graduate work is a calculation of the weekend house with a structural system of reinforced concrete elements and masonry walls. Seismic resistance is determined by the simplified calculation, according to the rules for simple masonry buildings. The calculation of the plates, foundations, and beams is made due to vertical load. Internal forces in the construction elements were calculated and reinforced accordingly. The water and sewerage systems were also calculated in accordance with current norms
Analysis of the Load-Bearing Structure of the Assembly-Reinforced Concrete Hall : Master's Thesis
No full textNa temelju zadanih arhitektonskih podlogu napravljen je glavni projekt poslovne građevine na području Šibensko-kninske županije. Proračun je proveden prema graničnom stanju nosivosti (GSN) i graničnom stanju uporabljivosti (GSU). Poslovni objekt pravokutnog je tlocrtnog oblika, od armiranobetonskih montažnih elemenata, s minimalnim naknadnim radom na monolitizaciji. Dimenzioniranje elemenata provedeno je uz pomoć računalnog programa Scia Engineer.Based on the architectural foundations provided, the main project of the commercial building, in the area of Šibenik, was made. According to the ultimate limit state (GSN) and the serviceability limit states (GSU) the calculation was made. The business establishments are rectangular in plan form, with reinforced concrete assembly elements, with minimal afterward work on monolithication. The dimensioning of the elements was performed with the help of the program Scia Engineer