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By the multi-functional excipients to tablets with improved end-use properties
No full textU ovom istraživanju, ispituje se utjecaj različitih pomoćnih tvari na primjenska svojstva tableta. Dobrim izborom pomoćnih tvari i primjenom odgovarajućih tehnoloških postupaka moguće je dobiti tablete poboljšanih svojstava. Korištene pomoćne tvari su manitol, bitno različitih granulometrijskih i morfoloških svojstava (D(-), sušen raspršivanjem, granulirani i višenamjenski Parteck® M200) te poloksamer Parteck® PLX188, natrijeva kroskarmeloza, magnezijev stearat i poli(etilen-glikol) (PEG). Prosijavanjem, mikroskopskom analizom te laserskom difrakcijom analizirana su granulometrijska i morfološka svojstva manitola različitih formulacija. Pripremljenim tabletama ispitana je tvrdoća, raspadljivost, sadržaj djelatne tvari te in vitro profili oslobađanje djelatne tvari. Raspodjela veličina čestica ima veliku ulogu u pripravi tableta. Tablete pripremljene s višenamjenskom M200 pomoćnom tvari pokazale su najveće udjele oslobođene djelatne tvari.In this research, the effect of various excipients on the end-use properties of tablets is studied. By good selection of excipients and applying proper technological processes, it is possible to obtain tablets with improved properties. Used excipients are mannitol, with significantly different granulometric and morphological properties (D(-), spray dried (SD), granulated (GRAN) and multi-functional Parteck® M200) with poloxamer Parteck® PLX188, sodium croscarmellose, magnesium stearate, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Granulometric and morphological properties of various formulations of mannitol were analyzed by sieving, microscopic analysis and laser diffraction. Prepared tablets were tested for hardness, disintegration, drug content and in vitro drug release profiles. Particle size distribution plays a significant role in tablet formulation. Tablets prepared with multi-functional M200 excipient showed the highest fractions of drug released
ICH guidelines for performing forced degradation tests on pharmaceutical substances
No full textIspitivanja stabilnosti uobičajena su praksa tijekom razvoja i proizvodnje novih farmaceutskih proizvoda. Provode se kako bi se pratile promjene u aktivnim tvarima i gotovim lijekovima tijekom proizvodnje i skladištenja s ciljem osiguranja da ovi proizvodi ostanu djelotvorni, sigurni i kvalitetni tijekom cijelog njihovog roka trajanja. Jedna od ključnih metoda za ispitivanje stabilnosti je metoda prisilne razgradnje. Trenutačno, ICH, FDA, WHO i EMA su organizacije koje se bave regulatornim smjernicama o studijama prisilne razgradnje, a ovaj rad se temelji na ICH smjernicama. Ova metoda ne samo da pomaže u procjeni stabilnosti tvari već također omogućava identifikaciju mogućih putanja razgradnje i karakterizaciju produkata razgradnje koji se mogu formirati. Zbog toga je od izuzetne važnosti istražiti formiranje raznih onečišćenja pod utjecajem različitih vanjskih čimbenika kao što su hidrolitički (kiseli ili lužnati), oksidacijski, fotolitički, termički ili vlažni uvjeti. Do danas su ICH smjernice doprinijele postizanju dosljednosti u mnogim aspektima procjene kvalitete farmaceutskih proizvoda. Kada je riječ o studijama prisilne razgradnje, ICH ističe njihovu ključnu važnost pružajući općenite smjernice i preporuke za njihovo provođenje. Nekoliko ICH smjernica bavi se temom prisilne razgradnje, a to su: ICH Q1A(R2) – Ispitivanje stabilnosti novih farmaceutskih tvari i proizvoda, ICH Q1B – Ispitivanje fotostabilnosti novih farmaceutskih tvari i proizvoda, ICH Q2(R1) – Validacija analitičkih postupaka: Metodologija, ICH Q3A(R2) – Nečistoće u novim farmaceutskim tvarima, ICH Q3B(R2) – Nečistoće u novim farmaceutskim proizvodima, ICH Q5C – Ispitivanje stabilnosti biotehnoloških/bioloških proizvoda i M4Q(R1) – Zajednički tehnički dokument (CTD): Kvaliteta. U ovom radu dan je pregled ovih smjernica i uvjeti provođenja ispitivanja.Stability testing is a common practice in the development and manufacture of new pharmaceutical products. These tests are performed to monitor changes in active ingredients and finished drug products during manufacture and storage to ensure that these products remain effective, safe, and of high quality throughout their shelf life. One of the most important methods for stability testing is forced degradation. Currently, ICH, EMA, FDA and WHO are organizations involved in regulatory guidelines for forced degradation studies, and this paper is based on the guidelines from ICH. This method not only helps to assess the stability of compounds, but also allows the identification of potential degradation pathways and the characterization of degradation products that may be formed. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study the formation of different impurities under the influence of various external factors such as hydrolytic (acidic or alkaline), oxidative, photolytic, thermal or humid conditions. To date, the ICH guidelines have helped achieve consistency in many aspects of pharmaceutical product quality assessment. When it comes to forced degradation studies, ICH emphasizes their critical importance by providing general guidelines and recommendations for their conduct. Several guidelines from ICH address the issue of forced degradation, including ICH Q1A(R2) – Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products, ICH Q1B – Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products, ICH Q2(R1) – Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology, ICH Q3A(R2) – Impurities in New Drug Substances, ICH Q3B(R2) – Impurities in New Drug Substances, ICH Q5C – Stability Testing of Biotechnological/Biological Products, and M4Q(R1) – The Common Technical Document (CTD): Quality. This paper provides an overview of these guidelines and the conditions for performing the tests
Synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted benzothiazole derivatives using mechanochemistry
No full textU ovom radu opisana je sinteza novih 2-aril-6-cijanobenzotiazolnih derivata kao potencijalnih biološki aktivnih molekula. Za pripravu ciljanih spojeva 5a‒9a, 5b–9b, 5c–9c korištena je ekološki prihvatljiva mehanokemijska sinteza. Potrebni intermedijeri priređeni su višestupnjevitom sintezom. Sinteza fenolnih derivata benzotiazola (4a‒4c) provedena je reakcijom kondenzacije bis(2-amino-5-cijanofenil)disulfida 3 s odgovarajućim benzaldehidima u ekološki prihvatljivom otapalu glicerolu. Bis(2-amino-5-cijanofenil)disulfid 3 priređen je iz 4-amino-3-tiocijanatobenzonitrila 2 reakcijom reduktivne dimerizacije s natrijevim sulfidom u etanolu i vodi, dok je 4-amino-3-tiocijanatobenzonitril 2 priređen reakcijom supstitucije iz 4-aminobenzonitrila 1 i kalijeva tiocijanata uz brom u ledenoj octenoj kiselini. Ciljani 2,6-disupstituirani derivati benzotiazola (5a‒9a, 5b–9b, 5c–9c) priređeni su O-alkiliranjem fenolnih derivata benzotiazola (4a‒4c) s odgovarajućim alkil-halogenidima. Strukture novosintetiziranih derivata potvrđene su spektroskopijom 1H i 13C NMR.In this work synthesis of novel 2-aryl-6-cyanobenzothiazoles as potential bioactive molecules is described. For the preparation of target compounds 5a‒9a, 5b–9b, 5c–9c environmentally friendly mechanochemical synthesis was used. Required intermediates were prepared by multistep synthetic pathway. Phenolic benzothiazole derivatives (4a‒4c) were obtained by condensation of bis(2-amino-5-cyanophenyl)disulphide 3 with corresponding benzaldehydes in green solvent glycerol. Bis(2-amino-5-cyanophenyl)disulphide 3 was prepared by base-promoted reductive dimerization of 4-amino-3-thiocyanatobenzonitrile 2 with sodium sulphide in ethanol / water, while 4-amino-3-thiocyanatobenzonitrile 2 was prepared from 4-aminobenzonitrile 1 and potassium thiocyanate with bromine in acetic acid via substitution reaction. Targeted 2,6-disubstituted benzothiazole derivatives (5a‒9a, 5b–9b, 5c–9c) were prepared through O-alkylation of phenolic benzothiazole derivatives (4a‒4c) with corresponding alkyl-halogenides. The structures of all newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy
Thermophilic microorganisms in environmental protection
No full textTermofilni mikroorganizmi rastu pri temperaturama iznad 40°C, a njihov najdragocjeniji proizvod jesu termostabilni enzimi koji su na tim temperaturama i dalje aktivni. Zbog te činjenice njihova je uloga u zaštiti okoliša veoma šarolika. Koriste se u procesima proizvodnje biogoriva, gdje se biokemijskim reakcijama dobivaju bioetanol te vodik kao alternativa kemijskim reakcijama. Osim toga, njihovi enzimi imaju značajnu ulogu u industrijskim procesima proizvodnje deterdženata i papira, te u prehrambenoj i tekstilnoj industriji. Enzimi su biorazgradivi i kao takvi bolje rješenje od štetnih kemikalija koje se uobičajeno koriste u tim procesima. Kompostiranje i bioremedijacija predstavljaju važne postupke u zaštiti okoliša koji ne bi bili mogući bez termofilnih mikroorganizama. U procesu kompostiranja imaju zadaću razgradnje biorazgradivog otpada pri povišenoj temperaturi s ciljem stvaranja komposta. Neki termofili dugotrajnim izlaganjem stekli su prirodnu otpornost na pesticide, teške metale, naftne ugljikovodike i tekstilne boje te imaju sposobnost biosorpcije ili bioakumulacije koju možemo iskoristiti za sanaciju onečišćenih područja tom vrstom onečišćenja.Thermophilic microorganisms grow at temperatures above 40°C. Their most valuable product is thermostable enzymes, which are still active at these high temperatures. Due to this fact, their role in environmental protection is very broad. They are used in biofuel production, where hydrogen and bioethanol are produced by biochemical reactions as an alternative to chemical reactions. Enzymes also play an important role in industrial production processes of paper and detergents, as well as in the food and textile industries. Since enzymes are biodegradable, they are a better solution than harmful chemicals that are traditionally used. Composting and bioremediation are important processes in environmental protection that would not be possible without thermophiles. In the composting process, they degrade biodegradable waste at elevated temperatures to produce compost. Through long-term exposure, some thermophiles have acquired a natural resistance to pesticides, heavy metals, textile dyes, and petroleum hydrocarbons, giving them the ability to biosorb or bioaccumulate, which we can use to remediate this type of pollution
The influence of the content of Spartium junceum L. fibres on the properties of TPU composites
No full textTermoplastični poliuretan (TPU) polimer je koji ima izrazito dobra svojstva, kao što su mehanička svojstva, otpornost na gorenje, kemijska otpornost te dobra toplinska stabilnost. Kako bi se ta svojstva dodatno poboljšala, dodaju mu se punila koja mogu biti sintetska ili prirodna vlakna. Sintetska vlakna se, zbog nemogućnosti razgradnje, nastoje zamjeniti prirodnim vlaknima. U ovom radu, kao punilo koriste se vlakna brnistre (BRN). TPU/BRN kompoziti, kao i čisti TPU, pripremljeni su u Brabender gnjetilici s udjelom brnistre od 5; 10; 15 i 20 mas. %. Izrađeni kompoziti, kao i čiste komponente, karakterizirani su DSC, TGA i FTIR tehnikama. DSC rezultati pokazali su da povećanjem udjela vlakana brnistre u TPU/BRN kompozitima, dolazi do pomaka temperature staklastog prijelaza (Tg) na niže temperature, dok se vrijednosti temperature taljenja (Tm1 i Tm2) ne mijenjaju. Vrijednosti temperatura kristalizacije (Tc1 i Tc2) neznatno se povećavaju. TG analizom ustanovljeno je da toplinska stabilnost kompozita raste porastom udjela brnistre. FTIR analizom se zaključuje da je brnistra prisutna u TPU/BRN kompozitima i da dolazi do preklapanja apsorpcijskih vrpci brnistre i TPU-a.Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a polymer material that has good properties, such as mechanical properties, burn resistance, chemical resistance and thermal stability. To further improve these properties the fillers which can be synthetic or natural fibers can be added to TPU. Because the synthetic fibers are difficult to decompose, they can be replaced by natural fibers. In this work Spartium junceum L. fibers (BRN) are used as a filler for TPU.,
The TPU/BRN composites with different Spartium junceum L. fibers content (5; 10; 15 and
20 wt. %) were prepared by melt mixing process in laboratory Brabender mixer. The neat TPU and TPU/BRN composites, were characterized by DSC, TGA and FTIR techniques.
DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) shifts to lower temperatures, while the values of the melting temperature (Tm1 and Tm2) do not change by increasing the fibers content in TPU/BRN composites. The crystallization temperature (Tc1 and Tc2) values increased slightly with fibers content. Based on the results of the TGA the thermal stability of the composite increased as the Spartium junceum L. fibers content increased.
FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the localization of the Spartium junceum L. fibers in TPU
Development of a digital twin of an industrial process
No full textOvim radom razvijen je digitalni blizanac industrijskog bioprocesa. Izvedena je automatizacija i simulacija procesa za dio postrojenja koji obuhvaća bioreaktor, separaciju fermentacijom proizvedenih bakterija, kao i linije za dezinfekciju i čišćenje reaktora. Razvoj i istraživanje provedeni su primjenom Siemensovih alata PCS neo i SIMIT Simulation Platform. Programskim alatom PCS neo konfiguriran je sustav za vođenje procesa. Definirana su osjetila, mjerni pretvornici i izvršni elementi te je konfigurirana regulacija. Izveden je vizualni prikaz procesa za nadzor i dijagnostiku. Primijenjeni su algoritmi za vođenje procesa te definirani parametri za različite načine i faze rada postrojenja. Pomoću programskog alata SIMIT Simulation Platform stvoreno je virtualno okruženje za simulaciju rada postrojenja, provjeru funkcionalnosti razvijenog sustava za vođenje i optimizaciju parametara procesa. Kombinacijom automatizacije postrojenja i simulacije fizikalno-kemijskih procesa razvijen je digitalni blizanac, odnosno virtualna replika realnog sustava. Takvim se sustavom modelira i detaljno analizira proces prije primjene na postrojenju što rezultira smanjenjem troškova i vremena potrebnog za razvoj i testiranje sustava za vođenje. Pogodan je za optimizaciju postrojenja s ciljem postizanja veće djelotvornosti procesa i kvalitete proizvoda.
Također, može poslužiti kao platforma za obuku operatora.This paper covers the development of a digital twin of an industrial bioprocess. It focuses on the automation and process simulation for a section of the plant that includes a bioreactor, separation of bacteria produced through fermentation, and a Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) line. The development and research were conducted using Siemens software, PCS neo and SIMIT Simulation Platform. Precisely, the PCS neo software was utilized for the plant's control system configuration. It encompasses defining the sensors, actuators, and control logic as well as the development of the visual process displays for monitoring and diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, the implementation of process control algorithms was covered along with the establishment of the parameters for different phases and operating modes of the plant. On the other hand, the SIMIT Simulation Platform software was used for the creation of the virtual environment that simulates the process behavior for verifying the functionality of the developed control system in PCS neo and process parameters optimization.
By combining the automation part and simulation of the underlying physical and chemical processes, a digital twin-virtual replica of the real system was developed. This system enables modeling and detailed analysis of the process before physical implementation, resulting in numerous advantages such as cost reduction and shorter development time. Moreover, it is well-suited for plant optimization with the aim of achieving maximum efficiency and can serve as a robust platform for operator training
Preparation of cellulose hydrogels in different solvents
No full textTrodimenzionalne umrežene strukture (hidrogelovi) izvedeni iz prirodnih polimera dobivaju sve veću pozornost zbog svoje primjene u području biomaterijala, zbog jedinstvenih prednosti kao što su obilje izvora, netoksičnost, izvrsna biorazgradivost i biokompatibilnost. Celuloza je najrasprostranjeniji polisaharid u prirodi koji se sve više istražuje za pripravu novih vrsta materijala. U ovome radu sintetizirani su hidrogelovi iz polivinilpirolidona ili
poli(N-vinilkaprolaktama) graftiranog na celulozu metodom polimerizacije slobodnih radikala. Hidrogelovi se pripremaju sa ili bez umreživala N,N-metilen-bis-akrilamida. Strukturne karakteristike hidrogelova ispitivane su infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovim transformacijama. Na uzorcima hidrogelova provedena su ispitivanja površinskih svojstava mjerenjem kontaktnog kuta. Također su provedena reološka ispitivanja te je pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom ispitana morfologija. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da je veći udio polivinilpirolidona u hidrogelovima koji su se sintetizirali bez umrežavala te da povećanjem udjela N-vinilkaprolaktama u početnoj smjesi raste i relativni udio
poli(N-vinilkaprolaktama) u hidrogelu. Svi hidrogelovi pokazuju viskoelastično ponašanje slično gelu, veliku hidrofilnost, porozni su u nekoj mjeri i imaju hrapavu površinu.Three-dimensional network structures (hydrogels) derived from natural polymers are gaining attention for their application in the field of biomaterials, due to unique advantages such as abundant sources, non-toxicity, excellent biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature and is increasingly being explored for the preparation of new types of materials. In this study, hydrogels were synthesized from polyvinylpyrrolidone or poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) grafted onto cellulose using the free radical polymerization method. Hydrogels were prepared with or without the crosslinker
N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide. The structural characteristics of the hydrogels were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface properties of the hydrogel samples were investigated by measuring the contact angle. Rheological studies were also conducted and the morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed higher relative content of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the hydrogels synthesized without a crosslinker, and that an increase in the proportion of N-vinylcaprolactam in the initial mixture resulted in a higher relative content of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) in the hydrogel. All hydrogels exhibited viscoelastic behavior similar to a gel, high hydrophilicity, some degree of porosity, and a rough surface
Crystallization process monitoring and control using process analytical technology
No full textKristalizacija je jedinična operacija od velike važnosti u brojnim industrijskim granama, kako u kemijskoj i prehrambenoj industriji, tako i u farmaceutskoj industriji. Kroz povijest farmaceutske industrije kristalizacija je bila najvažniji proces odvajanja i pročišćavanja. U današnje vrijeme velika pažnja posvećuje se vođenju procesa kristalizacije. Procesna analitička tehnologija (PAT) je sustav za projektiranje, analizu i vođenje proizvodnih procesa praćenjem kritičnih atributa kvalitete i rada. PAT primjenjuje napredne analitičke instrumente pomoću kojih se dobivaju podaci za razvoj i primjenu kalibracijskih modela. Cilj rada bio je razviti kalibracijske modele za praćenje koncentracije ceritiniba forme A u tetrahidrofuranu primjenom parcijalne regresijske metode najmanjih kvadrata i umjetne neuronske mreže. Izmjereni podaci su predobrađeni, definiran je broj latentnih varijabli za kalibraciju PLSR modela, odabrana je struktura neuronske mreže, vrsta prijenosne aktivacijske funkcije i trening funkcija za izvedbu modela umjetnih neuronskih mreža. Izvedeni su zaključci o valjanosti pojedinih modela za praćenje koncentracije ceritiniba forme A u tetrahidrofuranu na temelju kriterija R^2 i RMSE.Crystallisation is a unit operation of great importance in numerous industries - the chemical industry,the food industry and the pharmaceutical industry. Throughout the history of the pharmaceutical industry, crystallisation has been the most important separation and purification process. Nowadays, a lot of attention is paid to the crystallisation process control. Process Analytical Technology (PAT) is a system for designing, analyzing and managing production processes by monitoring critical quality and performance attributes. PAT applies advanced analytical instruments that provide data for the development and application of calibration models. The aim of the work was to develop calibration models to predict the concentration of ceritinib form A in tetrahydrofuran using partial least squares regression and an artificial neural network. The measured data were preprocessed and the number of latent variables for the calibration of the PLSR model was determined. The number of neurons in the hidden layer of the neural network structure was optimised, the type of activation function and training function was chosen and the algorithm for optimising the neural network model. Based on the performance criteria R^2 and RMSE, conclusions were drawn about the validity of each model for monitoring the concentration output of ceritinib form A in tetrahydrofuran
Influence of the additive on the properties of thermoplastic starch
No full textTijekom prošlog stoljeća plastika se kao sintetski polimer smatrala materijalom budućnosti no danas predstavlja globalni ekološki problem. Zahvaljujući porastu ekološke osviještenosti i jačim restrikcijama jedan od ciljeva jest smanjiti štetan utjecaj plastičnih proizvoda na okoliš te smanjiti potrošnju neobnovljivih izvora za njihovu proizvodnju. Zbog tih se razloga sve više traga za kvalitetnim alternativama kao što su biopolimeri koji su biorazgradivi ili su proizvedeni iz obnovljivih izvora. U posljednje vrijeme njihova proizvodnja i primjena su povećane što doprinosi smanjenju ekoloških problema povezanih s otpadnim polimernim materijalima. Jedan od biopolimera koji zahtijeva pažnju u ovoj primjeni jest škrob, točnije, termoplastični škrob (TPS). TPS je plastificirani škrob koji posjeduje amorfnu strukturu umjesto kristalne, zahvaljujući primjeni topline i smičnog naprezanja. S obzirom da svojstva samog TPS-a nisu dovoljno dobra da bi se mogao koristiti umjesto plastike, dodaju mu se razni aditivi, plastifikatori i punila. Navedeni dodaci se koriste kako bi se TPS-u modificirala uporabna svojstva: toplinska, mehanička i barijerna te kako bi se utjecalo na proces retrogradacije i površinsku napetost. U ovome radu izrađeni su tanki filmovi TPS-a uz dodatak raznih plastifikatora koristeći metodu lijevanja iz otopine i prešanja. Na pripravljenim filmovima ispitana su površinska, toplinska, mehanička i barijerna svojstva. Rezultati su pokazali da na svojstva filmova TPS-a znatno utječe vrsta plastifikatora, odnosno njihova struktura i sposobnost ugrađivanja u strukturu škroba.In the last century, synthetic polymers such as plastics were considered the materials of the future; however, today they pose a global environmental challenge. With increased environmental awareness and stricter regulations, one of the goals is to reduce the harmful effects of plastic products on the environment and reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources for their production. As a result, there is an increasing search for high-quality alternatives such as biopolymers that are biodegradable or come from renewable sources. Recently, their production and use have increased, helping to reduce the environmental problems associated with polymer waste. One of the biopolymers that needs attention in this context is starch, particularly thermoplastic starch (TPS). TPS is a plasticized starch that has an amorphous structure instead of a crystalline one, which is achieved by applying heat and shear stress. Since the inherent properties of TPS are not sufficient to replace plastic, various additives, plasticizers and fillers are added. These additives are used to modify the service properties of TPS, including thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties, as well as to affect the retrogradation process and surface tension. In this work, thin TPS films were prepared by solution casting and compression molding processes with the addition of various plasticizers. The prepared films were investigated for their surface, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties. The results showed that the properties of TPS films are significantly influenced by the type of plasticizer, i.e., its structure and its ability to bind into the starch structure
Intensification of the photodegradation process of imidacloprid with the aid of a permanent magnet
No full textS obzirom da živimo u svijetu koji se iznimno brzo razvija s aspekata tehnologije i industrije, važno je da grane zaštite okoliša s inovativnim rješenjima mogu pratiti taj tempo, a sve u svrhu očuvanja Zemlje i svih prirodnih resursa. Sve više smo žrtve svojih vlastitih postupaka, a kada je riječ o onečišćenju, jedan od značajnijih onečišćivala u okolišu su upravo pesticidi koji se koriste kako bi se suzbile štetočine i očuvala hrana. Napredni oksidacijski procesi nova su rješenja koja omogućavaju suzbijanje štetnih učinaka prisutnosti pesticida u okolišu, a posebno se može istaknuti fotokatalitička razgradnja. Primjenjuje li se u procesu TiO2 i koristi li se izobilje UV zračenja prisutnog u atmosferi, uz dodatne optimizacije, moguće je reakcije razgradnje onečišćenja provesti s minimalnim nastankom štetnih nusprodukata. U teorijskom pregledu ovog rada biti će nešto više rečeno o pesticidima, točnije imidaklopridu te o zakonskoj regulativi vezano za pesticide na razini EU. Nadalje, biti će detaljno prikazan proces fotokatalize s TiO2 kao fotokatalizatorom te će biti dan pregled fotokatalitičkih reaktorskih sustava. Kao važan dio fotokatalitičkog procesa navodi se i izvor zračenja, što će biti detaljno opisano te će biti riječi o utjecaju magnetskog polja kao potencijalnom pomagalu u fotokatalitičkom procesu. Kroz eksperimentalni dio provodit će se intenzifikacija fotorazgradnje imidakloprida primjenom permanentnog magneta, pri čemu će u ovom radu biti dani svi dobiveni rezultati, ali i predstavljena rasprava na temelju dobivenih podataka.
Na kraju, svi aspekti rada biti će sažeti u kratkom i jasnom zaključku.Given the fact that we live in a world that is developing extremely fast technologically and industrially, it is important that the environmental protection industry can keep up with this pace with innovative solutions to preserve the earth and all natural resources. We are becoming more and more victims of our own actions, and when it comes to pollution, it is precisely the pesticides used for pest control and food preservation that are one of the most important pollutants in the environment. Advanced oxidation processes are new solutions that allow to combat the harmful effects of the presence of pesticides in the environment, and photocatalytic decomposition can be particularly highlighted. When TiO2 is used in the process and the abundant UV radiation in the atmosphere is utilized, with additional optimizations it is possible to perform pollutant decomposition reactions with minimal formation of harmful byproducts. In the theoretical overview of this article, a little more is said about pesticides, especially imidacloprid, and about the legal regulations related to pesticides at the EU level. In addition, the process of photocatalysis with TiO2 as photocatalyst is presented in detail and an overview of photocatalytic reactor systems is given. UV radiation is mentioned and described in detail as an important component of the photocatalytic process, and the magnetic field is discussed as a possible tool in the photocatalytic process. In the experimental part, the intensification of the photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid is carried out using a permanent magnet, and in this paper all the obtained results are listed, and a discussion based on the obtained data is presented.
At the end, all aspects of the work are summarized in a brief and clear conclusion