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Virtual laboratory environments in physics
No full textVirtualna stvarnost je tehnologija pomoću koje se čovjek, uz korištenje potrebnih uređaja, u potpunosti odvaja od stvarnog svijeta i uranja u nove dimenzije virtualnog svijeta. Otvara nove mogućnosti pomoću kojih čovjek može posjetiti mnoga mjesta bez napuštanja svoga doma ili mogućnost prenošenja teorije u stvarnost. Virtualna stvarnost ima veliki utjecaj na obrazovanje tako što olakšava i približava ljudima teorije koje su bile teško shvatljive. Otvara nove mogućnosti i proširuje znanje. U ovom radu prikazan je pregled istraživanja koji opisuje primjenu virtualne stvarnosti u obrazovanju iz fizike. Kako virtualna stvarnost utječe na učenike i na koji način pospješuje njihov rast i razvitak. Objašnjavaju se različiti procesi i fenomeni iz područja fizike i kako su oni prikazani pomoću virtualne stvarnosti. Zaključeno je da virtualna stvarnost ima pozitivan utjecaj na obrazovanje te bi primjena, nakon dodatnog razvoja i usavršavanja, mogla znatno doprinijeti kvaliteti obrazovanja kroz nove metode kojima se olakšava proces učenja.Virtual reality is a technology by which a person, using the necessary devices, completely separates himself from the real world and immerses himself in new dimensions of the virtual world. It opens up new possibilities by which a person can visit many places without leaving his home or the possibility of transferring theory into reality. Virtual reality has a great impact on education by facilitating and bringing theories that were difficult to understand to people. It opens up new possibilities and expands knowledge. This paper presents an overview of research that describes the application of virtual reality in education. How does virtual reality affect students and how does it promote their growth and development. Various processes and phenomena from the field of physics are explained and how they are displayed using virtual reality. It was concluded that virtual reality has a positive impact on education, and its application, after additional development and improvement, could have a very important significance in the development of new methods in education
Extraction of capsaicin from different types of chilli peppers
No full textČili papričice jedan su od glavnih sastojaka raznih kulinarskih tradicija diljem svijeta. Osim kulinarskog značaja, imaju veliku važnost zbog svog najzastupljenijeg bioaktivnog spoja, kapsaicina, koji im daje njihovu karakterističnu ljutinu. Kapsaicin od svog otkrića privlači značajan znanstveni interes zbog svoje široke primjene u raznim područjima, uključujući poljoprivredu i farmaciju. Mnoga istraživanja ukazuju na njegove potencijalne zdravstvene dobrobiti, kao što su analgetska svojstva i metabolički učinci, a također mu se pripisuju i određena antibakterijska i antifungalna svojstva. U sklopu ovog rada provedena je ekstrakcija kapsaicina iz tri različite vrste čili papričica korištenjem četiri ekstrakcijske tehnike: ekstrakcija uz magnetsko miješanje, Soxhlet ekstrakcija, ultrazvučna ekstrakcija te hidrodestilacija. Cilj rada bio je odrediti koncentraciju kapsaicina za svaku pojedinu papričicu, procijeniti njegovu stabilnost u dobivenim ekstraktima tijekom određenog vremenskog perioda te utvrditi utjecaj procesnih uvjeta na učinkovitost ekstrakcije. Provedena je i mikrobiološka analiza u svrhu utvrđivanja antimikrobnih svojstava ekstrahiranog kapsaicina. Prema dobivenim rezultatima, najpovoljniji uvjeti za postizanje većeg prinosa kapsaicina bili su duže vrijeme trajanja ekstrakcije, više radne temperature i upotreba sušenih papričica, dok se među korištenim ekstrakcijskim tehnikama Soxhlet tehnika pokazala najučinkovitijom za ekstrakciju kapsaicina. Prilikom procjene stabilnosti kapsaicina uočene su oscilacije u njegovoj koncentraciji u ekstraktima tijekom vremena, međutim te oscilacije nisu značajne te se mogu pripisati eksperimentalnoj pogrešci. Rezultati mikrobiološke analize ukazali su na određen inhibicijski učinak kapsaicina na dvije Gram-pozitivne bakterijske kulture, B. subtilis i S. aureus.Chili peppers are one of the main ingredients of various culinary traditions around the world. Apart from their culinary significance, they are of great importance because of their most abundant bioactive compound, capsaicin, which gives them their characteristic spiciness. Since its discovery, capsaicin has attracted considerable scientific interest due to its wide application in various fields, including agriculture and pharmacy. Many studies point to its potential health benefits, such as analgesic properties and metabolic effects, and certain antibacterial and antifungal properties are also attributed to it. In this thesis, the extraction of capsaicin from three different types of chili peppers was carried out using four extraction techniques: extraction with magnetic stirring, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction and hydrodistillation. The aim of the thesis was to determine the concentration of capsaicin for each individual pepper, to assess its stability in the obtained extracts over a certain period of time, and to determine the influence of process conditions on the extraction efficiency. A microbiological analysis was also carried out in order to determine the antimicrobial properties of the extracted capsaicin. According to the obtained results, the most favorable conditions for achieving a higher yield of capsaicin were longer extraction time, higher operating temperature and the use of dried peppers, while among the extraction techniques used, the Soxhlet technique proved to be the most effective for capsaicin extraction. When assessing the stability of capsaicin, oscillations in its concentration in the extracts were observed over time, however, these oscillations are not significant and can be attributed to experimental error. The results of the microbiological analysis indicated a certain inhibitory effect of capsaicin on two Gram-positive bacterial cultures, B. subtilis and S. aureus
Application of WO3/BiVO4 electrode for the photoelectrochemical degradation of amoxicillin
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je ispitati strukturna, optička i fotoelektrokemijska svojstva WO3 i WO3/BiVO4 fotoaktivnih materijala te izraditi elektrode pogodne za primjenu u fotoelektrokemijskim procesima. Pri tome su ispitane WO3 fotoelektrode, fotoelektrode WO3/BiVO4 dvoslojne strukture, i fotoelektrode WO3/BiVO4 homogene smjese. Struktura fotoelektroda određena je metodom rendgenske difrakcije praha, a optička svojstva ispitana su metodom ultraljubičaste/vidljive spektroskopije. Za elektrokemijsku karakterizaciju korištene su metode linearna voltametrija, elektrokemijska impedancijska spektroskopija, Mott-Schottky analiza, te je praćen potencijal otvorenog kruga u vremenu. Fotoelektrokemijski proces degradacije amoksicilina proveden je metodom kronoamperometrije. Promatran je utjecaj različitih elektrolita (NaCl i Na2SO4) i žarenja fotoelektroda na uspješnost degradacije amoksicilina. Učinkovitost procesa određena je praćenjem promjena koncentracija amoksicilina tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti. Rezultati karakterizacije elektrokemijskim metodama pokazali su dobru fotoaktivnost WO3 i WO3/BiVO4 fotoelektroda. Praćenjem promjene potencijala otvorenog kruga i Mott-Schottky analizom pokazano je da su analizirani fotokatalitički materijali poluvodiči n-tipa. Rezultati HPLC analize ukazuju da su WO3/BiVO4 fotoelektrode dvoslojne strukture najučinkovitije u degradaciji amoksicilina.The main goal of this study was to examine the structural, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of WO3 and WO3/BiVO4 photoactive materials and to create electrodes suitable for use in photoelectrochemical processes. Therefore, WO3 photoelectrodes, WO3/BiVO4 photoelectrodes with two-layer structure and WO3/BiVO4 homogeneous mixture photoelectrodes were tested. The structure of the photoelectrodes was determined by the X-ray powder diffraction method, and the optical properties were examined by the ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy method. For electrochemical characterization, methods of linear voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky analysis were used, and the open circuit potential was monitored over time. The photoelectrochemical process of amoxicillin degradation was carried out using chronoamperometry. The influence of different electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4) and photoelectrode annealing on the success of amoxicillin degradation was observed. The efficiency of the process was determined by monitoring changes in amoxicillin concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results of electrochemical characterization showed good photoactivity of WO3 and WO3/BiVO4 photoelectrodes. Monitoring the change of the open circuit potential and Mott-Schottky analysis showed that the analyzed photocatalytic materials were n-type semiconductors. The results of the HPLC analysis indicated that WO3/BiVO4 photoelectrodes with a two-layer structure are the most effective in the degradation of amoxicillin
Development of calibration model for active pharmaceutical ingredients
No full textProces kristalizacije vrlo je važan proces u farmaceutskoj industriji. Njegova složenost i ovisnost o mnogim čimbenicima, kao i strogi zahtjevi za visokom kvalitetom i čistoćom farmaceutskih aktivnih tvari, stvorili su potrebu za razvojem naprednih instrumenata i tehnologija za kontinuirano praćenje i vođenje procesa. Procesna analitička tehnologija (PAT) sve se više primjenjuje u procesu kristalizacije za kontinuirano praćenje neke od ključnih značajki kvalitete proizvoda. PAT- tehnologija podrazumijeva kontinuirano praćenje koncentracije naprednim analitičkim instrumentima kao što su optičke sonde te razvoj i primjenu kalibracijskoga modela koji povezuje izmjerene spektralne podatke s koncentracijom farmaceutske aktivne tvari. Kalibracijski model moguće je razviti nekom od metoda strojnoga učenja. Cilj ovog rada je razviti i ispitati modele neuronskih mreža za modeliranje ovisnosti koncentracije farmaceutske aktivne tvari, ksilometazolin hidroklorida, u n-butanolu, o temperaturi i spektralnim podacima dobivenih mjerenjima ATR-FTIR spektrometrom. U radu je provedena predobrada spektralnih podataka, analiziran je broj neurona u prvom i drugom skrivenom sloju, broj skrivenih slojeva, vrsta primijenjenoga algoritma učenja te utjecaj vrste prijenosne funkcije na kvalitetu razvijenih neuronskih mreža.The crystallization process is a very important process in the pharmaceutical industry. The complexity of the crystallization process and the dependence of this process on many factors, as well as the strict requirements for high quality and purity of active pharmaceutical ingredients, have led to the need to develop advanced instruments and technologies for continuous monitoring and process control. Process analytical technology (PAT) is increasingly being applied in the crystallization process to continuously monitor some of the key product quality characteristics. The PAT technology involves continuous monitoring of the concentration with advanced analytical instruments such as optical probes and the development of a calibration model that relates the measured spectral data to the concentration of the pharmaceutically active substance. The calibration model can be developed using machine learning methods. The aim of this work was to develop and investigate neural network models for modeling the dependence of the concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, xylometazoline hydrochloride in n-buthanol on temperature and spectral data obtained by ATR-FTIR spectrometer measurements. The effects of the preprocessing of the spectral data, the number of neurons in the first and second hidden layers, the number of hidden layers, and the type of optimizer and transfer function used on the quality of the evolved neural networks were analyzed
Aldolase immobilisation on mesoporous silica functionalised by (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane
No full textU ovom radu provedena je imobilizacija enzima DERA na mezoporoznu siliku MCF funkcionaliziranu s (3–aminopropil)trimetoskisilanom u svrhu povećanja njegove stabilnosti u reakciji dvostruke aldolne adicije acetaldehida i kloroacetaldehida pri čemu nastaje prekursor u proizvodnji statina. Određivao se utjecaj procesa aktivacije nosioca na uspješnost imobilizacije korištenjem različitih aktivacijskih agenasa pri različitim koncentracijama: benzokinon (1,5, 3 i 4,5 mM), sukcinski anhidrid (5, 10 i 15 %) i glutaraldehid (10, 15 i 20 %). Najviša vrijednost parametara uspješnosti imobilizacije je zabilježena korištenjem 10 % sukcinskog anhidrida te je nosioc u daljnjim ispitivanjima aktiviran na taj način. Ispitan je utjecaj pH u području 6-8, te temperature u području 20-35 °C na proces imobilizacije. Kao optimalni uvjeti su se pokazali pH 6 i temperatura od 30 °C. Pri tim uvjetima je provedena imobilizacija enzima te je praćena njegova aktivnost kroz pet ciklusa u reakciji sinteze bočnog lanca statina. Rezultati su pokazali kako imobilizirani enzim zadržava 43 % svoje aktivnosti nakon petog ciklusa dok je kod slobodnog enzima prisutan potpuni gubitak aktivnosti već nakon drugog ciklusa.In this work, the enzyme DERA was immobilized on MCF mesoporous silica functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane to increase its stability in the reaction of double aldol addition of acetaldehyde and chloroacetaldehyde which results in the production of the statin precursor. The influence of the carrier activation process on the success of immobilization was determined using different activating agents at different concentrations: benzoquinone (1.5, 3 and 4.5 mM), succinic anhydride (5, 10 and 15 %) and glutaraldehyde (10, 15 and 20 %). The best parameters of immobilization success were achieved when the carrier was activated with 10% succinic anhydride, so it was used in further experiments. The influence of pH in the range of 6-8 and temperature in the range of 20-35 °C on the immobilization process was tested. A pH of 6 and temperature of 30 °C proved to be optimal. Under these conditions, the reusability of enzyme in the reaction of statin side chain synthesis was tested. The results showed that the immobilized enzyme retained 43 % of its activity after the fifth cycle, while the free enzyme completely lost its activity after the second cycle
Microorganisms and climate change
No full textKlimatske promijene i globalno zagrijavanje glavni su problem svijeta. Ovi problemi nastaju zbog sve veće koncentracije stakleničkih plinova u atmosferi koji uzrokuju zagrijavanje. Koncentracija stakleničkih plinova povećava se tijekom vremena utjecajem različitih ljudskih i prirodnih čimbenika kao što su izgaranje ugljena, nafte i drugih fosilnih goriva, raspadanje biljnih tvari i sagorijevanje biomase. Također ima učinak na sastav i funkciju mikrobne zajednice, kao i na njihovu metaboličku aktivnost. Mikroorganizmi su odgovorni za otprilike polovicu primarne proizvodnje na Zemlji, podržavaju sve oblike makroskopskog života izravno ili neizravno, i često opstaju u "ekstremnim" okruženjima gdje je većina ostalog života isključena. Ukratko, mikroorganizmi su sustav za održavanje života biosfere i stoga se moraju uključiti u donošenje odluka o klimatskim promjenama. Bilo kakvi učinci koje će klimatske promjene imati na mikroorganizme neizbježno će utjecati na veće eukariote, a aktivnost mikrobnih zajednica zauzvrat može pridonijeti ili ublažiti ozbiljnost promjenjive klime. U ovom je radu prikazano je kako klimatske promjene utječu na mikroorganizme, njihovu aktivnost, fiziološke promjene, promjene u raznolikosti, kolebanje vlage, te utjecaj mikroorganizama na klimatske promjene.Climate change and global warming are major problems in the world. These problems are caused by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which cause warming. The concentration of greenhouse gases increases over time under various human and natural factors such as the combustion of coal, oil and other fossil fuels, decomposition of plant material and burning of biomass. It also affects the structure and function of the microbial community as well as their metabolic activity. Microorganisms are responsible for about half of Earth's primary production, directly or indirectly support all forms of macroscopic life, and often survive in "extreme" environments where the rest of life is excluded. In short, microorganisms are a system for sustaining life in the biosphere and therefore must be included in decision-making about climate change. Any impacts that climate change has on microorganisms will inevitably affect larger eukaryotes, and the activity of microbial communities may in turn contribute to or mitigate the effects of climate change. This paper presents how climate change affects microorganisms, their activity, physiological changes, changes in diversity, humidity fluctuations and the impact of microorganisms on climate change
Quantum-chemical calculations of the interaction between diol and aldehyde
No full textPrimjenom programskog paketa „GAUSSIAN 09“, kvantnokemijskim izračunima ispitana su fizikalna i kemijska svojstva odabranih molekula aldehida i diola te određena energija i najpovoljnija geometrija njihovog međudjelovanja. Uz to, određen je doprinos vodikovih veza njihovoj reaktivnosti za 20 reakcijskih kompleksa koristeći teoriju funkcionalne gustoće (DFT) B3LYP (engl. Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr Hybrid Functionals) uz standardnu bazu funkcija 6-31+G(d). Ispitivanjem reaktanata u vodenoj otopini utvrđeno je da dioli formiraju strukturu s intramolekulskom vodikovom vezom između OH skupina, koja se održava i u kompleksima s aldehidima. Analizom različitih kompleksa utvrđeno je da su sustavi s jednom takvom vezom stabilniji od onih s dvije, što je povezano s povoljnijom vodikovom vezom između hidroksilnih skupina povoljnija od one između hidroksilne i karbonilne. Ispitivanje više molekula aldehida i diola ukazuje na optimalne vodikove veze s povoljnim udaljenostima i kutovima. Međutim, stvaranje reakcijskih kompleksa je endergoni proces, što znači da je potrebno dovesti energiju kako bi se ta interakcija uspostavila. Ova energija nije samo rezultat elektronskih svojstava, već i steričkih zahtjeva oba sudionika. Na kraju, razmotrena je veza između sposobnosti stvaranja vodikovih veza i uspješnosti konverzije aldehida i diola u cikličke acetale i molekulu vode.Quantum chemical calculations within the "GAUSSIAN 09" program were employed to evaluate physical and chemical properties of selected aldehyde and diol molecules, and to elucidate the energy and the most stable geometry of their interaction. Through this, the contribution of hydrogen bonds to their reactivity was determined for 20 reaction complexes using the B3LYP (Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr) Density Functional Theory (DFT) hybrid functional with the standard 6-31+G(d) basis set. Additionally, the contribution of hydrogen bonds to their reactivity was determined for 20 reaction complexes using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the B3LYP (Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr Hybrid Functionals) functional and the standard 6-31+G(d) basis set. By examining reactants in an aqueous solution, it was established that diols adopt a structure with an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the OH groups, which is also maintained in complexes with aldehydes. Analysis of various complexes revealed that systems with a single hydrogen bond are more stable than those with two, a phenomenon linked to the more favorable hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups compared to that between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Examination of multiple aldehyde and diol molecules indicated optimal hydrogen bonds with favorable distances and angles. However, the formation of reaction complexes is an endergonic process, requiring an input of energy to establish this interaction. This energy is influenced not only by electronic properties but also by the steric requirements of both reactants. Lastly, the connection between the capacity to form hydrogen bonds and the success of the conversion of aldehydes and diols into cyclic acetals and water molecules was considered
Biodegradation of polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) microparticles by yeast
No full textMasovna proizvodnja, stalna uporaba i nepropisno zbrinjavanje plastičnih proizvoda rezultiraju sve znatnijim onečišćenjem okoliša. Veće plastične čestice postupno se razgrađuju u okolišu na manje čestice od kojih se one sitnije od 5 mm nazivaju mikroplastikom (MP). Iako glavnina komercijalne plastike još uvijek otpada na polimere koji su postojani u okolišu i nisu skloni biorazgradnji, identificiran je niz mikrobnih sojeva s potencijalom biorazgradnje MP-a u prirodnom okolišu. Mikroorganizmi, kao što su bakterije, gljivice ili alge, nalaze se posvuda u prirodi i sposobni su prilagoditi se različitim uvjetima okoliša, pa nije čudno što neki od njih mogu razgrađivati i plastične polimere. U ovom radu ispitala se biorazgradnja predtretiranih mikročestica polistirena i poli(vinil-klorida) primjenom okolišno prisutnog kvasca Candida parapsilosis s ciljem određivanja optimalnih uvjeta procesa biorazgradnje. MP se karakterizirala FTIR-ATR spektroskopijom, a tijekom eksperimenta određivao se broj živih stanica kvasca (CFU) koji se zatim koristio kao odziv pri određivanju optimalnih uvjeta biorazgradnje. Eksperimenti su provedeni prema potpunom faktorskom dizajnu pri čemu se ispitao utjecaj pH, optičke gustoće i broj okretaja tresilice; svaki od ovih faktora ispitan je na tri razine. Uz određivanje CFU, provedene su i TOC i HPLC/MS analize. Na kraju, ispitana je toksičnost profiltrirane otopine nakon procesa biorazgradnje primjenom bakterije
Vibrio fischeri.Mass production, constant use, and improper disposal of plastic products are leading to ever-increasing environmental pollution. Larger plastic particles gradually break down in the environment into smaller particles, of which those smaller than 5 mm are called microplastics (MP). The main commercial plastics are stable in the environment and cannot be biodegraded, but a number of microbial strains have been identified that have the potential to biodegrade MP in the natural environment. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or algae are found everywhere in nature and are able to adapt to different environmental conditions, so it is not surprising that some of them can also degrade plastic polymers. In this work, the biodegradation of pretreated microparticles of polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated using the environmentally occurring yeast Candida parapsilosis to determine the optimal conditions for the biodegradation process. MP was characterized by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, and the number of live yeast cells (CFU) was determined during the experiment, which was then used as a response in determining the optimal biodegradation conditions. The experiments were performed according to a full factorial experimental design in which the influence of pH, optical density, and the rpm of the shaker were studied; each of these factors was investigated in three stages. In addition to the determination of CFU, TOC and HPLC/MS analyzes were also performed. Finally, the toxicity of the filtered solution after the biodegradation process was tested with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new indene derivatives
No full textGlavni cilj ovog rada je istraživanje i optimizacija sintetskog puta za nove indenske derivate koji će biti predmet budućih bioloških ispitivanja. Sintetski put derivata odvijao se u dvije glavne reakcije. U početnoj reakciji dobiveni su produkti 1-3 koji igraju ulogu prekursora za daljne korake. Produkti 4-6 formirani su putem redukcijske reakcije spojeva 1-3 uz uporabu litijevog aluminijevog hidrida kao reducensa. Nakon svakog koraka, produkti su izolirani uz pomoć kolonske kromatografije te su u potpunosti spektroskopski okarakterizirani.The main objective of this study is the exploration and optimization of a synthetic pathway for new indene derivatives that will be the subject of future biological investigations. The synthetic pathway involves two primary reactions. In the initial reaction, products 1-3 are obtained, which serve as precursors for further steps. Products 4-6 are formed through the reduction reaction of compounds 1-3, using lithium aluminum hydride as a reducing agent. After each step, the products are isolated through column chromatography and spectroscopically characterized
Silver/silver chloride reference electrode without internal electrolyte based on polyvinyl butyral
No full textU ovom radu formirane su dvije izvedbe čvrstofaznih referentnih elektroda (SSRE, solid-state reference electrode). Prva izvedba (RM1) temelji se na nanošenju zaštitne membrane od poli(vinil butirala) (PVB) na kemijski kloriranu srebrnu elektrodu. Za drugu izvedbu (RM2) formulirana je PVB-membrana zasićena srebrom, srebrovim kloridom te natrijevim kloridom. Membrane su prvo nanesene na disk elektrode: RM1 na srebrnu elektrodu te RM2 na elektrodu od staklastog ugljika (GC-elektroda). Po sušenju i kondicioniranju, provedeno je potenciometrijsko testiranje elektroda u nizu standardnih otopina širokog raspona koncentracija, uključujući: KCl, NaCl, CaCl2 te NaNO3. Ispitan je utjecaj pH na elektrodni odziv, za što je korišten citratni pufer širokog raspona pH vrijednosti od 2 do 12. Primjenjivost ovako pripremljenih elektroda ispitana je u postupku baždarenja komercijalne natrijeve ionsko-selektivne elektrode. Nakon što je potvrđena zahtijevana naponska stabilnost pripremljenih SSRE, proveden je transfer na inkjet ispisane Ag-elektrode na PET podlozi. RM1 i RM2 su nakapane na ispisane elektrode te su elektrokemijski ispitane jednako kao disk elektrode. Cilj je ispisivanje plošnih all-solid-state elektroda koje bi doprinijele optimizaciji i minijaturizaciji elektrokemijskih senzornih sustava.In this work, two versions of solid-state reference electrodes (SSRE) were formed. For the first one, a protective poly(vinyl butyral) membrane (RM1) was drop-cast on a chemically chlorinated disc Ag-electrode. The second realization was made by drop-casting a PVB membrane saturated with silver, silver chloride and sodium chloride (RM2) on a disc glassy carbon electrode (GC-electrode). After drying and conditioning, potentiometric testing of the electrodes was performed in a number of standard solutions having a wide range of concentrations, including: KCl, NaCl, CaCl2 and NaNO3. The influence of pH on the electrode response was investigated, for which a citrate buffer with a wide pH range from 2 to 12 was used. After the required voltage stability of the prepared SSREs was confirmed, a transfer to inkjet printed Ag-electrodes on a PET substrate was performed. RM1 and RM2 were drop-cast on the printed electrodes. These were electrochemically tested in the same way as the disk electrodes. This work aimed to make sustainable all-solid-state horizontal electrodes that would optimize and miniaturize electronics and sensor units