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Validation of the HPLC method for the determination of impurities in the active substance calcium pantothenate
No full textSvrha rada je detaljno opisati postupak validacije za određivanje onečišćenja u aktivnoj supstanci kalcijevog pantotenata. Kalcijev pantotenat je kalcijeva sol vitamina B5 koja posjeduje antioksidacijska svojstva zbog čega je neophodna za razne metaboličke funkcije, uključujući metabolizam ugljikohidrata, proteina i masnih kiselina. Sudjeluje i u sintezi hemoglobina, kolesterola, lipida. Validacijski postupak proveden je u laboratorijima Kontrole kvalitete, Pliva Hrvatska prema internim propisima i pod GMP uvjetima. Sva provedena ispitivanja u skladu su s važećim regulatornim smjernicama, uključujući ICH smjernice i Europsku farmakopeju (Ph. Eur.). Kroz eksperimentalni dio rada validirana je Ph. Eur. metoda za određivanje onečišćenja u kalcijevom pantotenatu da bi se osiguralo da će predloženi postupak biti uspješno implementiran u laboratorijima Kontrole kvalitete.
HPLC tehnikom s TUV detektorom ispitani su validacijski parametri selektivnost, osjetljivost, preciznost, točnost, linearnost, robusnost te stabilnost SST otopine i otopine standarda.The aim of this paper is to describe the validation procedure for impurities determination in Calcium Pantothenate active substance. Calcium Pantothenate is the calcium salt of vitamin B5 with antioxidant properties which makes it essential for various metabolic functions, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids. This vitamin is also involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin, cholesterol, lipids. The validation procedure was performed in the Quality Control laboratories, Pliva Hrvatska according to internal regulations and under GMP conditions. All tests performed are in accordance with current regulatory guidelines, including ICH guidelines and the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). Through the experimental part of the thesis, the Ph. Eur. procedure for impurities determination of Calcium Pantothenate active substance was validated to ensure that the proposed analytical method will be successfully implemented in Quality Control laboratories. The following validation parameters were tested using the HPLC technique with Tunable UV Detector, TUV: selectivity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness and stability of standard and SST solution
Efficiency of waste managment in town of Velika Gorica
No full textSvrha ovog završnog rada je prikazati učinkovitost sustava gospodarenja otpadom u gradu Velikoj Gorici. Ciljevi sustava gospodarenja otpadom u gradu Velikoj Gorici su u skladu sa Zakonom o održivom gospodarenju otpadom, točnije Planom gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj. Glavni cilj je smanjiti količinu odloženog otpada na odlagalištima i smanjiti količinu miješanog komunalnog otpada. Otpad se može koristiti kao sirovina i energija. Kako bi iz otpada dobili sirovinu potrebno je otpad odvojeno prikupiti, obraditi, reciklirati i vratiti u gospodarstvo.The purpose of this final paper is to describe the efficiency of the waste managment system in the city of Velika Gorica. The goals of the waste managment system in the city of Velika Gorica are in accordance with the law about sustainable development of waste managment, or to be exact the plan of waste managment in the Republic of Croatia. The main goal of waste managment is to reduce the amount of waste being dropped on landfills and also to reduce the amount of mixed municipal waste. Waste can be used as a raw material and energy. To get that raw material from waste, it is necessary to collect and process waste separately, recycle it and then put it back in to the economy
Disinfection by-products in potable waters
No full textPrisutnost organske tvari u vodi u kontaktu s dezinfekcijskim sredstvima rezultira stvaranjem brojnih dezinfekcijskih nusprodukata (DNP) od kojih mnogi imaju potencijalno negativan učinak na ljudsko zdravlje. Glavni nusprodukti dezinfekcije voda za piće su trihalometani, halooctene kiseline, haloacetonitrili i haloketoni. Dugotrajno izlaganje spomenutim spojevima može rezultirati teškim zdravstvenim problemima ili kancerogenim učinkom. Trihalometani se povezuju s oštećenjem živčanog sustava, bubrega i reproduktivnom toksičnosti te s razvojnim i reproduktivnim poteškoćama. Halooctene kiseline u velikim koncentracijama djeluju negativno na reproduktivni sustav čovjeka te mogu uzrokovati probleme sa slezenom, jetrom i bubrezima. Upravo zbog toksičnog i mutagenog učinka nusprodukata dezinfekcije važno je njihovo reguliranje i uklanjanje iz voda za piće te bazenskih voda. Formiranje dezinfekcijskih nusprodukata ovisi o pH vrijednostima vode, njenoj temperaturi, količini prisutne organske tvari, vrsti primijenjenog dezinficijensa te vremenu kontakta. Kloriranje, najpoznatija i najjeftinija metoda dezinfekcije, stvara nusprodukte trihalometane (THM). Dezinfekcija klorovim dioksidom može rezultirati stvaranjem nusprodukata klorata i klorita. Ozoniranje može u vodi stvoriti bromate (BrO3-) koji su potencijalno kancerogeni, aldehide, koji su toksični u visokim koncentracijama te ketone, koji utječu na okus i miris vode. Analiza vode naprednim analitičkim tehnikama kao što su plinska i tekućinska kromatografija, mikroekstrakcijske tehnike, te njeno kontinuirano praćenje nužni su kako bi razine dezinfekcijskih produkata bile unutar granica određenih zakonom. Razvijene su učinkovite tehnike uklanjanja i regulacije DNP-a poput nanofiltracije, membranske separacije reverznom osmozom i fleksibilnom reverznom osmozom. U radu su obrađene najnovije spoznaje o pojavi i štetnosti DNP-a u pitkim vodama te mogućnostima njihovog uklanjanja iz voda.The presence of organic matter in water in contact with disinfectants results in the formation of numerous disinfection by-products (DBP), many of which have a potentially negative effect on human health. The main by-products of disinfection are trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitrile and haloketones. Long-term exposure to the mentioned compounds can result in serious health problems or a carcinogenic effect. Trihalomethanes have been linked to bladder, colon and rectal cancer as well as developmental and reproductive problems. Haloacetic acids in high concentrations have a negative effect on the human reproductive system and can cause problems with the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Precisely because of the toxic and mutagenic effect of disinfection byproducts, it is important to regulate and remove them from potable waters and pool waters. The formation of disinfection by-products depends on the pH values of the water, its temperature, the amount of organic matter present, the type of disinfectant used and the contact time. Chlorination, the most famous and cheapest method of disinfection, creates trihalomethane (THM) byproducts. Disinfection with chlorine dioxide can result in the formation of chlorate and chlorite byproducts. Ozonation can create bromates (BrO3-) in water, which are potentially carcinogenic, aldehydes, which are toxic in high concentrations, and ketones, which affect the taste and smell of water. Water analysis using advanced analytical techniques such as gas and liquid chromatography, microextraction techniques, and its continuous monitoring are necessary to ensure that the levels of disinfectant products are within the limits set by law. Effective techniques for DBP removal and regulation have been developed, such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis membrane separation, and flexible reverse osmosis. The paper will deal with the latest knowledgements about the occurrence and harmfulness of DBP in potable water and the possibilities of their removal from potable water
The influence of ingredients on the effect of cosmetic products
No full textKozmetika je pojam koji se odnosi na proizvode čiji je cilj poboljšanje fizičkog izgleda, odnosno isticanje čovjekove prirodne ljepote, ali isto tako služe i za prekrivanje nedostataka na koži. Dio je svakodnevne njege lica i tijela među milijunima ljudi, a korištenje kozmetičkih proizvoda potječe još iz vremena starih civilizacija. Dijeli se na proizvode za njegu kože, proizvode za njegu kose, proizvode za šminkanje i proizvode za čišćenje. Zbog izrazite popularnosti, kozmetička industrija ima velik utjecaj na samopouzdanje čovjeka. Razvoj kozmetičkih proizvoda svakim danom napreduje te se u proizvodnji koriste razne komponente kako bi nastao što učinkovitiji i dugotrajniji proizvod u njezi kože. Iako se potiče upotrebljavanje prirodnih supstanci poput ulja koja nisu štetna za kožu, sve je veća prisutnost teških metala i sulfata u pripravcima koji imaju negativan utjecaj na kožnu barijeru čovjeka. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati usporedbu dobrih i loših komponenata od kojih su sastavljeni kozmetički proizvodi te njihov utjecaj na čovjekovu kožu i zdravlje, s naglaskom na upotrebu dekorativne kozmetike.Cosmetics is a term that refers to products aimed at improving physical appearance and highlighting people's natural beauty, but they are also used for covering skin imperfections. They take part in daily face and body care routine for millions of people. The use of cosmetic products dates back to ancient civilizations. It is divided into skincare products, haircare products, makeup products and products for cleaning. Because of their massive popularity, cosmetic industry has a significant impact on people's self confidence. The development of cosmetic products advances daily and different components to create more effective and long-lasting skincare products are used. Although the use of natural substances such as oils, which are not harmful to the skin, is encouraged, a presence of heavy metals and sulfates in preparations is increasing. That has negative impact on human skin barrier.
The aim of this thesis is to present comparison of the beneficial and harmful components used in cosmetic products and their impact on human skin and health, with an emphasis on the use of decorative cosmetics
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new thienobenzo-triazoles and their salts
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je sintetizirati nove tienobenzo-triazole, odnosno njihove soli,
s potencijalnim inhibicijskim djelovanjem prema enzimima kolinesterazama. Kao metoda sinteze za tieno-triazolne stilbene korištena je Wittigova reakcija, koja se obično koristi za dobivanje alkena reakcijom aldehida ili ketona s fosforovim ilidom. U ovom slučaju, različiti
1-supstituirani 4-formil-1,2,3-triazoli reagirali su s odgovarajućim fosforovim ilidom kako bi nastali 1,2,3-triazolni stilbeni. Zbog prisutnosti konjugiranog sustava u ovim produktima, oni su uspješno bili podvrgnuti fotokemijskim reakcijama. Prilikom osvjetljavanja stilbenskih derivata došlo je do ciklizacije, odnosno formiranja prstena. Dobiveni produkti, tj. njihova struktura potvrđena je NMR spektroskopijom i masenom spektrometrijom. Biološka ispitivanja pokazala su da spoj 9 pokazuje inhibiciju enzima butirilkolinesteraze s IC50 vrijednosti od 34,6 μM dok njegova sol 13 ima IC50 od 0,6 μM, što je čak deset puta bolja inhibicijska aktivnost od one koju pokazuje standardni reverzibilni inhibitor galantamin.The aim of this study was to synthesize new thienobenzo-triazoles, specifically their salts, with potential cholinesterase inhibition activity. The synthesis of thieno-triazole stilbenes was achieved using the Wittig reaction, a method commonly employed for the preparation of alkenes, where aldehydes or ketones react with phosphorus ylide. In this case, various
1-substituted 4-formyl-1,2,3-triazoles reacted with the corresponding phosphorus ylide to yield 1,2,3-triazole stilbenes. Due to the presence of a conjugated system in these products, they were successfully subjected to photochemical reactions. Upon irradiation of stilbene derivatives, cyclization occurred, leading to ring closure. The structure of the obtained products was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Biological tests showed that compound 9 shows inhibition of the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme with an IC50 value of 34.6 μM, while its salt 13 has an IC50 of 0.6 μM, which is even ten times better inhibitory activity than that shown by the standard reversible inhibitor galantamine
Influence of PCL on the properties of PA/PCL blends
No full textCilj ovog rada je istražiti utjecaj polikaprolaktona (PCL) na svojstva mješavina poliamida 12 (PA12) i polikaprolaktona (PCL) s posebnim naglaskom na njihova toplinska, površinska i mehanička svojstva. Polimerne mješavine sve se više koriste u industriji jer omogućuju kombiniranje korisnih svojstava različitih polimera, čime se postiže materijal prilagođen specifičnim potrebama i primjenama. PA12 je termoplastični polimer poznat po visokoj čvrstoći, kemijskoj otpornosti i stabilnosti, dok PCL, biorazgradivi polimer, doprinosi fleksibilnosti i lakšoj obradi materijala. Korištenje mješavina ovih polimera otvara mogućnost stvaranja novih materijala s poboljšanim svojstvima koja su pogodna za različite industrijske primjene, uključujući medicinske uređaje, ambalažu, automobilsku i zrakoplovnu industriju. Kako bi se detaljno istražila svojstva mješavina, provedena su ispitivanja pomoću diferencijalne pretražne kalorimetrije (DSC) i termogravimetrijske analize (TGA), koji pružaju uvid u termičku stabilnost i prijelazne temperature materijala. Također, površinska svojstva analizirana su mjerenjem kontaktnog kuta radi izračunavanja slobodne površinske energije, dok su mehanička svojstva određena kroz test vlačnog ispitivanja. Ovaj diplomski rad doprinosi boljem razumijevanju ponašanja polimernih mješavina PA12/PCL te pruža temelje za daljnja istraživanja usmjerena na kompatibilnost komponenata unutar polimerne mješavine te njenu stabilnost i industrijsku primjenu.The aim of this thesis is to investigate the influence of polycaprolactone (PCL) on the properties of polyamide 12 (PA12) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blends, with special emphasis on their thermal, surface, and mechanical properties. Polymer blends are increasingly used in industry as they enable the combination of beneficial properties of different polymers, resulting in materials tailored to specific needs and applications. PA12 is a thermoplastic polymer known for its high strength, chemical resistance, and stability, while PCL, a biodegradable polymer, contributes to the flexibility and easier processing of the material. The use of these polymer blends opens up the possibility of creating new materials with improved properties suitable for various industrial applications, including medical devices, packaging, automotive, and aerospace industries. In order to thoroughly investigate the properties of the blends, tests were conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which provide insight into the thermal stability and transition temperatures of the materials. Additionally, surface properties were analyzed by measuring the contact angle to calculate the surface free energy, while mechanical properties were determined through tensile testing. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the behavior of PA12/PCL polymer blends and provides a foundation for further research focused on the compatibility of components within the polymer blend, as well as its stability and industrial application
Electrocatalysts based on alloys of nickel and transition metals for green hydrogen production
No full textFokus ovoga rada je razvoj i proučavanje elektrokatalizatora na osnovi nikla i prijelaznih metala za poboljšanje učinkovitosti proizvodnje zelenog vodika. S obzirom na globalnu potrebu za smanjenjem emisija stakleničkih plinova i prijelaz na održive izvore energije, zeleni vodik postaje ključan element u dekarbonizaciji energetskog sektora. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati utjecaj obrade površine materijala i geometrije sustava na katalitičku aktivnost različitih materijala za reakciju razvijanja vodika (r.r.v.) u alkalnim uvjetima. Eksperimentalni dio obuhvaća ispitivanje katalitičke aktivnosti materijala poput nikla, platine i legure kobalta, kroma i molibdena (CoCrMo), primjenom elektrokemijske impedancijske spektroskopije (EIS) i polarizacijskih mjerenja. Eksperimenti su izvedeni u standardnom troelektrodnom sustavu u
1 M otopini NaOH (pH = 14) pri sobnoj temperaturi. Normalizacija površine elektrokatalizatora na elektrokemijski aktivnu površinu omogućila je točniju procjenu njihove učinkovitosti i usporedbu katalizatora različitih materijala i morfoloških karakteristika. Rezultati su pokazali da platina, prema kinetičkim parametrima, ima najbolju katalitičku aktivnost, pri čemu se reakcija odvija putem Volmer-Heyrovsky mehanizma. Polirana platinska rotirajuća
disk-elektroda (RDE) pokazala je bolju učinkovitost u usporedbi s nepoliranom, što ukazuje na utjecaj obrade površine na katalitičku aktivnost materijala. Nikal i legura CoCrMo pokazali su slične katalitičke karakteristike, s reakcijom koja slijedi Volmer-Tafelov mehanizam,
pri čemu Volmerov korak određuje ukupnu brzinu reakcije.The focus of this work is the development and study of nickel-based and transition metal-based electrocatalysts to improve the efficiency of green hydrogen production. Given the global need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to sustainable energy sources, green hydrogen is becoming a key element in the decarbonization of the energy sector. The aim of this work is to examine the impact of material surface treatment and system geometry on the catalytic activity of different materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under alkaline conditions. The experimental part involves testing the catalytic activity of materials such as nickel, platinum and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements. The experiments were conducted in a standard three-electrode system in a
1 M NaOH solution (pH = 14) at room temperature. Normalizing the electrocatalyst surface to an electrochemically active surface allowed for a more accurate assessment of their efficiency and comparison of catalysts with different materials and morphological characteristics. The results showed that platinum, based on kinetic parameters, has the best catalytic activity, with the reaction proceeding via the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism.
The polished platinum RDE demonstrated better efficiency compared to the unpolished one, indicating the influence of surface treatment on the catalytic activity of the material. Nickel and the CoCrMo alloy exhibited similar catalytic characteristics, with the reaction following the Volmer-Tafel mechanism, where the Volmer step determines the reaction rate
Preparation of ceramic monolithic catalyst carriers by fused filament fabrication
No full textModerne tehnologije aditivne proizvodnje (ili 3D-ispisa) koje omogućuju izradu vrlo složenih geometrija snažno su potaknule razvoj industrije. To se zasniva na brojnim prednostima aditivne proizvodnje u odnosu na konvencionalne metode proizvodnje, a posebice na brzinu izrade, jednostavnost i nižu cijenu izrade vrlo složenih proizvoda, mogućnost primjene različitih polaznih materijala te ekološku prihvatljivost s obzirom da uglavnom ne dolazi do nastajanja otpadnih materijala ili je njihovo nastajanje minimalno. Do danas su razvijene brojne tehnike aditivne proizvodnje koje se međusobno razlikuju po korištenim materijalima, principima rada te izvedbi uređaja. Prema ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 normi tehnike aditivne proizvodnje dijele se u sedam kategorija, a jedna od najzastupljenijih je tehnologija proizvodnje rastaljenim filamentom (FFF) koja se zasniva na ekstruziji odgovarajućeg materijala. Ova tehnologija svoju popularnost temelji na mogućnosti izrade vrlo složenih proizvoda ili ugradbenih dijelova u jako kratkom vremenu. Pritom je moguće koristiti različite polazne materijale zavisno o zahtjevima očekivanog konačnog proizvoda. Zahvaljujući brojnim prednostima ova tehnologija ima važnu primjenu u području katalitičkog reakcijskog inženjerstva. U ovom radu analizirane su komparativne prednosti aditivne tehnologije izrada složenih strukturiranih i monolitnih izvedbi katalizatora/reaktora u odnosu na tradicionalne metode ekstrudiranja. Pritom je poseban naglasak dan na tehnologiju rastaljenim filamentom. Opisane su izvedbe 3D-pisača, materijali pogodni za primjenu, te ključni izazovi koji se mogu pojaviti tijekom procesa ispisa, uz prikaz mogućih rješenja. U završnom dijelu dan je primjer primjene FFF tehnologije.Modern technologies of additive manufacturing (or 3D-printing), which enable the creation of very complex geometries, have strongly stimulated the development of the industry. This is based on the numerous advantages of additive manufacturing compared to conventional production methods, especially the speed of production, the simplicity and lower cost of manufacturing very complex products, the possibility of using different starting materials, and environmental acceptability, given that there is mostly no waste material generated or their formation is minimal. To date, numerous additive manufacturing techniques have been developed differing from each other in the materials used, operating principles and device configurations. According to ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, the standards of additive manufacturing techniques are divided into seven categories, and one of the most widely used is the fused filament fabrication (FFF), which is based on the extrusion of the corresponding material. This technology bases its popularity on the possibility of making very complex products or embedded parts in a very short time. It is possible to use different starting materials depending on the requirements of the expected final product. Thanks to its numerous advantages, this technology has an important application in the field of catalytic reaction engineering. In this article, the comparative advantages of additive manufacturing technologies for the production of complex structured and monolithic designs of catalysts/reactors are analyzed in comparison to traditional extrusion processes. Special emphasis is placed on fused filament technology. Different types of 3D printers, suitable materials for application, utilization and the main challenges that may arise during the printing process, along with possible solutions are described. In the last part, an example of the application of FFF technology is given
Parameters influencing the accuracy of pycnometer determination of powder density
No full textpogreške vaganja. Obradom simuliranih podataka određivala se gustoća za zadane uzorke (smola, staklo i titanij) koja se zatim uspoređivala s poznatom stvarnom gustoćom kako bi se na kraju utvrdio utjecaj različitih parametara na ukupnu pogrešku određivanja gustoće.
Svi podaci obrađivali su se u programu Excel, a sam račun bio je podijeljen na tri dijela.
U prvom dijelu pratio se utjecaj gustoće uzorka, zatim se u drugom dijelu pratio utjecaj gustoće mjerne tekućine i na kraju se pratio utjecaj omjera volumena uzorka i piknometra.
Za svaki dio računala se relativna i apsolutna pogreška te su krajnji podaci prikazani tablično i grafički kako bi rezultati bili pregledniji. Iz vrijednosti pogrešaka moglo se najbolje vidjeti kod kojeg uzorka i kod koje mjerne tekućine dolazi do najvećih odstupanja. Na kraju, ono što se može vidjeti jest to da se najveće odstupanje uvijek javljalo kod uzorka titanija, neovisno o parametrima koji su se mijenjali. Testiranjem podataka, može se zaključiti da će podaci dobiveni korištenjem metode piknometra, u većini slučajeva dati rezultate vrlo bliske teorijskim vrijednostima, što tu metodu čini vrlo korisnom. Pritom treba nastojati koristiti mjernu tekućinu čija je gustoća bliska onoj određivane tvari, a pogreška se smanjuje povećanjem količine uzorka u piknometru.The purpose of this work was to simulate the pycnometric density determination of samples with weighing measurement errors. By processing simulated data, the density of given samples (resin, glass, and titanium) was determined and compared with the known actual density to assess the impact of different parameters on the overall error in density determination. All data were processed in Excel, and the calculation was divided into three parts. In the first part, the influence of the sample's density was monitored, then in the second part, the impactof the measuring liquid's density was observed, and finally, the effect of the volume ratio between the sample and the pycnometer was analyzed. For each section, relative and absolute errors were calculated, and the final data were presented in tables and graphs to make results clearer. From the error values, it was possible to observe which sample and which measuring liquid caused the largest deviations. In conclusion, the largest deviation always occurred with the titanium sample, regardless of the changed parameters. Testing the data shows that the results obtained using the pycnometer method for determining the sample density will, in most cases, yield values very close to the theoretical ones, making this method highly useful. It is advisable to use a measuring liquid whose density is close to that of the substance being measured, and the error decreases with an increase in the amount of sample in the pycnometer
Processes of CO2 capture in the chemical process industry
No full textU današnjem svijetu okruženi smo različitim vrstama kemijsko procesnih industrija. Neke od njih su industrija nafte i farmaceutska industrija koje su dovoljni primjeri koliko su nam te industrije važne za život i razvoj. Velik problem skoro svih industrija predstavljaju emisije ugljikova (IV) oksida. CO2 staklenički je plin koji je ujedno i jedan od glavnih uzorka sve drastičnijih klimatskih promjena s kojima smo suočeni. Da bi se to spriječilo postavljaju se novi i stroži zakoni za ispuštanje emisija CO2. Iz navedenih razloga stavljen je velik izazov pred kemijsku industriju i svakim danom pokušavaju se pronaći što bolja i djelotvornija rješenja za emisije CO2. Jedno od mogućih rješenja je sustav tehnologije CCS (eng. Carbon Capture and Storage) koji će biti predstavljen u ovom završnom radu. Predstavit će se prednosti i nedostaci CCS sustava te određeni primjeri njegove primjene u svijetu.In today's world, we are surrounded by different types of chemical process industries. Some of them are the oil industry and the pharmaceutical industry, which are sufficient examples of how important these industries are for our life and development. Carbon dioxide emissions are a big problem for almost all industries. Carbon (IV) oxide is one of the greenhouse gases that is also one of the main patterns of the increasingly drastic climate changes we are facing. In order to prevent this, new and stricter laws are being put in place for the release of carbon dioxide emissions. For the reasons outlined above, a great challenge has been put before the chemical industry, and every day they try to find better and more efficient solutions for carbon dioxide emissions. One of the possible solutions is the CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) technology system, which will be presented in this final paper.
The advantages and drawbacks of the CCS system and certain examples of its application in the world will be presented