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Comparison of ferrate(VI) and Fenton process for removal of microplastics from aqueous media
No full textPlastični materijali nezamjenjivi su u današnjem svijetu. Zbog svoje jednostavne proizvodnje i ekonomske isplativosti, jednostavnog oblikovanja te odličnih mehaničkih i kemijskih svojstava, koristi se u svim aspektima našega života. Primjena i proizvodnja iz godine u godinu raste, ali raste i problem zbrinjavanja plastičnog otpada. U okolišu plastični otpad pod utjecajem prirodnih sila fragmentira se na manje čestice veličine do 5 mm, koje zajednički nazivam mikroplastikom. U okviru ovoga rada ispitano je uklanjanje modelne mikroplastike, odnosno čestica poli(etilen tereftalata) i polipropilena, iz vodenog medija primjenom dva usporedna procesa: oksidacije/koagulacije feratima(VI) te Fenton procesom. Uzorci su karakterizirani pomoću infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR) kako bi se identificirale kemijske promjene uzoraka. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata ustanovljena je degradacija uzoraka polipropilena, pri čemu je identificiran nastanak dvostrukih veza kod polipropilena. Međutim, kod poli(etilen tereftalata) FTIR analizom nisu ustanovljene jednoznačne promjene.Plastic materials are irreplaceable in today's world. Due to their ease of production and economic viability, ease of shaping and excellent mechanical and chemical properties, the use of plastics is widespread in our lives. The use and production of plastics is increasing year by year, but so is the problem of disposing of plastic waste. In the environment, under the influence of natural forces, plastic waste is fragmented into smaller particles up to 5 mm in size, which I call microplastics. In this work, the removal of model microplastics, i.e., particles of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polypropylene, from an aqueous medium was investigated using two comparative methods: oxidation/coagulation with ferrate (VI) and the Fenton process. The samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine chemical changes in the samples. Based on the obtained results, degradation of polypropylene samples was identified due to the formation of double bonds in polypropylene. However, for poly(ethylene terephthalate) FTIR doesn’t reveal significant changes
Investigation of inclusion complexes of diamondoid ammonium salts with cyclodextrins
No full textU okviru ovog rada provedena je sinteza adamantanskih i diamantanskih amonijevih soli 1–8 koje su ispitane kao molekule gosti u vezivanjima s β- i γ-ciklodekstrinima (CD) molekulama domaćinima u vodenim otopinama. Nizom reakcijskih koraka pripravljen je 2-aminoadamantan iz adamantan-2-ona, a funkcionalizacijom diamantanskog ugljikovodika dobiveni su različiti regioizomeri aminodiamantana, 1- i 3-supstituirani diamantanski amini. Sintetizirani amini prevedeni su u odgovarajuće amonijeve soli 1–3, a potom u različite funkcionalizirane, dimetilirane 4–6 i permetilirane 7 i 8, amonijeve soli. Svi pripravljeni spojevi okarakterizirani su uobičajenim spektroskopskim metodama. Studij vezivanja molekula 1–8 s β- i γ-ciklodekstrinima proveden je titracijskim 1H NMR eksperimentima u D2O otopinama te se temeljem dobivenih rezultata zaključuje da nastaju kompleksi 1:1 stehiometrije uz vrijednosti konstanti stabilnosti ≥ 10^3 i 10^4 mol^–1 dm^3. Adamantanske amonijeve soli stvaraju inkluzijske komplekse samo s β-CD makrociklom, dok diamantanske amonijeve soli stvaraju inkluzijske komplekse s oba ispitana makrocikla. Stabilnije komplekse tvore s manjim makrociklom, β-CD-om. Inkluzijski kompleksi potvrđeni su NOESY spektroskopijom.In the scope of this thesis, adamantane and diamantane ammonium salts 1–8 were synthesized and compounds were tested as guest molecules in binding with β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) host molecules in aqueous solutions. Throughout a multistep synthesis, 2-aminoadamantane was prepared from adamantan-2-one, and by functionalization of diamantane hydrocarbon, different regioisomers of aminodiamantane, 1- and 3-substituted diamantane amines, were obtained. The synthesized amines were converted into the corresponding ammonium salts 1–3, and then into various functionalized dimethylated 4–6 and permethylated 7 and 8 ammonium salts. All prepared compounds were characterized by standard spectroscopic methods. The binding study of the molecules 1–8 with β- and γ-cyclodextrins was carried out by 1H NMR titration experiments in D2O solutions. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry were formed with values of stability constants ≥ 10^3 and 10^4 mol^–1 dm^3. Adamantane ammonium salts form inclusion complexes only with the β-CD macrocycle, while diamantane ammonium salts form inclusion complexes with both tested macrocycles, more stable being with the smaller macrocycle, β-CD. Inclusion complexes were confirmed by NOESY spectroscopy
Supporting information: Quinoline- and coumarin-based ligands and their rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes: synthesis, spectral characterization and antiproliferative activity on T-cell lymphoma
No full textSupporting information for the scientific paper entitled:
Quinoline- and coumarin-based ligands and their rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes: synthesis, spectral characterization and antiproliferative activity on T-cell lymphom
Development and validation of ion chromatographic methods for determination of inorganic cations and anions
No full textIonska kromatografija najčešće je primjenjivana za praćenje kvalitete vode (prisutnost različitih iona u vodi) te općenito za monitoring okoliša (praćenje onečišćivala), upravo zahvaljujući njenoj visokoj osjetljivosti, preciznosti i mogućnosti istovremene analize više iona. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je provesti validaciju metode ionske kromatografije za određivanje aniona (bromida, fluorida, fosfata, klorida, nitrata, nitrita i sulfata) i kationa (amonija, kalcija, kalija, magnezija, natrija i litija) u pripremljenim otopinama poznatih koncentracija. Određeni su parametri validacije: linearnost, preciznost, istinitost (točnost), granica detekcije i kvantifikacije.Ion chromatography is most often used to monitor water quality (presence of different ions in water) and for environmental monitoring in general (monitoring of pollutants), thanks to its high sensitivity, precision and the possibility of simultaneous analysis of several ions. The aim of this thesis was to validate the method for determining anions (bromide, fluoride, phosphate, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate) and cations (ammonium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and lithium) in prepared solutions with individually known concentrations using the ion chromatography method. Validation parameters determined were: linearity, precision, truthfulness (accuracy), limit od detection and quantification
Synthesis and structural characterization of novel purine bioisosteres with potential biological activity
No full textPurini i purinski bioizosteri važni su spojevi u medicinskoj kemiji zbog njihove uloge u različitim staničnim procesima te njihovog značaja u razvoju lijekova. Njihova fizikalno-kemijska svojstva i širok raspon bioloških aktivnosti kao što je antitumorska i antivirusna aktivnost čine ih bitnim farmakoforima za razvoj lijekova. U ovom radu sintetizirani su izoksazolni derivati purina i 7-deazapurina reakcijom bazno katalizirane 1,3-dipolarne cikloadicije N-propargiliranih heterocikličkih derivata i nitrilnih oksida koji su prethodno pripravljeni in situ iz hidroksimoilnih klorida. Sintetizirani spojevi 33−38 u daljnjem su stupnju modificirani na položaju C-6 purinske jezgre kako bi se vidio utjecaj ovakve kemijske transformacije na biološku aktivnost. Za tu su svrhu provedene Suzuki-Miyaurine i Sonogashirine reakcije katalizirane paladijem koje su potpomognute mikrovalnim zračenjem. Piridinski derivati supstituirani na izoksazolnom prstenu nadalje su korišteni kao ligandi za sintezu renij(I) trikarbonilnih metalnih kompleksa. Ovakvo uvođenje metala u strukturu potencijalno biološki aktivnih spojeva može povoljno utjecati na aktivnost te poboljšati fizikalno-kemijska svojstva nastalih metalnih kompleksa. Svi sintetizirani spojevi i metalni kompleksi strukturno su okarakterizirani pomoću spektroskopije 1H i 13C NMR, UV-Vis i IR, a struktura metalnog kompleksa 35a dodatno je potvrđena rendgenskom strukturnom analizom.Due to their crucial function in numerous biological processes and their usefulness in the development of drugs, purines and purine bioisosteres are significant compounds in medicinal chemistry. Their physicochemical properties and wide range of biological activities, such as antitumor and antiviral activity make them essential pharmacophores for the drug development. In this work, various isoxazole derivatives of purine and 7-deazapurine were synthesized. The target compounds were synthesized by a base-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between N-propargylated heterocycles and nitrile oxides generated in situ from hydroxymoyl chlorides. The synthesized compounds 33−38 were then modified at the C-6 position of the purine in order to improve biological activity. Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions were performed under microwave irradiation. Pyridine-substituted isoxazole derivatives were used subsequently as ligands for the synthesis of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl metal complexes. The introduction of metals into the structure of potentially biologically active compounds can favorably influence the activity and improve the physicochemical properties. All synthesized compounds and metal complexes were structurally characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, while the structure of metal complex 35a was additionally confirmed by X-ray structural analysis
Preparation of microparticles using microreactors
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je pripremiti mikročestice na temelju kompleksa kitozana i bakrovih(II) iona (CHT-Cu) primjenom mikroreaktora napravljenog de novo. Promjenom brzine protoka kontinuirane i dispergirane faze cilj je bio dobiti usku raspodjelu veličina mikročestica. U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada, strojnom obradom napravljen je mikroreaktor na temelju poli(metil-metakrilata) (PMMA) geometrije poprečnog protoka (T-spoj) s kanalima promjera 940 ± 50 μm. Kao dispergirana faza korištena je otopina CHT-Cu kompleksa, dok je kontinuirana faza bila suncokretovo ulje s ili bez emulgatora (SPAN 85). Ispitivan je utjecaj promjene brzine protoka kontinuirane i dispergirane faze kao i upotreba različitog sastava neutralizacijskog medija. Kao neutralizacijski medij je korištena 1,25 mol dm^-3 otopina natrijeva hidroksida (NaOH) ili smjesa otopine NaOH i 96 vol. % etanola (volumni omjer 1:1). Također, ispitivane su različite modifikacije mikroreaktora, kao što su primjena metalne igle i crijeva za lakše odvođenje produkta (otopine) na izlazu iz mikroreaktora, te primjena teflonskog sloja na izgled i veličinu nastalih CHT-Cu mikročestica. Dobivene CHT-Cu mikročestice bile su prosječne širine 567 ± 190 μm i dužine 1091 ± 250 μm, neovisno o primijenjenim brzinama protoka kontinuirane i dispergirane faze, ali različitog oblika uslijed upotrebe različitih sastava neutralizacijskog medija. Tijekom ispiranja i sušenja dolazi do smanjenja nastalih mikročestica uz zadržavanje nepravilnog, izduženog oblika, uz pojavu aglomerata. Infracrvena spektroskopija s Fourierovom transformacijom (ATR-FTIR) pokazala je prisutnost elektrostatskih sila između metalnih iona i polimernog lanca kitozana bez pojave dodatnih apsorpcijskih vrpci, što je potvrdilo uspješnost primijenjenog postupka ispiranja i sušenja mikročestica. Kao obećavajući sustav su se pokazale CHT-Cu mikročestice dobivene primjenom 1,25 mol dm^-3 NaOH i 96 vol.% EtOH kao neutralizacijskog medija, uz brzine protoka kontinuirane i dispergirane faze od 50 i 0,5 mL h^-1. Rezultati ovog rada ukazuju na potencijal korištenja mikroreaktora za dobivanje mikročestica na temelju kitozana i metalnih iona, a što može poslužiti kao podloga za daljnja istraživanja s ciljem optimizacije procesa kako bi se dobile mikročestice pravilnijih oblika s užom raspodjelom veličina, a za razvoj sustava za ciljanu dostavu lijekova.The aim of this study was to prepare microparticles based on chitosan-copper(II) ion complex (CHT-Cu) using a de novo microreactor. By manipulating the flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases, the goal was to achieve a narrow size distribution of the CHT-Cu microparticles. In the experimental part of this study, a poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) microreactor with T-junction geometry and channels of diameter 940 ± 50 μm was prepared by surface machining technique using a milling machine. The dispersed phase was CHT-Cu complex solution, while the continuous phase was sunflower oil with or without an emulsifier (SPAN 85). The study examined the effects of varying the flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases, as well as using different compositions of the neutralizing medium. The neutralizing medium was a 1.25 mol dm^-3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution or a mixture of NaOH solution and 96 vol. % ethanol (volume ratio 1:1). Additionally, different modifications of the microreactor were tested, such as the use of a metal needle and a tube (pipe) for easier removal of the product (solution) from the microreactor’s outlet, and the use of a Teflon layer on the microreactor’s surface, on the size and shape of the resulting CHT-Cu microparticles. The obtained CHT-Cu microparticles were of average width 567 ± 190 μm and length 1091 ± 250 μm, regardless of the applied flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases, but varied in shape due to the use of different compositions of the neutralizing medium. During washing and drying, the resulting microparticles decreased in size while retaining an irregular, elongated shape and the formation of agglomerates. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) indicated the presence of electrostatic forces between the metal ions and the chitosan polymer chain without the appearance of new absorption bands, confirming the success of the applied washing and drying procedures. CHT-Cu microparticles obtained using 1,25 mol dm^-3 NaOH and 96 vol.% EtOH as a neutralization medium, with continuous and dispersed phase flow rates of 50 and 0,5 mL h^-1 proved to be a promising system. The results of this study indicate the potential use of microreactors for obtaining microparticles based on chitosan and metal ions, which can serve as a basis for further research aimed at optimizing the process to produce micro-particles with more regular shapes and narrower size distribution, for the development of targeted drug delivery systems
Isolation and identification of microorganisms from waste biomass and their application in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates
No full textProblem plastike i njenog utjecaja na okoliš postaje sve veći globalni izazov. Konvencionalna plastika, proizvedena od neobnovljivih izvora, ne razgrađuju se na prirodan način, što rezultira njihovom dugotrajnom prisutnošću u okolišu. Akumulacija plastičnog otpada uzrokuje ozbiljne ekološke probleme, poput onečišćenja vode, tla i zraka. Jedno od potencijalnih rješenja za smanjenje negativnog utjecaja konvencionalne plastike na okoliš je proizvodnja materijala od biorazgradivih polimera poput polihidroksialkanoata (PHA). PHA je biopolimer koji mikroorganizmi prirodno sintetiziraju u citoplazmi u obliku granula kao zalihe energije. Proizvodnja PHA ima dodatnu prednost nad proizvodnjom konvecionalne plastike jer se ostvaruje koristeći obnovljive izvore, u što spadaju poljoprivredni i industrijski otpad, što proces čini ne samo ekonomski, već i ekološki isplativim. Cilj ovog rada bio je izolirati i identificirati mikroorganizme iz otpadne biomase, točnije iz slanutka, slanutka s dodatkom graha i škroba te istražiti njihovu sposobnost za proizvodnju PHA. Također, istražena su dva načina predobrade supstrata: mehaničko usitnjavanje supstrata i kombinacija mehaničkog usitnjavanja supstrata i ultrazvuka. Dobiveni PHA polimeri okarakterizirani su Fourier – transformacijskom infracrvenom spektroskopijom s prigušenom totalnom refleksijom (FTIRATR), diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom (DSC) i termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA). Mikroorganizmi, čija se sposobnost proizvodnje PHA potvrdila bojilom Sudan Black, izolirani su iz tri spomenuta supstrata. Brevibacillus sp., Empedobacter brevis i Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus izolirani su iz slanutka, dok su iz slanutka s dodatkom graha izolirani Micrococcus spp. i Trichosporon asahii. Iz škroba izolirani su Leukonostoc sp., Bacillus licheniformis, Staphilococcus lentus, Citrobacter freundii, Cryptococcus humicola, Geotrichum klebahnii i Candida krusei. Provedbom fermentacije na čvrstom nosaču koristeći pet različitih supstrata, dobiveni su rezultati u obliku akumulacije PHA, koji su pokazali da mehanička predobrada supstrata je pridonijela većoj akumulaciji PHA, s najvećom akumulacijom PHA od 13,81% iz slanutka s otpatkom graha. Rezultati FTIR-ATR spektroskopije pokazali su mogućnost dobivanja PHB polimera ili kopolimera PHBV. Iako su rezultati DSC i TGA analize pokazali određene toplinske prijelaze i temperature razgradnje, nisu bile potpuno pouzdane za utvrđivanje prisutnosti PHA.The growing environmental impact of plastic waste is a significant global challenge. Conventional plastics, made from non-renewable resources, persist in the environment, leading to serious pollution of water, soil, and air. One potential solution for reducing the negative impact of conventional plastics on the environment is the production of materials from biodegradable polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). PHA is a biopolymer naturally synthesized by microorganisms as energy reserve granules. Its production offers an advantage over conventional plastics by using renewable resources, including agricultural and industrial waste, making it both economically and environmentally sustainable. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms from waste biomass, specifically from chickpeas, chickpeas with added beans, and starch, and to investigate their ability to produce PHA. Additionally, two methods of substrate pretreatment were explored: mechanical substrate grinding and a combination of mechanical grinding and ultrasound treatment. The obtained PHA polymers were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Microorganisms, whose ability to produce PHA was confirmed using Sudan Black staining, were isolated from the three mentioned substrates. Brevibacillus sp., Empedobacter brevis, and Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus were isolated from chickpeas, while Micrococcus spp. and Trichosporon asahii were isolated from chickpeas with added beans. From starch, Leukonostoc sp., Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus lentus, Citrobacter freundii, Cryptococcus humicola, Geotrichum klebahnii, and Candida krusei were isolated. By conducting solid-state fermentation using five different substrates, results were obtained in the form of PHA accumulation, which showed that mechanical substrate pretreatment contributed to greater PHA accumulation, with the highest PHA accumulation of 13.81% from chickpeas with bean waste. The results of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy indicated the possibility of obtaining PHB polymers or PHBV copolymers. Although the results of DSC and TGA analysis showed certain thermal transitions and degradation temperatures, they were not entirely reliable for determining the presence of PHA
Measuring techniques in the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water
No full textVodik se nameće kao ključna komponenta u energetskoj tranziciji prema održivim i obnovljivim izvorima energije. Sposobnost pohrane i upotrebe energije dobivene iz obnovljivih izvora čini vodik jednim od važnijih energenata u budućnosti. U ovom preglednom radu prikazane su mjerne tehnike u procesu proizvodnje vodika elektrolizom vode s naglaskom na PEM elektrolizu (elektroliza protonsko propusnom membranom) koja se ističe visokom učinkovitosti. Objašnjeni su osnovne elektrolize vode uključujući termodinamičke koncepte poput reverzibilnog i termoneutralnog napona, kao i značaj polarizacijskih krivulja za učinkovitost procesa. Prikazana je struktura PEM elektrolizatora, dijelovi i funkciju svakog elementa, kao i dijagram procesnih tokova. Poseban naglasak je na mjerenju ključnih procesnih veličina: električnih (napon, struja, impedancija), kemijskih (čistoća vodika), toplinskih (temperatura) i mehaničkih (tlak, protok, razina). Opisane su mjerne tehnike elektrokemijske impedancijske spektroskopije (EIS), kao i primjena on-line analizatora plina za nadzor i vođenje procesa elektrolize vode.Hydrogen is becoming a key component in the energy transition towards sustainable and renewable energy sources. Its ability to store and utilise energy generated from renewable sources makes hydrogen one of the most important energy carriers of the future. This review presents measurement techniques in the process of hydrogen production by water electrolysis, with a focus on PEM electrolysis (proton exchange membrane electrolysis), which is characterised by its high efficiency. The basic principles of water electrolysis are explained, including thermodynamic concepts such as reversible and thermoneutral voltage, as well as the significance of polarisation curves for the efficiency of the process. The design of a PEM electrolyser is presented, including its components, their functions and a process flow diagram. Particular attention is paid to the measurement of the most important process variables: electrical (voltage, current, impedance), chemical (hydrogen purity), thermal (temperature) and mechanical (pressure, flow, level). Measurement techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are described as well as the use of online gas analysers for monitoring and controlling the water electrolysis process
Extraction of bioactive compounds using natural deep eutectic solvents
No full textZelena kemija je područje koje se u zadnje vrijeme sve češće spominje, stoga raste i interes za istraživanje i primjenu niskotemperaturnih eutektičkih otapala kao ekološki prihvatljivije opcije za zamjenu konvencionalnih organskih otapala. U ovom radu istraživana je ekstrakcija polifenola iz ljuske kikirikija, primjenom prirodnih niskotemperaturnih eutektičkih otapala. Korištena su otapala koja se temelje na prirodnim spojevima kako bi se mogla umješavati u kozmetičke proizvode. Kikiriki je bogat raznim fenolnim spojevima koji imaju značajna biološka svojstva. Pretežito se nalaze u ljusci kikirikija, industrijskom otpadu koji je nedovoljno iskorišten. Resveratrol, najzastupljeniji spoj koji se može dobiti ekstrakcijom iz kikirikija, posjeduje antikancerogena, protuupalna i antioksidativna svojstva. Korištenim otapalima određena su osnovna fizikalno-kemijska svojstva, pH vrijednost, gustoća i viskoznost. Nakon provedene ekstrakcije, količina prisutnih polifenola utvrđena je pomoću kolorimetrijske metode zasnovane na reakciji fenolnih spojeva s Folin-Ciocalteau reagensom, korištenjem UV/VIS spektrofotometrije.Green chemistry is an area that has been mentioned with increasing frequency in recent times, leading to a growing interest in the research and application of deep eutectic solvents as a more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional organic solvents. In this study, the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from peanut shells using natural, deep eutectic solvents is investigated. The solvents used are based on natural components so that they can be incorporated into cosmetic products after extraction. Peanuts are rich in various phenolic compounds that have important biological properties. They are mainly found in the seed coat and shell, an underutilised industrial waste product. Resveratrol, the most common compound extractable from peanuts, has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The general physicochemical properties, pH, density and viscosity of the natural deep eutectic solvents used are determined. After extraction, the amount of polyphenols was determined by a colourimetric method based on the reaction of phenols with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent using UV/VIS spectrophotometry
Synthesis and characterization of new aminosquarains for application in the development of organic photoconductive materials
No full textU sklopu ovog rada provedena je sinteza asimetričnih derivata skvareinske kiseline, kroz nekoliko koraka. Prvi stupanj odnosi se na pripravu alkoksidnog derivata skvareinske kiseline (1 i 1'), kako bi u sljedećem koraku bilo omogućeno uvođenje sekundarnog amina. Konačni produkti 11 – 16 dobiveni su reakcijom kondenzacije prethodno dobivenih aminoskvaraina 2 – 4 i odgovarajućeg aminoalkohola. Aminoalkohol 8 – 10 dobiven je neovisnom sintezom u dva stupnja. Prvi stupanj je reakcija aminacije kojom se uvodi sekundarni amin u organsku molekulu dok se u drugom stupnju dealkiliranjem dobiva konačni produkt. Svi spojevi su u potpunosti spektroskopski okarakterizirani.As part of this work, the synthesis of asymmetric derivatives of squaric acid was performed through several steps. The first stage refers to the preparation of the alkoxide derivative of squaric acid (1 and 1'), in order to enable the introduction of the secondary amine in the next step. The final products 11 – 16 were obtained by the condensation reaction of previously obtained aminosquarains 2 – 4 and the corresponding amino alcohol. Amino alcohols 8 – 10 were obtained by independent synthesis in two steps. The first step is an amination reaction that introduces a secondary amine into the organic molecule, while the final product is obtained in the second step by dealkylation. All compounds have been fully spectroscopically characterized