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1,2,3-triazole derivatives of benzoxazole: green synthesis and structural characterization
No full textU ovom radu opisana je četverostupanjska sinteza 1,2,3-triazolnog derivata benzoksazola konvencionalno i metodama zelene kemije. Reakcijom kondenzacije 4-hidroksibenzaldehida i 2-aminofenola sintetizirana je Schiffova baza 1 u najvećem iskorištenju konvencionalno
(90 %), koja je potom oksidativnom ciklizacijom prevedena u derivat benzoksazola 2 priređen u najvećem iskorištenju konvencionalno (34.9 %). Mikrovalovima potpomognutom reakcijom propargiliranja derivata benzoksazola 2 priređen je O-propargilirani derivat benzoksazola 3 u najvećem iskorištenju (42.17 %). 1,3-dipolarna cikloadicija katalizirana bakrovim(II) acetatom O-propargiliranog derivata 3 i azidoetilmorfolina u DES-u pokazala se najučinkovitijom
(37.6 %) u sintezi 1,2,3-triazolnog derivata benzoksazola 4. Strukturna karakterizacija spojeva provedena je spektroskopijom 1H- i 13C-NMR.This paper describes the four-step synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivative of benzoxazole by conventional and green synthetic methods. The condensation reaction of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-aminophenol gave Schiff base 1 in the highest yield by conventional method (90 %), which was then converted by oxidative cyclization reaction into a benzoxazole derivative 2 prepared in the highest yield under conventional conditions
(34.9 %). O-propargylated benzoxazole derivative 3 was synthesised in the highest yield (42.17 %) by microwave-assisted propargylation reaction of benzoxazole derivative 2.
1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of O-propargylated derivative 3 and azidoethylmorpholine in DES catalyzed by copper(II) acetate proved to be the most effective (37.6 %) in the synthesis of the 1,2,3-triazole derivative of benzoxazole 4. Structural characterization of compounds was carried out by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy
The novel 2-arylbenzimidazole derivatives: synthesis and structural characterization
No full textOvaj rad opisuje sintezu novih derivata benzimidazola (8–15) premoštenih 1,2,3-triazolom. Novopripravljeni spojevi su strukturno okarakterizirani 1H- i 13C-NMR spektroskopijom te su analizom in silico (PASS) predviđena njihova vjerojatna farmakološka djelovanja i biološke mete. Reakcijom kondenzacije 4-klorbenzen-1,2-diamina s etil-kloracetatom sintetiziran je 6-klor-2-klormetilbenzimidazol (1). 6-klor-2-klormetilbenzimidazol (1) i 2-klormetilbenzimidazol su potom prevedeni u azidne derivate (2 i 3) potrebne za klik reakciju. Derivati benzensulfamida s terminalnom alkinskom skupinom (4–7) sintetizirani su reakcijom propargiliranja. Huisgenovom 1,3-dipolarnom cikloadicijom azidometilnih derivata (2 i 3) s odgovarajućim alkinilnim benzensulfamidima (4–7) u prisustvu Cu(OAc)2 kao katalizatora sintetizirani su 1,4-disupstituirani 1,2,3-triazolni derivati benzimidazola 8–15.This paper describes synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives (8– 15) linked by
1,2,3-triazole. The newly prepared compounds were structurally characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and their probable biological activities were predicted by in silico analysis (PASS). 6-chloro-2-chloromethylbenzimidazole (1) was synthesized by the condensation reaction of 4-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine with ethyl chloroacetate.
6-chloro-2-chloromethylbenzimidazole (1) and 2-chloromethylbenzimidazole were then converted into azide derivatives (2 and 3) required for the click reaction. Derivatives of benzenesulfamide with a terminal alkyne group (4–7) were synthesized by the propargylation reaction. The 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole benzimidazole derivatives (8–15) were synthesized by Huysgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azidomethyl derivatives (2 and 3) with corresponding alkynyl benzenesulfamides (4–7) in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 as a catalyst
Dopants Influence on the crystallisation of ß-TCP
No full textIzrada biokompatibilne keramike na bazi kalcijevih fosfata povoljnih kemijskih i mehaničkih svojstava u današnje vrijeme je još uvijek izazov. Keramika od β-trikalcijevog fosfata pokazuje svojstva koja zadovoljavaju zahtjeve moderne biokeramike. Jedan od načina dobivanja
β-trikalcijevog fosfata je preko njegovog prekursora kalcij deficitnog hidroksiapatita (CDHA), koji se može pripremiti mokrom precipitacijom. Sinteriranjem na temperaturi višoj od 800 °C dolazi do prijelaza u β- trikalcij fosfat. Tokom reakcije mokre precipitacije dodavanjem soli dvovalentnih kationa moguće je dopirati uzorak čime se mijenjaju svojstva krajnjeg produkta. Ispitivani dopanti su bili dvovalentni stroncijev i magnezijev kation čije su se soli dodale nakon reakcije mokre precipitacije i prije sinteriranja dobivenih prahova. Rendgenskom difrakcijom se pokazalo kako su se ispitivanim uzorcima smanjile veličine kristalne rešetke. Infracrvenom spektroskopijom dokazana je čistoća uzorka uz nastanak manje količine pirofosfata zbog lokalne nestehiometrije. Termografskom i diferencijalnom termalnom analizom određena je temperatura prijelaza CDHA u β-TCP za magnezij dopirani uzorak pri ~750 °C, dok se za stroncij dopirani uzorak prijelaz odvija pri ~775 °C. Pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom analizirana je morfologija uzoraka. Metodom mokre precipitacije moguće je dopirati β- trikalcijev fosfat te povisiti temperaturu njegovog prijelaza u α-TCP, što je potvrđeno diferencijalnom termalnom analizom pri čemu se magnezij dopiranom uzorku temperatura prijelaza povisila van parametara mjerenja, dok se uzorku dopiranom stroncijem temperatura prijelaza povisila na 1300 °C.Nowadays, manufacturing of calcium phosphate biocompatible ceramics with favorable chemical and mechanical properties is still a challenge. Ceramics made of β- tricalcium phosphate are showing promises within modern bioceramic requirements. One of the possible ways of preparing β- tricalcium phosphate is through its precursor, amorphous calcium hydroxyapatite (CDHA) that can be prepared through wet precipitation method.
A phase transition to β- tricalcium phosphate happens while sintering CDHA at temperature higher than 800 °C. Doping is possible by adding divalent salts while wet precipitation is occurring, which changes the properties of the final product. Analysed dopants were strontium and magnesium divalent cations whose salts had been added after wet precipitation and before sintering of the powder. X-ray diffraction pointed to shrinkage of the unit cell. Infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation proved purity of synthesized sample with minor addition of pyrophosphate caused by local non-stoichiometry. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis determined the temperature of phase transition at ~750 °C for magnesium doped sample, while the temperature for strontium doped sample has been determined at ~775 °C. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse sample morphology. The differential thermal analysis has proven the possibility to use wet precipitation method to dope β-TCP and raise its phase transition temperature to
α-TCP. The phase transition temperature for magnesium doped sample has been raised to the outside of the measuring parameters while for the strontium doped sample the temperature has been raised to 1300 °C
Monitoring of selected xenobiotics during the wastewater treatment process
No full textIspuštanje obrađenih otpadnih voda u prirodne prihvatne vode završni je proces postrojenja za obradu otpadnih voda. Dokazano je da većina postojećih postrojenja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda nisu dovoljno učinkovita u tretiranju brojnih ksenobiotika u otpadnoj vodi što u konačnici dovodi do njihovog ispuštanja u vodeni okoliš. Prema tome nužno je praćenje učinkovitosti uklanjanja ksenobiotika te razvoj novih i poboljšavanje postojećih procesa obrade otpadnih voda. Cilj ovog rada je praćenje uklanjanja pojedinačnih ksenobiotika naprednim oksidacijskim procesom fotolize uz dodatak H2O2 i detekcija/identifikacija njihovih eventualno nastalih razgradnih/transformacijskih produkata. Ispitivanje je provedeno pri tri različite pH-vrijednosti (pH = 4, 7 i 10) i tri koncentracije H2O2 (20, 50 i 100 mM). Uklanjanje otopina ksenobiotika koncentracije 10 mg/L provodilo se u Suntest CPS+ uređaju za simuliranje Sunčeve svjetlosti (UV-Vis) u trajanju od 300 min. Za praćenje uklanjanja i identifikaciju novih produkata koristile su se HPLC-DAD i LC-MS/MS instrumentalne analitičke metode. Ukupno je detektirano i identificirano šesnaest (16) novih produkata insekticida neonikotinoida, od kojih su po dosadašnjoj literaturi poznata samo tri (3) produkta acetamiprida. Ostali dobiveni produkti do sada nisu poznati prema literaturnom pregledu te su u ovom radu predložene strukturne formule četrnaest (14) od šesnaest (16) detektiranih novonastalih produkata acetamiprida, klotianidina i tiakloprida.The discharge of treated wastewater into natural receiving waters is the final process in wastewater treatment plants. It has been proven that most existing wastewater treatment plants are not effective enough in treating numerous xenobiotics in wastewater, which ultimately leads to their release into the aquatic environment. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the effectiveness of xenobiotic removal and to develop new methods and improve existing wastewater treatment processes. The aim of this study is to monitor the removal of individual xenobiotics using an advanced oxidation process, photolysis with the addition of H2O2, and to detect/identify any degradation/transformation products that may form. The investigation was conducted at three different pH-values (pH = 4, 7, and 10) and three H2O2 concentrations (20, 50, and 100 mM). The removal of xenobiotic solutions at a concentration of 10 mg/L was carried out in a Suntest CPS+ device for simulating sunlight (UV-Vis) over a duration of 300 minutes. HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS instrumental analytical methods were used to monitor the removal and to identify new products. A total of sixteen (16) new products of neonicotinoid insecticides were detected and identified, of which only three (3) acetamiprid products are known in the current literature. The other resulting products have not been previously recognized according to the literature review, and in this paper, structural formulas for fourteen (14) out of sixteen (16) detected newly produced products of acetamiprid, clothianidin, and thiacloprid are proposed
Preparation and characterization of ABS composites reinforced with broom fibres
No full textU ovom radu pripravljeni su i analizirani ABS kompoziti s vlaknima brnistre u udjelima od 5, 10, 15 i 20 mas.%. Čisti ABS i kompoziti pripremljeni su u gnjetilici Brabender, nakon čega je uslijedilo prešanje na hidrauličnoj preši i karakterizacija. Korištene tehnike karakterizacije su diferencijalna pretražna kalorimetrija (DSC), termogravimetrijska analiza (TGA), infracrvena spektroskopija s Fourierovim transformacijama (FTIR) te test bubrenja. FTIR analiza nije pokazala postojanje kovalentih veza između vlakana brnistre i ABS-a. Prema DSC analizi, dodatak vlakana smanjuje temperaturu staklastog prijelaza (Tg) butadienske faze kod kompozita s 5 mas.% vlakana, dok se daljnjim povećanjem udjela vlakana Tg povećava, što je povezano s djelovanjem vlakana kao fizičkih barijera u pokretanju polimernih lanaca. Entalpija kristalizacije (ΔHc1) i temperatura kristalizacije (Tc1) smanjuju se s povećanjem udjela vlakana, jer vlakna otežavaju migraciju i difuziju polimernih lanaca prema površini rastućih kristala, smanjujući tako kristalnost kompozita. TG analiza pokazuje povećanje početne temperature razgradnje (T5%) u odnosu na čisti ABS do kompozita s 10 mas.%, nakon čega dolazi do opadanja. Temperaturni interval razgradnje (ΔT) snižava se do kompozita
s 10 mas.%, nakon čega raste s povećanjem udjela vlakana. Najveći gubitak mase pokazuje čisti ABS, a gubitak se smanjuje povećanjem udjela vlakana, dok se količina ostatka pri
600 °C povećava. Rezultati analize bubrenja pokazuju da stupanj bubrenja (α) raste s povećanjem udjela vlakana brnistre zbog povećanja hidrofilnosti kompozita.In this study, ABS composites reinforced with Spartium junceum L. fibers were prepared and characterized in content of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt. %. The neat ABS and the composites were prepared in a Brabender mixer, followed by compression with a hydraulic press and then characterized. The techniques used were differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and swelling test. The FTIR analysis did not show the presence of covalent bonds between the Spartium junceum L. fibers and ABS polymer. According to the DSC analysis, the addition of fibers reduces the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the butadiene phase in the composite with 5 wt.% fibers, while further increasing the fiber content results in an increase in Tg, which is associated with the role of fibers as physical barriers to polymer chain mobility. The enthalpy of crystallization (ΔHc1) and the crystallization temperature (Tc1) decrease with increasing fiber content, as the fibers hinder the migration and diffusion of polymer chains to the growing crystal surfaces, reducing the crystallinity of the composites. The TGA results show an increase in the initial decomposition temperature (T5%) compared to the neat ABS, up to the composite with 10 wt.% fibers, after which it decreases. The thermal degradation temperature range (ΔT) decreases up to the 10% fiber content, after which it increases with higher fiber content. The highest mass loss occurs for the neat ABS, and the loss decreases with increasing fiber content, while the amount of residue at 600°C increases. The swelling analysis shows that the degree of swelling (α) increases with the fiber content due to the increased hydrophilicity of the composites
Hydrothermal synthesis of cerium(IV) oxide nanowires
No full textU ovom radu provedena je hidrotermalna sinteza nanožica cerijeva(IV) oksida (CeO2). Kao prekursor korišten je cerijev(III) nitrat heksahidrat, a 10%-tna otopina amonijaka služila je kao reakcijski medij. Dobiveni uzorci, kao i oni podvrgnuti termičkoj obradi, karakterizirani su pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM), infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR), energijski razlučujućom rendgenskom spektroskopijom (EDS) te UV-Vis difuznom refleksijskom spektroskopijom (UV-Vis DRS). Fazni sastav određen je rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom (XRD). Provedenim analizama potvrđena je uspješna sinteza nanožica CeO2. Konačni cilj rada bio je ispitati njihovo antimikrobno djelovanje, pri čemu su se nanožice CeO2 pokazale kao učinkoviti biocidi.In this study, cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2) nanowires were synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Cerium nitrate hexahydrate was used as the precursor, and a 10% ammonia solution served as the reaction medium. The obtained and thermally treated samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The conducted analyses confirmed the formation of CeO2 nanowires. The final goal was to investigate their antimicrobial activity, where the CeO2 nanowires demonstrated good biocidal properties
Influence of additives on the LDPE polymer MB formulation properties
No full textPolimeri su kemijski spojevi vrlo velikih molekulskih masa, koji zbog svojih dobrih fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstava sve više pronalaze primjenu u svakodnevnom životu. Neke od njihovih primjena su u proizvodnji odjeće, obuće, sportske opreme, vrećica i sl. Polietilen (PE) predstavlja jednu od najraširenijih i najčešće korištenih plastičnih masa na svijetu. PE je žilav materijal, voskastog izgleda, nepotpune prozirnosti, kemijski je inertan i mehanički otporan polimer, što uvelike otežava njegovu razgradnju u okolišnim uvjetima. Najčešće korištene vrste PE su: polietilen niske gustoće (LDPE) i polietilen visoke gustoće (HDPE). Postoji velik broj svojstava, kao i načina primjene LDPE-a zbog mogućnosti kontrole svojstava pri samoj proizvodnji. Jedan od glavnih razloga njegove široke primjene jest vrlo dobra temperaturna stabilnost, kao i vrlo niska razina toksičnosti. Cilj ovoga rada bio je pripraviti polimerne mješavine s različitim udjelima LDPE-a i aditiva – 70/20/10 LDPE/AD/MB, 60/20/20 LDPE/AD/MB, 70/20/10 LDPE/L/MB, 60/20/20 LDPE/L/MB, 90/10 LDPE/MB i 80/20 LDPE/MB. Polimerne mješavine pripravljene su u ekstruderu te prešane u pločice dimenzija 12 x 12 cm, i folije pogodne za mjerenja koja su se provodila u suradnji s tvrtkom ECOCORTEC. U ovom radu naglasak je stavljen na toplinsku analizu, primjenom diferencijalne pretražne kalorimetrije (DSC) i termogravimetrijske analize (TGA); na mehanička svojstva koja su određena pomoću kidalice te na VIA metodu, Razor Blade Test, test statičkog raspada filma i test površinske otpornosti filma koji su odrađeni u suradnji s tvrtkom ECOCORTEC.Polymers are chemical compounds with a very high molecular mass that are increasingly used in everyday life due to their favourable physical and chemical properties. They are used in the manufacture of clothing, shoes, sports equipment, plastic bags and similar products. Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most widespread and widely used plastics in the world. PE is a tough material with a waxy appearance that is partially transparent, chemically inert and mechanically resistant, which significantly hinders its decomposition under environmental conditions. The most commonly used types of PE are low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Due to the ability to control the properties of LDPE during production, there are a variety of properties and application methods for LDPE. One of the main reasons for the wide application of LDPE is its very good thermal stability and its very low toxicity. The aim of this work was to prepare polymer blends with different contents of LDPE and additives – 70/20/10 LDPE/AD/MB, 60/20/20 LDPE/AD/MB, 70/20/10 LDPE/L/MB, 60/20/20 LDPE/L/MB, 90/10 LDPE/MB and 80/20 LDPE/MB. The polymer blends were prepared using an extruder and then pressed into 12 x 12 cm sheets and films suitable for the measurements carried out in collaboration with ECOCORTEC. The focus of this work was on thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), on mechanical properties using a tensile testing machine and on the VIA method, the razor blade test, the static film degradation test and the film surface resistance test, which were carried out in collaboration with ECOCORTEC
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of unsaturated indole systems
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti načine i uspješnost vezanja derivata indola, kojima su prethodno određene antibakterijske i antifugalne aktivnosti. Pomoću molekularnog uklapanja, proučavana je interakcija tih derivata s enzimom DNA girazom B i enzimom 14-α-sterol demetilazom, uspoređujući ih s rezultatima dva standarda, cefaklora i meropenema, za iste te enzime. Spojevi 1 i 2, računskim metodama, pokazali su se kao potencijalni inhibitori već spomenutih enzima, dajući niske inhibicijske konstante i niske energije vezanja, koje su svojstvo efikasnih inibitora. Također, proveden je pokušaj sinteze novih derivata indola Wittigovom reakcijom.The aim of this study was to evaluate the methods and effectiveness of binding indole derivates, which had previously been identified to possess antibacterial and antifungal activities. Using molecular docking, the interaction of these derivates with the enzyme DNA gyrase B and the enzyme 14-α-sterol demethylase was investigated, and compared with the results of two standards, cefaclor and meropenem, for the same enzymes. Compounds 1 and 2, according to computational methods, proved to be potential inhibitors of the aforementioned enzymes, showing low inhibition constants and low binding energies, which are characteristic of effective inhibitors. Additionally, an attempt was made to synthesize new indole derivates via the Wittig reaction
Preparation of tablets with dasatinib co-crystals and the effect on the in vitro release
No full textDasatinib je antikancerogeni lijek koji se koristi u liječenju kronične mijeloične i akutne limfoblastične leukemije čija je primjena ograničena zbog slabe topljivosti u vodi, što rezultira smanjenom bioraspoloživošću i varijabilnim terapijskim učinkom. S ciljem poboljšanja topljivosti ove djelatne tvari, u ovom radu nastoje se pripraviti novi kokristali dasatiniba. Kokristali su sintetizirani mehanokemijski s koformerom jantarnom kiselinom bez otapala te uz dodatak male količine metanola. Dobiveni uzorci karakterizirani su diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom, rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom i infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovim transformacijama. Ispitana je prividna topljivost djelatne tvari primjenom UV-Vis spektroskopije. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju mehanokemijsku sintezu kokristala dasatiniba. Pripravljeni kokristali s koformerom jantarnom kiselinom pokazuju poboljšana fizikalno-kemijska svojstva, s naglaskom na povećanu topljivost na uzorcima kokristala, ali i konačnog dozirnog oblika. Ovaj rad jasno ukazuje na potencijal mehanokemijske sinteze kokristala u razvoju i formulaciji lijekova poboljšanih primjenskih svojstava što može pridonijeti boljim ishodima liječenja.Dasatinib is an anticancer drug used for the treatment of chronic myeloid and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, whose use is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility, resulting in reduced bioavailability and variable therapeutic effect. In order to improve the solubility of this drug, this research aims to prepare new cocrystals of dasatinib. The cocrystals were synthesized mechanochemically with the coformer amber acid, firstly solvent-free and with the addition of a small amount of methanol. The samples obtained were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The apparent solubility of the drug was analysed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of the study confirm the mechanochemical synthesis of dasatinib cocrystals. The cocrystals produced with the coformer amber acid show improved physicochemical properties, with a focus on increased solubility on the samples of cocrystals and final dosage form as well. This thesis clearly indicates the potential of mechanochemical synthesis of cocrystals for the development and formulation of drugs with improved end-use properties which may contribute to better treatment outcomes
Application of X-ray radiation in chemistry and technology
No full textOvaj rad prikazuje rednegensko zračenje kao važan oblik elektromagnetskog zračenja koji je od svog otkrića do danas našao široku primjenu u raznim područjima znanosti, kemiji i tehnologiji. Poseban naglasak je stavljen na primjenu rendgenskog zračenja u medicinskoj dijagnostici, industriji i sigurnosnim sustavima kao i na suvremena istraživanja vezana uz nanokemiju.Unatoč štetnog učinka rendgenskog zračenja, njegova primjena je izuzetno širokog spektra i od velike važnosti za zdravlje i napredak ljudi u više područja života.Njegova važnost u medicini se očituje u različitim terapijskim i dijagnostičkim metodama koje uvelike pripomažu u otkrivanju različitih bolesti i njihovom liječenju, kao primjerice fluoroskopija, dijaskopija, mamografija, radiologija te angiografija. U tehnološkom svijetu, rendgensko zračenje je najbitnije u zrakoplovstu, siguronosnim sustavima i industriji. Pokazalo se kao korisno u otkrivanju defekata materijala, otkrivanju neželjenih ili opasnih sredstava na mjestima gdje je potrebno kontrolirati sigurnost i izbjeći svaku opasnost. Svoju suvremenu primjenu rendgensko zračenje je pokazalo na području nanokemije, koja se temelji na kombinaciji rendgenskog zračenja s nanočesticama koje su se pokazale jako efikasnim u liječenju raka na način da pojačavaju efikasnost zračenja.This paper presents X-ray radiation as an important form of electromagnetic radiation which, since its discovery, has found widespread application in various fields of science, chemistry, and technology. Special emphasis is placed on the use of X-ray radiation in medical diagnostics, industry, and security systems, as well as on modern research related to nanochemistry. Despite the harmful effects of X-ray radiation, its application is extremely broad and plays a vital role in improving human health and progress across multiple areas of life. Its significance in medicine is reflected through various diagnostic and therapeutic methods that greatly aid in detecting and treating diseases, such as fluoroscopy, diascopy, mammography, radiology, and angiography. In the technological world, X-ray radiation is most essential in the aerospace industry, security systems, and industrial applications. It has proven useful in detecting material defects and identifying unwanted or dangerous substances in areas where safety must be controlled and every risk avoided. In recent years, X-ray radiation has found modern application in the field of nanochemistry, which focuses on combining X-rays with nanoparticles that have shown high efficiency in cancer treatment by enhancing the effectiveness of radiation