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Supports in agriculture: purpose and application in practice
No full textOvaj završni rad analizira ulogu i utjecaj izravnih potpora i potpora u poljoprivredi Republike Hrvatske kroz usporedbu programskih razdoblja 2014.-2020. godine i 2023.-2027. godine. Cilj rada je prikazati razlike u isplatama, strukturi potpora te njihovim učincima na korisnike. Korištena je metoda analize sekundarnih izvora i javno dostupnih podataka. Rezultati pokazuju visoku razinu iskorištenosti sredstava u prvom razdoblju, ali potrebu za boljom komunikacijom i pravovremenim raspisivanjem natječaja u novom razdoblju.This final paper analyzes the role and impact of direct supports and supports in the Republic of Croatia through a comparison of the programming periods 2014.-2020. and 2023.-2027. The goal of the paper is to present the differences in payments, the structure of support, and their effects on beneficiaries. The method used was the analysis of secondary sources and publicly available data. The results show a high level of fund utilization in the first period, but also the need for better communication and timely publication of the tender in the new period
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) as an energy crop
No full textDivovska trska (Arundo donax L.) rizomatska je trava koja se širi u umjerenim i suptropskim regijama. Zbog svoje sposobnosti da se snažno vegetativno širi, smatra se opasnom korovskom biljkom. Međutim, ljudi su doprinijeli širenju ove biljke diljem svijeta jer se divovska trska koristi u različite svrhe: za puhačke instrumente, slamnate krovove, štapove za pecanje itd. U posljednje vrijeme, divovska se trska smatra obećavajućim energetskim usjevom zbog visoke proizvodnje biomase. Ipak, postoje neka važna pitanja koja treba riješiti. Naime, divovska trska je sterilna biljka i razmnožava se vegetativno, što čini uspostavu usjeva u velikim razmjerima vrlo skupom. Genetičari ne mogu provoditi konvencionalne programe uzgoja, pa će se poboljšanje temeljiti na selekciji ekotipova, kemijskoj i fizičkoj mutagenezi i tehnikama transgeneze. Još jedan aspekt koji treba uzeti u obzir za masovno korištenje divovske trske kao energetskog usjeva je nedostatak podataka o dugotrajnim poljskim pokusima, s obzirom na to da je životni vijek usjeva 12-15 godina. Stoga ćemo u ovom radu analizirati glavne prednosti i mane ovog novog energetskog usjeva.Arundo donax is a rhizomatous grass that grows in temperate and subtropical regions. Because of its ability to grow vigorously on marginal soil, it is considered a dangerous weed. However, humans have contributed to the worldwide spread of this plant, for it is used for such things as reeds in wooden wind instruments, thatched roofs, and fishing rods. Recently, Giant reed is considered a promising energy crop due to its high biomass production. Still, there are some important issues to be resolved. Giant reed is a sterile plant and reproduces vegetatively, making large-scale cropping very expensive. Geneticists cannot implement conventional breeding programs, so improvement will be based on ecotype selection, chemical and physical mutagenesis and transgenesis techniques. Another aspect to be taken into account for the mass use of Giant reed as an energy crop is the lack of data on long-term field trials, given that the crop life is 12-15 years. So in this paper, we're going to analyze the main advantages and disadvantages of this new energy crop
Identification and quantification of soil hydraulic properties and preferential flow in agricultural hillslope soil
No full textU biljnoj proizvodnji posebno su zahtjevna padinska tla uslijed degradacije tla koja se javlja
kao posljedica obrade i velike heterogenosti u svojstvima tla čak i na relativno malom
području. Navedeno dovodi do pojave neravnotežnih procesa toka i pronosa tvari, odnosno
do bržeg otjecanja agrokemikalija do površinskih voda i/ili podzemnih voda. Glavni cilj
doktorske disertacije bio je utvrditi hidrološke procese koji se odvijaju u tlu tijekom i nakon
pojedinih vremenskih (ne)prilika, a imaju izravan utjecaj na agroekosustav i potencijalne
opasnosti za okoliš putem erozije i onečišćenja površinskih i podzemnih voda.
Istraživanje je provedeno na vinogradarsko-vinarskom pokušalištu Jazbina tijekom
dvogodišnjeg razdoblja (2021. – 2022.) na rigolanom tlu iz pseudogleja obronačnog (Dystric
Stagnosol). Obronak je podijeljen ovisno o nagibu na tri pozicije, odnosno na vrh, sredinu i
dno padine. Nagib između vrha i sredine padine iznosi 17,5 %, dok je između sredine i dna
25,4 %. Na istraživanoj lokaciji su uzeti uzorci tla na vrhu, sredini i dnu u tri ponavljanja
kako bi se odredila fizikalna, kemijska i hidraulička svojstva tla. Na svakoj poziciji su
postavljeni nevagajući tlačni pasivni lizimetri na 40 cm dubine u kojima je mjeren volumen
vode jednom mjesečno. Klimatski podaci prikupljani su na meteorološkoj stanici
postavljenoj na sredini padine. Na dnu padine je mjereno površinsko otjecanje i
potpovršinsko procjeđivanje u tri ponavljanja. Na istraživanoj padini su postavljeni i senzori
za mjerenje volumetrijske vlage tla te vodnog potencijala tla, a na površini tla je mjerena i
infiltracija. Tok vode u tlu je određen aplikacijom briljantno plavog bojila i kalijeva bromida.
Na kraju je provedeno numeričko modeliranje toka i retencije vode u terenskim i
laboratorijskim uvjetima u HYDRUS-1D programu koristeći modele dvostruke poroznosti i
propusnosti.
Provedenim istraživanjima kao najbolji model za procjenu hidrauličkih svojstava tla na
heterogenim tlima pokazao se van Genuchtenov bimodalni model. Analizom prostorne i
vremenske dinamike vodnog režima istraživane padine utvrđen je utjecaj preferencijalnih
tokova na hidrologiju padine. Razlike u toku vode utvrđene su ne samo ovisno o poziciji na
padini nego i između ponavljanja. Također je utvrđena prisutnost lateralnog
preferencijalnog toka kada se nakon pojedinih kišnih događaja nije zabilježila razlika u vlazi
tla na površini, ali je u većim dubinama. Numeričkim modeliranjem utvrđena je najveća
pouzdanost modela dvostruke poroznosti. Model se pokazao pouzdaniji u simulacijama
kolona u usporedbi s terenskim mjerenjima gdje bi se vjerojatno boljim pokazao još
kompleksniji model, na primjer HYDRUS-3D. Utvrđene razlike u toku vode na istraživanoj
padini ovisno o mjesecima, poziciji na padini, ali i mjernim instrumentima upućuju na
opasnost različite brzine transporta agrokemikalija što ima negativni ekološki i financijski utjecaj.Agricultural production on a slope is particularly demanding due to greater degradation
caused by tillage and soil heterogeneity, even on a relatively small area, which can cause
non-equilibrium flow and transport processes i.e., faster runoff of agrochemicals to surface
waters and faster leaching to groundwater. The main aim of this research was to determine
processes happening in the soil after certain weather events and which have a direct impact
on the agroecosystem and potential environmental hazards such as soil erosion and
pollution of surface and groundwater. Thus, the research hypotheses were set as (i)
unimodal functions are not sufficient for the estimation of soil hydraulic properties of
heterogeneous hillslopes with a developed structure; (ii) local heterogeneities have a
dominant influence on the water regime of the investigated hillslope; (iii) the application of
numerical models of dual porosity and permeability allows the quantification of preferential
flows in the soil. The research objectives were set as follows (i) analyse the soil hydraulic
properties in heterogeneous hillslope soils with a developed structure using unimodal and
bimodal functions; (ii) analyse the spatial and temporal dynamics of the soil water regime
of the investigated slope and determine the occurrence of preferential flow in order to
quantify the influence of local soil heterogeneities; (iii) determine the reliability of complex
numerical models for the quantification of non-equilibrium and preferential flow processes.
The study was conducted at Experimental station Jazbina (45⁰51’24’’ N 16⁰00’22’’ E) during
the two years (2021 – 2022). According to the World Reference Base (WRB) classification
system, this location is classified as Dystric Stagnosol. The investigated vineyard is divided
into two parts based on the slope – 17.5% from hillslope to backslope, and 25.4% from
backslope to footslope. Disturbed soil samples were taken in triplicate at the hilltop,
backslope, and footslope from 0 – 30, 30 – 60, and 60 – 90 cm depth to determine the
physicochemical soil properties. Undisturbed soil samples were also taken from the hilltop,
backslope, and footslope from 15 – 20, 35 – 40, 55 – 60, and 70 – 75 cm to estimate the
soil hydraulic properties. Furthermore, wick lysimeters were also set at the hilltop,
backslope, and footslope at 40 cm depth. Lysimeters were used to measure percolated
water once a month. A meteorological station was set at the backslope of the investigated
vineyard and it collects climate data (air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction,
solar radiation, and precipitation). The volume of the subsurface runoff was measured in
surface runoff instruments set at the footslope in three rows which represents repetitions.
Volume was also measured once a month. At the same position surface runoff instruments
were set to measure the volume of the surface runoff. The dynamics of volume
measurements were the same as for the subsurface runoff. Furthermore, soil moisture and
soil water potential sensors were set at the hilltop and footslope at 40 and 80 cm depth, i.e.
40 cm depth. For precise determination of preferential flow, a thicker sensor network was
set at the same location as the meteorological station. Sensors were set at 15, 30, 50, 75,
and 100 cm with a reading resolution of 15 minutes. Determination of soil infiltration rate
and hydraulic conductivity was obtained using a mini disk infiltrometer. The measurements
were conducted again at the hilltop, backslope, and footslope, while the unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity was calculated via a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet provided by the
manufacturer. Determination of preferential flow was obtained both at the field and in the
controlled conditions using two traces (Brilliant Blue and potassium bromide). After Brilliant
Blue was infiltrated into the soil, the dyed area was analysed in ImageJ, while bromide
concentration was determined in leachate samples collected in wick lysimeters once a
month. Water flow was also determined in controlled conditions on undisturbed soil columns
using Brilliant Blue, potassium bromide, and sensors. Undisturbed soil columns, 25 cm in
depth and 16 cm in diameter, were taken from the field at the hillslope, backslope, and
footslope. All collected data were used for numerical modeling of water flow and water
retention. Simulations on undisturbed soil columns are used to investigate vertical water
flow, while vertical water flow in combination with surface runoff and evapotranspiration was
simulated using data from wick lysimeters. Sensors obtained data for simulations of vertical
and lateral flows, surface runoff, and evapotranspiration. Dual-porosity and dualpermeability
models were used for numerical modeling.
Obtained results showed that for most properties the more complex van Genuchten bimodal
model shows the highest reliability compared to other models. The analysis of the spatial
and temporal dynamics of the water regime of the investigated hillslope showed an
influence of preferential flows on the hydrology of the entire slope. Differences in water flow
were found not only depending on hillslope position but between repetitions as well. The
presence of lateral preferential flow was also seen after certain rainfall events when no
difference in soil moisture was measured on the surface sensor but was measured in
deeper depths. Furthermore, numerical modeling showed the highest reliability of the dual
porosity model. However, it was also proven that the model shows better reliability for
modeling undisturbed soil columns compared to the field conditions. While the conditions
at the field are more complex compared to the soil column, thus the more complex model,
such as HYDRUS-3D would show even greater reliability
Contact action of capsaicin on Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824)) adults
No full textProizvođači zbog smanjenje učinkovitosti insekticida ne uspijevaju zaštititi svoje usjeve od
štetnika. Zbog toga, sve je više znanstvenih istraživanja vezana za ispitivanje učinkovitosti
sekundarnih biljnih metabolita primjenjivih u ekološkoj zaštiti bilja kao biopesticida. Kapsaicin je
najzastupljeniji kapsaicinoid u plodovima čili paprika s ukupnim udjelom od 69 % i zbog toga je
jedan od najispitivanijih sekundarnih metabolita u biljnoj i humanoj medicini. Koristi se kao baza
za botaničke insekticide posebice u ekološkoj proizvodnji kao insekticid u zaštićenom prostoru ili
izvan, protiv lisnih uši, grinja, tripsa, štitastih moljaca i mnogih drugih štetnika. Cilj ovog rada je
istražiti učinkovitost različitih koncentracija kapsaicina dobivenog u kućnoj radinosti od svježih
čili paprika i laboratorijski izoliranog kapsaicina na odrasle oblike krumpirove zlatice. Petrijeve
zdjelice tretirane su postavljenim varijantama pokusa, svaka je posebno označena i nakon sušenja
pripravka, postavljeno je po 10 odraslih jedinki krumpirove zlatice. Ukupno je postavljeno 10
varijanti u pet ponavljanja, uključujući i dvije netretirane kontrole. Najviši prosječni mortalitet
odraslih oblika krumpirove zlatice utvrđen je za koncentracija 50 %-tnog laboratorijskog
kapsaicina (21,33%), 72 sata nakon provedenog tretiranja. Najmanji prosječni mortalitet
krumpirovih zlatica od 4,61 % utvrđen je kod primjene 75 %-tne koncentracije laboratorijskog
ekstrakta, 72 sata nakon tretiranja. Ovo istraživanje daje dobar uvid u učinkovitost botaničkih
pripravaka u suzbijanju krumpirove zlatice te, uz daljnja istraživanja u poljskim pokusima, može
biti učinkovito rješenje u zaštiti krumpira od ekonomski najvažnijeg štetnika.Agricultural producers, due to the restriction in use pesticide, fail in protecting their crops from
pests due to the reduction in the effectiveness of insecticides. For this reason, more and more
scientific research is related to testing the effectiveness of secondary plant metabolites
applicable in the ecological protection of plants as biopesticides. Capsaicin is the most abundant
capsaicinoid in the fruits of chili peppers with a total share of 69% and is therefore one of the
most studied secondary metabolites in herbal and human medicine. It is used as a base for
botanical insecticides, especially in ecological production, as an insecticide in a protected area or
outside, against aphids, mites, thrips, moths and many other pests. Through this work, the
effectiveness of different concentrations of capsaicin obtained from a natural/homemade "doit-yourself"
preparation of fresh chili peppers and laboratory-isolated capsaicin was investigated.
The Petri dishes were treated with the set variants of the experiment, each one was specially
marked and after drying the preparation, 10 adults of the Colorado potato beetle were placed in
each. A total of 10 variants were set up in five replicates, including two untreated controls. The
highest average mortality of adult forms of Colorado potato beetle was determined at a
concentration of 50 % laboratory capsaicin (21.33 %), 72 hours after treatment. The lowest
average mortality of Colorado potato beetle was determined 72 hours after treatment at a 75%
concentration of the laboratory extract (4.61 %). This study provides a good insight into the
effectiveness of botanical insecticides in Colorado potato beetle control and, with further
research in field trials, may provide an effective solution for protecting potatoes from the most
economically important pest
Jersey cattle breed - breeding and production characteristics
No full textJersey pasmina je mliječna pasmina goveda koja proizvodi mlijeko visoke kvalitete - posebno se ističe visoki postotak mliječne masti kao i povoljni udjeli proteina, minerala i elemenata u tragovima. Mlijeko Jersey krava ima 18% više bjelančevina, 29% više mliječne masti i 20% više kalcija u odnosu na prosječna sastav mlijeka. Također, mlijeko ima izraženiju žutu boju porijeklom iz biljnih karotenoida. Jersey pasmina ima sposobnost prilagodbe različitim podnebljima i klimama, okolišu i praksi upravljanja. Pasminu odlikuje učinkovito iskorištenje voluminozne krme, osobito u pašnom načinu uzgoja. U uvjetima klimatskih promjena i čestih temperaturnih ekstrema te u nastajanju održivije proizvodnje mlijeka Jersey pasmina se koristi u križanjima s drugim pasminama (Holstein i norveška crvena pasmina). Pogodna je pasmina za ekološku proizvodnju mlijeka.The Jersey breed is a dairy breed of cattle that produces high-quality milk - especially the high percentage of milk fat and the favorable proportions of proteins, minerals and trace elements. Jersey cow milk has 18% more protein, 29% more milk fat and 20% more calcium compared to the average composition of milk. The milk also has a more pronounced yellow color originating from plant carotenoids. The Jersey breed has the ability to adapt to different climates, environments and management practices. The breed is characterized by the efficient use of voluminous forage, especially in the pasture farming method. In conditions of climate change and frequent temperature extremes and in the emergence of more sustainable milk production, the Jersey breed is used in crosses with other breeds (Holstein and Norwegian Red breed). It is a breed suitable for organic milk production
Croatia's decade in the European Union and foreign trade exchange of agricultural and food products
No full textOvaj rad analizira promjene u vanjskotrgovinskoj razmjeni poljoprivredno
prehrambenih proizvoda Hrvatske s članicama EU u razdoblju 2013. - 2023. godine. Do
pristupanja EU Hrvatska je bila potpisnica Sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini srednjoeuropskih
zemalja (CEFTA) na čija tržišta je izvozila polovinu svojih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih
proizvoda. Nakon pristupanja EU povećava se vanjskotrgovinska razmjena sa članicama EU.
Cilj rada bio je utvrditi najvažnije trgovinske partnere te najzastupljenije proizvode u razmjeni.
Korištene su statističke metode, poput prosječne stope promjene i verižnih indeksa. Rezultati
pokazuju značajan porast izvoza i uvoza, ali i trajan deficit. Najvažniji izvozni partneri su Italija,
Slovenija i BiH, a uvozni Njemačka, Poljska i Italija. Najzastupljeniji uvozni proizvodi su meso,
mlijeko i pekarski proizvodi, dok se najviše izvoze riba, pekarski proizvodi te duhan.This final thesis analyses the changes in the foreign trade exchange of agricultural
and food products between Croatia and the EU Member States in the period from 2013 to
2023. Prior to EU accession, Croatia was a signatory to the Central European Free Trade
Agreement (CEFTA) and exported half of its agricultural and food products to CEFTA markets.
After EU accession, foreign trade with EU member states increased. The aim of this final
thesis was to identify the most important trading partners and the most frequently traded
products. Statistical methods such as the average rate of change and chain indices were
used for this purpose. The results show a significant increase in both exports and imports,
but also a persistent trade deficit. The most important export partners are Italy, Slovenia and
Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the most important import partners are Germany, Poland
and Italy. The most frequently imported products are meat, milk and bakery products, while
the most exported products are fish, bakery products and tobacco
The role of hunting tourism in the function of rural development
No full textHrvatska kao država s bogatom lovnom tradicijom, prirodnim resursima i velikom bioraznolikošću ima značajan potencijal za lovni turizam. Raznolikost divljači uključujući vrste kao što su smeđi medvjed, jelen lopatar, muflon, divokoza i mnoge druge, privlači međunarodne lovce, osobito iz zemalja poput Njemačke, Italije, Austrije i Švicarske. To čini Hrvatsku konkurentnom destinacijom za lovni turizam u Europi. Lokacija lovišta, uključujući prometnu povezanost, udaljenost od zračnih luka i blizinu atraktivnih domaćih i inozemnih lovišta, igraju ključnu ulogu u odlučivanju o destinaciji lova. Problemi poput neusklađene zakonske regulative, birokracije, slabog marketinga, niskog nivoa stručnosti osoblja i nedostatka popratnih sadržaja ugrožavaju puni razvoj ove niše turizma. Za daljnji razvoj lovnog turizma nužno je poboljšati organizaciju i promociju Hrvatske na svjetskoj lovno turističkoj burzi. Korištenje bodova za različite faktore omogućava jasnu sliku o tome koja lovišta i destinacije imaju najveći potencijal za razvoj lovnog turizma.Croatia, as a country with a rich hunting tradition, natural resources and great biodiversity, has significant potential for hunting tourism. The diversity of game, including species such as brown bear, fallow deer, mouflon, chamois and many others, attracts international hunters, especially from countries such as Germany, Italy, Austria and Switzerland. This makes Croatia a competitive destination for hunting tourism in Europe. The location of the hunting grounds, including transport connections, distance from airports and proximity to attractive domestic and foreign hunting grounds, play a key role in deciding on a hunting destination. Problems such as unharmonized legislation, bureaucracy, poor marketing, low level of staff expertise and lack of supporting facilities threaten the full development of this tourism niche. For the further development of hunting tourism, it is necessary to improve the organization and promotion of Croatia on the global hunting tourism exchange. Using points for various factors provides a clear picture of which hunting grounds and destinations have the greatest potential for the development of hunting tourism
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts in wine production
No full textUslijed sve izraženijih klimatskih promjena i negativnog utjecaja na vinogradarstvo, sve češća je primjena ne-Saccharomyces kvasaca u vinarstvu radi snižavanja alkoholne jakosti i povećanje kiselosti koja doprinosi svježini vina i kvalitetnijoj aromi. Tijekom dozrijevanja vina na talogu, ne-Saccharomyces vrste kvasaca mogu osloboditi i polisaharide koji u interakciju s taninima smanjuju trpkoću vina. Važno je naglasiti kako brojnim poželjnim učincima kvasaca pripada i oslobađanje aromatskih spojeva koji mogu značajno doprinijeti kompleksnosti vina. U isto vrijeme mogu nastati i spojevi s negativnim utjecajem na aromatski profil vina, međutim selekcijom ne-Saccharomyces vrsta izdvojene su i komercijalno dostupne vrste s isključivo pozitivnim učinkom na sastav i kakvoću vina.Due to the increasingly pronounced climate change and its negative impact on viticulture, the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in winemaking is becoming more common to reduce alcohol content and increase acidity, which contributes to freshness and a better wine aroma. During the maturation of wine on the lees, non-Saccharomyces yeast species can also release polysaccharides that, in interaction with tannins, reduce the astringency of the wine. It is important to emphasize that non-Saccharomyces yeasts can produce aromatic compounds that significantly contribute to wine complexity. At the same time, they can also release compounds that can have a negative impact on the wine aromatic profile, however, isolated non-Saccharomyces species, commercially available have different positive effects on the composition and quality of wine
