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The influence of the extraction method on the content of bioactive compounds of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.)
No full textStolisnik (Achillea millefolium L.) i njegovi pripravci (npr. ekstrakti) posjeduju široki spektar djelovanja koji se pripisuje bogatom sadržaju brojnih bioaktivnih spojeva i eteričnog ulja. Na sadržaj bioaktivnih spojeva ekstrakta utječu brojni čimbenici, a prvenstveno metoda ekstrakcije. U ovome radu prikupljeni biljni materijal podvrgnut je trima metodama ekstrakcije (maceracija, mikrovalna ekstrakcija, ultrazvučna ekstrakcija), a dobiveni ekstrakti analizirani su na sadržaj bioaktivnih spojeva te je utvrđen i njihov antioksidacijski kapacitet. Najveći sadržaj vitamina C (10,60 mg/100 g svježe tvari), ukupnih polifenola (495,29 mg GAE/100 g svježe tvari), flavonoida (271,95 mg GAE/100 g svježe tvari) i antioksidacijski kapacitet (FRAP metoda: 3994,41 μmol TE/L) zabilježen je kod ultrazvučno potpomognute ekstrakcije u trajanju od 10 minuta, dok je najveći sadržaj neflavonoida (224,68 mg GAE/100 g svježe tvari) zabilježen kod mikrovalno potpomognute ekstrakcije u trajanju od 10 minuta.Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and its medicinal preparations (e.g. extracts) have a broad spectrum of activity, which is attributed to the content of numerous bioactive compounds and essential oil. The content of the extract itself is influenced by numerous factors, as well as by the extraction method. In this work, the sampled plant material was subjected to three extraction methods (maceration, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction), and the obtained extracts were analyzed for the content of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant capacity was determined. The highest content of vitamin C (10.60 mg/100 g dw), total polyphenols (495.29 mg GAE/100 g dw), flavonoids (271.95 mg GAE/100 g dw) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP method: 3994.41 μmol TE/L) was found in the ultrasound assisted extraction for 10 minutes, while the highest content of non-flavonoids (224.68 mg GAE/100 g dw) was recorded during microwave assisted extraction for 10 minutes
Use of sauerkraut production residues in animal feed
No full textU novije doba sve više se koriste ostatci iz poljoprivrede i raznih prehrambenih industrija kao hrana za životinje na farmama. Takav oblik hranidbe može pružiti odličan izvor svih potrebnih nutrijenata ili se koristiti kao dopuna osnovnoj hrani koja se daje životinjama. Ostatci kiselog kupusa koji ostaju nakon procesa njegove fermentacije također se mogu koristiti u hranidbi životinja. Kiseli kupus izvor je probiotika, vitamina i ostalih korisnih tvari koje pospješuju zdravlje životinje i pozitivno utječu na otpornost na bolesti. Za potrebe istraživanja ostatci kiselog kupusa prikupljeni su u proizvodnom pogonu AML AGRO j.d.o.o., Zablatje. Procjena hranjive vrijednosti i kemijski sastav kiselog kupusa utvrđen su kemijskim analizama, te je određena suha tvar, pepeo, sirovi protein, sirove masti, vodotopivi šećeri, sirova vlakna, kisela detergent vlakna, neutralna detergent vlakna te minerali kalcij, fosfor, natrij i kalij. Zdravstvena ispravnost ostataka kiselog kupusa utvrđena je brojem bakterija Staphylococcus aureus, sulfidreducirajućih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, te brojem kvasaca i plijesni koji je uspoređen sa Zakonski dopuštenim vrijednostima. Ostatci kiselog kupusa po svom kemijskom sastavu mogu se koristiti kao hrana za životinje, međutim potrebno je i obratiti pažnju na količinu soli koju ostatci sadržavaju kako višak natrija ne bi naškodio životinji i njenom zdravlju. Iz mikrobiološke analize utvrđeno je da neki uzorci imaju veće količine patogenih bakterija od dopuštenog prema dokumentu Vodič za mikrobiološke kriterije za hranu. Samim time prije korištenja ostataka za hranidbu životinja potrebno je provesti mikrobiološku analizu kako bi se utvrdila njihova zdravstvena ispravnost. Ostatci kiselog kupusa ne samo da su hranjivo povoljni za životinju već njihovo korištenje u svrhu hranidbe rješava problem njihovog zbrinjavanja, a nabavkom istih može se uštedjeti u odnosu na cijenu krmiva i druge hrane za životinje.Nowadays, residues from agriculture and various food industries are used more and more as feed for animals on farms. This form of feeding can provide an excellent source of all the necessary nutrients or be used as a supplement to the basic feed given to animals. The remains of sauerkraut that remain after the fermentation process can also be used in animal feed. Sauerkraut is a source of probiotics, vitamins and other useful substances that improve animal health and have a positive effect on disease resistance. The remains of sauerkraut used for this research were collected in the production facility of AML AGRO j.d.o.o., Zablatje. The assessment of the nutritional value and chemical composition of sauerkraut was determined by chemical analysis; dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, water-soluble sugars, crude fiber, acidic detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and the minerals calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium were determined. The health suitability of sauerkraut remains was determined by the number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, Sulfide-reducing bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and the number of yeasts and molds, which was compared with legally permitted values. Due to its chemical composition, the remains of sauerkraut can be used as animal feed, however, it is necessary to pay attention to the amount of salt that the remains contain, so that excess sodium does not harm the animal and its health. From the microbiological analysis, it was determined that some samples have larger amounts of pathogenic bacteria than allowed according to the document Guide for microbiological criteria for food, therefore, before using the remains for feeding animals it is necessary to carry out a microbiological analysis in order to determine their healthiness. The remains of sauerkraut are not only nutritionally favorable for the animal, but their use for the purpose of feeding solves the problem of their disposal, and by purchasing them, you can save money in relation to the price of fodder and other animal feed
Changes in the dairy sector in Karlovac county after Croatia's accession to the European Union
No full textCilj ovog rada je analizirati stanje mliječnog sektora u Karlovačkoj županiji nakon ulaska
Hrvatske u Europsku uniju. Velik broj proizvođača manjih i srednjih do 30 krava, odnosno njih
68,9% odustalo je od proizvodnje mlijeka. U pasminskom sastavu Karlovačke županije
prevladava simentalska pasmina u koje je zabilježen i najveći pad broja krava. U sustavu
proizvodnje mlijeka najbrojnija je holštajn pasmina te je 92,43% krava te pasmine bilo
uključeno u kontrolu mliječnosti tijekom 2022. godine. U pasmine holštajn zabilježen je
najmanji pad broja krava u proizvodnji mlijeka dok je u smeđe pasmine taj pad najveći.
Međutim, u promatranom razdoblju bilježi se porast proizvodnje mlijeka po isporučitelju od
64,98%. Kvaliteta mlijeka na području županije nešto je lošija nego u RH. Oporavak mliječnog
sektora u županiji ovisit će o sposobnostima još uvijek aktivnih proizvođača da se prilagode
trenutačnom stanju na tržištu i njihovoj mogućnost daljnjih ulaganja u proizvodnju.The aim of this thesis is to analyse the state of the dairy sector in Karlovac County after
Croatia's accession to the European Union. A large number of small and medium-sized
producers with up to 30 cows, i.e. 68.9 % of them, have given up milk production. In the breed
composition of Karlovac County, the Simmental breed predominates, with the largest
decrease in the number of cows. In the milk production system, the Holstein breed is the most
represented, and 92.43% of cows of this breed were included in the milk yield control in 2022.
The smallest decrease in the number of cows in milk production was recorded in the Holstein
breed, while the decrease was greatest in the Brown Swiss breed. However, an increase in
milk production per supplier of 64.98% was recorded in the period observed. The quality of
milk in the county is slightly worse than in the Republic of Croatia. The recovery of the dairy
sector in the county will depend on the ability of the still active producers to adapt to the
current market situation and on their ability to continue investing in production
Physiological responses of traditional common bean cultivars to drought
No full textSuša je najvažniji abiotski stres u proizvodnji graha (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) koji je jedna je od najčešće uzgajanih kultura u svijetu.
Cilj rada je bio istovremenim mjerenjem provodljivosti puči i klorofilne fluorescencije pratiti fiziološke promjene kod različitih tradicijkih kultivara graha te pomoću promjena tih parametara procjeniti njihovu otpornost na stres suše. Za pokus su se koristila četiri tradicijska kultivara graha, 'Biser', 'Puter', 'Trešnjevac' i 'Zelenčec' koji su uzgojeni iz sjemena. Nakon razvijenog prvog pravog lista, 10 biljaka svakog kultivara presađeno u posude s pijeskom te je zaliveno. Biljke kontrole (polovica biljaka) su konstantno zalijevane dok je kod biljaka tretmana suše zalijevanje izostavljeno tijekom 10 dana. Svaka 2 dana mjereni su parameti provodljivosti puči (gsw), provodljivost graničnog sloja lista (gbw), ukupna provodljivost puči (gtw), intenzitet transpiracije (E), efektivna efikasnost fotosustava PSII (ΦPSII) i intenzitet transporta elektrona (ETR) uz pomoć porometra/fluorometra LI-COR LI-600. Rezultati ukazuju da je kultivar Biser otporniji na sušu u usporedbi s ostalim istrživanim tradicijskim kultivarima jer je u tretmanu suše zadržao veću provodljivost puči, viši intenzitet trasnpiracije te veći ETR.Drought is the most important abiotic stress in the production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), which is one of the most cultivated crops in the world.
The aim of this study was to monitor physiological changes in different traditional bean cultivars by simultaneous measuring shoot conductivity and chlorophyll fluorescence and using these changes to assess the resistance of different cultivars under drought stress conditions. Four traditional common bean cultivars were used for the experiment: 'Biser', 'Puter', 'Trešnjevac' and 'Zelenčec' which are grown from seed. After the first leaf developed, 10 plants of each cultivar were transplanted into containers with sand and watered. The control plants (half of the plants) were constantly watered, while the drought treatment plants were not watered for 10 days. Stomatal conductance (gsw), boundary layer conductance (gbw), total stomatal conductance (gtw), transpiration (E), effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) were measured every 2 days with the LI-COR LI-600 porometer/fluorometer. The results show that the cv. Biser is more drought resistant compared to the other studied traditional cultivars, because it maintained higher stomatal conductivity, higher transpiration rate and higher ETR in the drought treatment
Effect of sex and age on physical parameters of mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon Pal.) meat
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi fizikalna svojstva mesa muflona te utjecaj spola i dobi na navedena svojstva. U tu svrhu uzorkovano je 36 uzoraka (18 muških i 18 ženskih jedinki različite dobi) dugog leđnog mišića (m. longissimus dorsi) muflona na kojima je provedeno mjerenje pH vrijednosti, pokazatelja boje mesa (L*, a* i b*), kala kuhanja, kala odmrzavanja i otpora presijecanju. Prosječna pH vrijednost iznosila je 5,55±0,08, kalo kuhanja iznosio je 30,37±3,73 %, kalo odmrzavanja 9,59±3,81 %, a otpor presijecanju 51,28±21,21 N. Parametri boje imali su sljedeće vrijednosti: L*60 = 32,64±1,79, a*60= 17,09±1,36, b*60= 5,92±0,93. Spol i dob nisu imali značajan utjecaj na većinu analiziranih svojstava. Ipak, značajno (p<0,05) veći kalo odmrzavanja i manja vrijednost a60*su utvrđene u mesu ženki u odnosu na mužjake. Ujedno, u mesu mladih jedinki je utvrđen značajno (p<0,05) manji otpor presijecanju te manja vrijednosti L60* u odnosu na srednjodobne i stare jedinke.The aim of this thesis was to determine the physical properties of mouflon meat and effect of sex and age of analyzed traits. For this purpose, 36 samples (18 male and 18 female of different age) od longissimus dorsi were collected and used to determine pH value, meat color parameters (L*, a* and b*), cooking loss, thawing loss and shear force. The average pH value was 5.55± 0.08, the cooking loss was 30.37±3.73%, the thawing loss 9.59±3.81%, and the shear force was 51.28±21.21 N. The color parameters after 60 minutes were as follows: L*60 = 32,64±1.79, a*60= 17.09±1.36, b*60= 5.92±0.93. Sex and age did not have significant effect on majority of analyzed traits. However, significantly (p<0.05) thawing loss and lower a*60 value were found in meat of females than male mouflon. Also, meat of young mouflons had significantly (p<0.05) lower shear force and L*60 value than middle-aged or old individuals
Challenges in Sustainable Agriculture—The Role of Organic Amendments
No full textSoil degradation threatens global food security and environmental sustainability, necessitating effective soil management strategies. This review comprehensively examines the impact of organic soil amendments on soil quality and productivity across various soil types and climatic conditions. A review of significant research related to organic amendments was performed using encompassed data from online search engines for studies published up until 31 December 2023. Despite their heterogeneity and use of varying methodologies, the data were narratively synthesized, providing a comprehensive understanding of amendment-induced changes in the chemical and physical properties of soil and the effectiveness of restoration on soil degradation. Organic amendments, including compost, vermicompost, biochar, and pomace, are pivotal in enhancing soil quality by increasing soil organic matter content, fostering aggregate formation, and improving soil structure in the short term. They positively influence water retention capacity, pH levels, nutrient availability, and carbon sequestration. In several studies, amendment-induced changes were absent, indicating that the effects of amendments vary depending on soil texture, application rates, and cropping systems, which emphasizes the need for tailored, sustainable soil management practices. This study concludes that organic amendments are a promising option for structure improvement and organic matter accumulation. It further suggests that an approach that integrates various methods is essential in order to meet desirable soil quality and retain agricultural productivity and offers valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. Organic amendments can improve soil ecosystem services and contribute to climate change adaptation. In the future, more attention should be directed to tillage management and soil amendment interaction, as well as their effectiveness over specific periods of time
The impact of light as a microclimatic factor on egg production in hens
No full textOvaj rad se bavi proučavanjem djelovanja svjetla kao mikroklimatskog faktora na uzgoj i proizvodnju jaja kod kokoši. Postoje tri glavna sustava držanja kokoši, a to su: ekstenzivan, intenzivan i alternativan. EU direktivom 1999/74/EC zabranjeno je korištenje baterijskih kaveza u proizvodnji konzumnih kokošjih jaja, te se u uzgoj uvode obogaćeni kavezi koji kokošima omogućuju prirodno ponašanje na minimalno 750 cm2 dostupne podne površine po kokoši. U svijetu proizvodnja jaja bilježi stalni porast uz godišnju stopu od oko 3%. Samodostatnost Hrvatske u proizvodnji jaja iznosi oko 93%. Svjetlost kao jedan od najznačajnijih mikroklimatskih faktora u proizvodnji jaja utječe na količinu i kvalitetu istih. Crveno svjetlo zbog svoje valne duljine koja je veća od 660 nm izaziva fotoseksualni odgovor, što utječe na veću proizvodnju jaja. Iako UV svjetlo ima veću valnu duljinu ono ima zanemariv utjecaj na proizvodnju jaja, ali ima utjecaj na kvalitetu ljuske. Plavo svjetlo djeluje umirujuće na kokoši. Mogućnost noćnog osvjetljenja u peradnjaku utječe na povećanje proizvodnje jaja za 4%, međutim duljina dana ne bi trebala biti duža od 17 sati, zbog negativnog utjecaja na kokoši.This paper examines the effects of light as a microclimatic factor on the breeding and egg production in hens. There are three main systems for keeping hens: extensive, intensive, and alternative. EU Directive 1999/74/EC prohibits the use of battery cages in the production of consumption eggs and introduces enriched cages that allow hens to exhibit natural behaviors with a minimum of 750 cm² of available floor space per hen. Globally, egg production is steadily increasing at an annual rate of about 3%. Croatia's self-sufficiency in egg production is around 93%. Light, as one of the most significant microclimatic factors in egg production, affects the quantity and quality of the eggs. Red light, due to its wavelength greater than 660 nm, induces a photosexual response, which leads to higher egg production. Although UV light has a greater wavelength, it has a negligible impact on egg production but affects shell quality. Blue light has a calming effect on hens. The possibility of night lighting in the poultry house can increase egg production by 4%; however, the length of the day should not exceed 17 hours due to its negative impact on hens
The impact of physical activity on the attitude and motivation for wine consuption
No full textIstraživanje se bavi proučavanjem utjecaja tjelesne aktivnosti na stavove i motivaciju za umjerenu konzumaciju vina u kontekstu zdravog načina života. Istraživanje istražuje kako ove dvije aktivnosti, tjelesna aktivnost i umjerena konzumacija vina, mogu pridonijeti postizanju ravnoteže između uživanja i zdravlja. Uzorak od 99 ispitanika obuhvatio je sudionike različitih dobnih skupina oba spola, prikupljenih metodom prigodnog uzorka. Korišteni su upitnici o tjelesnoj aktivnosti, stavovima prema vinu (WAS), i motivaciji za konzumaciju alkohola (DMQR) kako bi se analizirale različite dimenzije tih ponašanja. Rezultati su pokazali slabiju korelaciju između tjelesne aktivnosti i stavova prema konzumaciji vina, s jedinom značajnom pozitivnom vezom između trajanja tjelesne aktivnosti i percepcije vina kao ugodnog iskustva. Istraživanje je imalo za cilj utvrditi postoji li veza između tjelesne aktivnosti i stavova prema konzumaciji vina, kako motivacija za konzumiranje vina utječe na tu vezu, te postoje li spolne razlike u ovim aspektima. Istraživanje je također nastojalo pridonijeti boljem razumijevanju faktora koji oblikuju obrasce konzumacije vina u kontekstu zdravog načina života.The research examines the impact of physical activity on attitudes and motivation for moderate wine consumption in the context of a healthy lifestyle. It explores how these two activities, physical activity and moderate wine consumption, can contribute to achieving a balance between enjoyment and health. The sample consisted of 99 respondents from various age groups and both genders, collected through a convenience sampling method. Questionnaires on physical activity, attitudes towards wine (WAS), and motives for alcohol consumption (DMQR) were used to analyze different dimensions of these behaviors. The results showed a weaker correlation between physical activity and attitudes towards wine consumption, with the only significant positive relationship being between the duration of physical activity and the perception of wine as a pleasurable experience. The study aimed to determine whether there is a connection between physical activity and attitudes towards wine consumption, how the motivation for wine consumption affects that connection, and whether there are gender differences in these aspects. The research also sought to contribute to a better understanding of the factors that shape wine consumption patterns in the context of a healthy lifestyle
Morphological features and nutritional properties of wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia)
No full textDivlja riga (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC) u mediteranskom području raste kao samonikla biljna vrsta, a ima tanke listove plavozelene boje te žute cvjetove. Osim listova, mogu se koristiti i sjemenke divlje rige za ekstrakciju ulja koje ima određeno antibiotkso djelovanje. S obzirom na porast potražnje tržišta za ovom vrstom, sve je rašireniji njezin uzgoj na poljoprivrednim površinama u Europi. Može se uzgajati izravnom sjetvom i iz presadnica, na otvorenom i u zaštićenim prostorima, a sve se češće uzgaja i hidroponski pri čemu je moguće ostvariti prinos do 3 kg/m2. Višekratnom berbom divlje rige moguće je ostvariti i veći prinos, no i veći udio specifičnih pojedinačnih glukozinolata. Nutritivna vrijednost divlje rige ovisi o brojnim čimbenicima kao što su gnojidba, navodnjavanje, rok uzgoja, primjena biostimulatora te se pažljivim upravljanjem ovim čimbenicima tijekom uzgoja može utjecati na povećanje određenih minerala i specijaliziranih metabolita divlje rige.Wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) grows as a spontaneous herb in the Mediterranean area, and has thin blue-green leaves and yellow flowers. In addition to the leaves, wild rocket seeds can also be used to extract oil, which has a certain antibiotic properties. Given the increase in market demand for this species, its cultivation on agricultural land in Europe is becoming more widespread. It can be grown by sowing and from seedlings, in open fields and in greenhouses, and increasingly it is grown hidroponically, where it is possible to achieve a yield of up to 3 kg/m2. By harvesting wild rocket multiple times, it is possible to achieve a higher yield, but also a higher proportion of specific individual glucosinolates. Nutritional properties of wild rocket depends on a number of factors such as fertilization, irrigation, cultivation period, application of biostimulants, and careful management of these factors during cultivation can affect the increase of certain minerals and specialized metabolites of wild rocket
Impact of drought to grapevine
No full textOvaj rad istražuje utjecaj suše na vinovu lozu, s posebnim naglaskom na fiziološke i ekonomske aspekte. Vinova loza je biljka osjetljiva na nedostatak vode, što može uzrokovati smanjenje prinosa i kvalitetu grožđa, te posljedično utjecati na kvalitetu vina. Suša uzrokuje stres kod biljke, smanjujući fotosintetsku aktivnost, poremećaje u metabolizmu i smanjenu apsorpciju hranjivih tvari. Na temelju analize različitih istraživanja, rad također razmatra prilagodbe vinove loze sušnim uvjetima, metode navodnjavanja te sustave uzdržavanja tla. Zaključci rada sugeriraju da je održiva proizvodnja vina u uvjetima suše moguća, ali zahtijeva integrirani pristup upravljanju vinogradima.This paper investigates the impact of drought on grapevines, with special emphasis on physiological and economic aspects. The grapevine is a plant sensitive to a lack of water, which can cause a decrease in the yield and quality of the grapes, and consequently affect the quality of the wine. Drought causes stress in the plant, reducing photosynthetic activity, disturbances in metabolism and reduced absorption of nutrients. Based on the analysis of various research, the paper also considers the adaptation of the grapevine to drought conditions, including the selection of more resistant varieties, irrigation methods and soil maintenance practices. The conclusions of the paper suggest that sustainable wine production in drought conditions is possible but requires an integrated approach to vineyard management