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The influence of variety and water hardness on the agronomic traits of flax
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu provedena su istraživanja agronomskih svojstava na pet sorata
predivog lana. Pokus je postavljen na Pokušalištu Maksimir Sveučilišta u Zagrebu
Agronomskog fakulteta 2014. godine prema metodi slučajnog bloknog rasporeda u četiri
ponavljanja. U pokusu je bilo zastupljeno pet europskih sorata predivog lana (Viking, Viola,
Venica, Agatha i Electra). Nakon berbe lana, stabljike lana podvrgnute su biološkoj metodi
maceracije zagrijanom vodom u kontroliranim uvjetima različitim tvrdoćama vode (vrlo meka,
srednje tvrda i tvrda) u trajanju od tri dana pri 32C. Nakon močenja određen je prinos stabljike
nakon močenja, prinos vlakna, udio vlakna, prinos dugog vlakna i udio dugog vlakna. Na osnovi
provedene analize varijance utvrđena je signifikantna razlika za prinos stabljike nakon močenja
i prinos dugog vlakna. Najveći prinos stabljike nakon močenja imala je sorta Viola. Najveći
prinos ukupnog vlakna, prinos dugog vlakna te udio dugog vlakna ostvarila je sorta Electra.
Venica se pokazala najbolja za svojstvo udio ukupnog vlakna. Močenje mekanom vodom dalo
je najbolje rezultate za sva navedena istraživana agronomska svojstva.In this thesis, agronomic traits were investigated on five varieties of fiber flax. The trial was set
up at the Maksimir Experiment Station of the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, in
2014 according to the randomized complete block design in four replications. Five European
varieties of fiber flax (Viking, Viola, Venica, Agatha and Electra) were involved in the trial.
After harvesting the fiber flax, the flax stems were subjected to a biological method of
maceration with heated water under controlled conditions with different hardness of water (very
soft, medium hard and hard) for three days at 32°C. After retting, the dry stem yield after retting,
total fiber yield, share of total fiber, long fiber yield and share of long fibre were determined.
Based on the analysis of variance, a significant difference was found for the dry stem yield after
retting and the long fiber yield. The variety Viola had the highest dry stem yield after retting.
The highest yield of total fiber yield and long fiber and share of long fiber was achieved by the
variety Electra. Venica proved to be the best for the share of total fiber. Retting with soft water
gave the best results for all the investigated agronomic traits
Physiological response and meat quality in livestock under transport stress
No full textTransport životinja do klaonica predstavlja značajan izazov u proizvodnji mesa, jer stres povezan s transportom ima negativan utjecaj na fiziološke procese i kvalitetu mesa. Tijekom transporta dolazi do povećanja razine hormona stresa poput kortizola i adrenalina, što pokreće kataboličke procese u organizmu životinja. Ovi procesi uključuju razgradnju glikogena u mišićima, što u anaerobnim uvjetima dovodi do stvaranja mliječne kiseline. Povećana koncentracija mliječne kiseline smanjuje pH vrijednost mesa, uzrokujući stanje poznato kao BMV (blijedo, mekano, vodenasto), posebno kod svinja. S druge strane, produženi stres može dovesti do iscrpljenja zaliha glikogena, što sprječava stvaranje mliječne kiseline i rezultira visokom pH vrijednosti mesa, poznatom kao TČS (tamno, čvrsto, suho) meso, što je posebno uočljivo kod goveda i ovaca. TČS meso ima smanjenu sposobnost zadržavanja vode, što ga čini manje atraktivnim potrošačima i sklonom bržem kvarenju. Smanjenje transportnog stresa donosi ne samo etičke koristi za životinje, već i ekonomske prednosti za proizvođače mesa. Poboljšana kvaliteta mesa rezultira većim prihodima i zadovoljstvom potrošača, što dugoročno doprinosi održivosti i profitabilnosti proizvodnje mesa.The transport of animals to slaughterhouses poses a significant challenge in meat production, as the stress associated with transport negatively affects physiological processes and meat quality. During transport, levels of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline increase, triggering catabolic processes in the animals' bodies. These processes involve the breakdown of glycogen in the muscles, which under anaerobic conditions leads to the production of lactic acid. The increased concentration of lactic acid lowers the pH value of the meat, causing a condition known as PSE (pale, soft, exudative), particularly in pigs. On the other hand, prolonged stress can lead to the depletion of glycogen reserves, preventing the formation of lactic acid and resulting in a high pH value of the meat, known as DFD (dark, firm, dry) meat, which is particularly noticeable in cattle and sheep. DFD meat has a reduced ability to retain water, making it less attractive to consumers and more prone to spoilage. Reducing transport stress brings not only ethical benefits for the animals but also economic advantages for meat producers. Improved meat quality results in higher revenues and consumer satisfaction, contributing to the sustainability and profitability of meat production in the long run
Traditional botanical use of plants in western Herzegovina region
No full textOvaj diplomski rad dokumentira etnobotaničku upotrebu bilja u zapadnoj Hercegovini, točnije općine Ljubuški i mjesta Klobuk, s ciljem očuvanja tradicionalnog znanja koje nije do sada dokumentirano te je ugroženo radi promjene načina života te socio-ekonomskih prilika. Intervjuiranjem starijih članova lokalne zajednice prikupljeni su podaci upotrebe ukupno 90 vrsta samoniklih i kultiviranih biljaka, uključujući njihove lokalne nazive, metode pripreme i primjene. Zabilježene su biljke za liječenje zdravstvenih problema (poput probavnih smetnji, kožnih bolesti i respiratornih tegoba), za religiozne svrhe, prehranu ljudi i životinja, te za gospodarske svrhe (gradnju kuća, izradu oruđa itd.). Tijekom svakog intervjua prosječno je spomenuto 17,3 biljnih vrsta. Najčešće spominjane vrste u istraživanju su: ružmarin (Rosmarinus officinalis, 85%), lavanda (Lavandula angustifolia, 80%), maslina (Olea europaea, 80%), smilje (Helichrysum italicum, 75 %) i duhan (Nicotiana tabacum, 75 %). Zabilježene su promjene u upotrebi biljaka kroz povijest do danas, pri čemu se neke tradicionalne metode i dalje primjenjuju, dok su druge gotovo zaboravljene. Rezultati su uspoređeni s postojećim etnobotaničkim studijama, čime je dan širi kontekst etnobotaničke upotrebe bilja u zapadnoj Hercegovini. Rad naglašava važnost očuvanja nematerijalnih izvora znanja kao dijela kulturne baštine te ističe potencijalnu sinergiju između tradicionalnog znanja i suvremene znanosti, što može doprinijeti razvoju novih terapijskih pristupa i očuvanju biološke raznolikosti.This thesis documents the ethnobotanical use of plants in western Herzegovina, specifically in the municipality of Ljubuški and the village of Klobuk, with the aim of preserving traditional knowledge that has not yet been documented and is threatened by changes in lifestyle and socio-economic conditions. By interviewing elderly members of the local community, data were collected on the use of a total of 90 species of wild and cultivated plants, including their local names, methods of preparation and applications. The documented plants are used for treating health issues (such as digestive problems, skin diseases and respiratory ailments), for religious purposes, human and animal nutrition, as well as for economic purposes (house construction, tool-making, etc.). On average, 17.3 plant species were mentioned during each interview. The most frequently mentioned species in the study are: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, 85%), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, 80%), olive (Olea europaea, 80%), immortelle (Helichrysum italicum, 75%), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, 75%). Changes in the use of plants throughout history up to the present day were noted, with some traditional methods still being applied, while others are almost forgotten. The results were compared with existing ethnobotanical studies, providing a broader context of the ethnobotanical use of plants in western Herzegovina. The thesis emphasizes the importance of preserving intangible knowledge as part of cultural heritage and highlights the potential synergy between traditional knowledge and modern science, which can contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches and the conservation of biological diversity
Water retention in Terra rossa depending on humus content
No full textCilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi retencijski kapacitet (Kv), točku venuća (Tv) i sadržaj fiziološki aktivne vode (FAv) crvenica različitog sadržaja humusa, te ih međusobno usporediti. U radu je korišteno 30 arhivskih uzoraka tla Zavoda za pedologiju Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu podrijetlom iz antropogenih crvenica s područja srednje Dalmacije (23) i Istre (7). Uzorci su obzirom na sadržaj humusa grupirani u 3 grupe po 10 uzoraka; I grupa ( 6 %), a prema teksturi su bili uglavnom praškasto glinasto ilovasti i glinasto ilovasti. Retencija vode u tlu pri 0,33 bara i 15 bara određena je prema metodi po Richardsu (1982). Prosječna vrijednosti Kv-a III grupe (32,8 %) bila je signifikantno viša u odnosu na I i II grupu (26,5, odnosno 27,2 %), te je utvrđena značajna visoko pozitivna korelacijska veza (r = 0,7720) između sadržaja humusa i Kv-a. Za Tv utvrđene su signifikantne razlike između svih grupa uzoraka u rastućem nizu I (16,4 %) 6 %), according to texture they were mainly silty clay loam and clay loam. Soil water retention at 0.33 bar and 15 bar was determined according to the method of Richards (1982). The average Kv value of group III (32.8 %) was significantly higher compared to group I and II (26,5 and 27,2 %, respectively). Furthermore a significant high positive correlation was established (r = 0,7720) between humus content and Kv. Significant differences were found for Tv between all groups od samples in an increasing sequence I (16.4 %) < II (19,5 %) < III (23.5 %), with a very high positive correlation between humus content and wilting point (r = 0.94362). Group I had a significant higher FAv (10.2 %) compared to group II (7.7 %), while in group III the average Fav was 9,3 %. By increasing humus content in Terra rossa the value of Kv, but also Tv, increased and as a result higher values of Fav were not determined in soil with a higher humus content. In order to obtain more authoritative data, it is necessary to expand the research with a larger number of samples with a uniform texture, and also with other properties (density, porosity) that can affect water retention
The Usage of Smooth meadow-grass (Poa pratensis L.) for Ornamental and Sports Lawns
No full textU završnom radu pod temom “Korištenje Livadne vlasnjače (Poa pratensis L.) za
ukrasne i sportske travnjake” istražuju se svojstva vrste, te njena primjena na
različitim vrstama travnjaka. Prvotno je objašnjena sistematika, morfologija i
ekofiziologija vrste, opisani su kultivari prema klasifikaciji u grupe sličnih svojstava,
provedena je usporedba s drugim najčešće korištenim vrstama iz porodice Poaceae,
te su na kraju predložene smjese za različite vrste travnjaka.In the thesis under the topic of "The Usage of Smooth meadow-grass (Poa pratensis
L.) for Ornamental and Sports Lawns", the characteristics of the species and its
application on various types of lawns are researched. Thesis begins with an
explanation of the species' systematics, morphology, and ecophysiology. It then
describes different cultivars based on their classification into groups with similar
traits, compares them with other commonly used species from the Poaceae family,
and concludes by proposing mixtures suitable for various lawn types
Irrigation of vineyards in the Lumbarda field on the island of Korčula
No full textOvaj završni rad bavi se istraživanjem navodnjavanja vinograda na Lumbarajskom polju na otoku Korčuli, koji pretežno uzgajaju vinovu lozu cv. Grk. Glavni problem je učestala suša zbog klimatskih promjena, što negativno utječe na prinos i kvalitetu grožđa. U radu je analizirana kvaliteta vode na Lumbarajskom polju. Provedeno je jednokratno uzorkovanje vode iz 13 bunara, pri čemu su analizirani parametri pH vrijednosti, električne vodljivosti i koncentracije nitrata, koncentracije ortofosfata i koncentracije klorida.
Rezultati rada pokazali su da je kvaliteta vode na Lumbarajskom polju dobre kvalitete, s nešto višim vrijednostima hranjiva i klorida u blizini bunara uz obalu. S obzirom da je to istraživanje napravljeno početkom travnja u razdoblju kada još nisu bili prisutni učinci suše. Kako bi se procijenila kvaliteta vode za navodnjavanje, potrebno je provoditi višekratni monitoring i uzorkovanja tijekom cijele godine osobito u mjesecima kada je najveći pritisak na izvore vode, a time i povećan rizik od prodora mora.This thesis focuses on the investigation of vineyard irrigation in Lumbarda field on the island of Korčula, where the predominant grape vine is Grk. The main issue is the frequent droughts caused by climate change which negatively affects grape yield and quality. The study analyzed the water quality in Lumbarda field. A one-time water sampling was conducted from 13 wells with parameters such as pH value, electrical conductivity, nitrate concentration, orthophosphate concentration and chloride concentration being analyzed.
The results showed that the water quality in Lumbarda field is generally good quality with slightly higher levels of nutrients and chlorides near the wells close to the coast. Since the research was conducted in early April, the effects of drought had not yet been present. In order to assess the water quality for irrigation purposes it is necessary to conduct repeated monitoring and sampling throughout the year, especially in months when the pressure on water sources is the greatest and the risk of seawater intrusion is higher
Support for agriculture and rural development: experiences of young farmers in the County of Sisak-Moslavina
No full textU europskim razvojnim strategijama ruralna se područja sve više prepoznaju kao
važna mjesta za život, no sve ugroženija. Poseban se naglasak stavlja na mlade u
ruralnom prostoru kao nositelje razvoja. Pritom privlačni čimbenici trebaju nadvladati
potisne da bi se kvaliteta života poboljšala. Unatoč dostupnosti različitih programa
potpora za ruralni razvoj, percepcija i iskustvo mladih na području Sisačko-moslavačke
županije (SMŽ) je nedovoljno istraženo. Stoga je ključno istražiti specifične izazove s
kojima se mladi poljoprivrednici suočavaju u tom području te identificirati načine na
koje potpore mogu poboljšati njihove perspektive te pridonijeti održivom ruralnom
razvoju.In European development strategies, rural areas are increasingly recognized as
important places for life, but progressively endangered. Special emphasis is placed on
young people in rural areas as the bearers of development. At the same time, the
attractive factors should overcome the repulsive factors in order to improve the quality
of life. Despite the availability of various support programs for rural development, the
perception and experience of young people in the area of County of Sisak-Moslavina
(SMŽ) has been insufficiently researched. It is therefore crucial to explore the specific
challenges young farmers face in the area and identify ways in which support can
improve their prospects and contribute to sustainable rural development
The impact of extreme drought conditions on soil microbiome
No full textSve učestalije ekstremne vremenske prilike, uključujući sušu, stvaraju izazove za poljoprivredu uzrokujući smanjenje prinosa i degradaciju kvalitete tla. Istraživanje prilagodbe bakterijskih zajednica u tlu na sušne uvjete i njihove interakcije s biljkama postaju ključni faktori za očuvanje poljoprivrede. U ovom radu, iz 14 uzoraka tla prikupljenih nakon izlaganja kratkotrajnoj suši (10 dana) identificirano je 29 bakterijskih koljena i 234 porodice. Unatoč razlikama u brojnosti koljena između sušnih i kontrolnih tala, Proteobacteria i Actinobacteriota ističu se kao dva najzastupljenija koljena. Mikrobne zajednice nisu se značajno razlikovale između sušnih i kontrolnih tala, no u uzorcima suše zabilježeno je značajno smanjenje brojnosti koljena Gemmatimonadetes te povećanje aktivnosti aril-sulfataze. Ovaj rad ističe složenost interakcija između tla, mikroorganizama i sušnih uvjeta, naglašavajući nužnost istraživanja prilagodbe mikrobioma tla kao odgovora na promjene u okolišu kako bi se očuvala poljoprivredna produktivnost i kvaliteta tla.Various extreme weather events, including drought, are becoming more common and challenge the agriculture by reducing yields and degrading soil quality. Research on soil bacterial community adaptation to drought conditions and their interaction with plants is becoming crucial for sustainable agriculture. In this study, 29 bacterial phyla and 234 families, were identified in 14 soil samples collected after short-term drought exposure (10 days). Despite differences in the abundance of phyla between drought and control soils, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were the two most dominant phyla. Microbial communities did not differ significantly between drought and control soils, but a significant decrease in the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and an increase in arylsulfatase activity were observed in drought samples. In conclusion, this study highlights the complexity of interactions between soil, microorganisms and drought conditions, emphasizing the need for research on soil microbiome adaptation to environmental changes to preserve agricultural productivity and soil quality
Hydrothermal carbonization of digestate after biogas production from energy crops
No full textHidrotermalna karbonizacija (HTC) je proces koji se najčešće koristi kao predtretman za
tretman lignocelulozne biomase te komunalnog otpada, odnosno sirovina s visokim udjelom vode,
a kako bi se izbjegao proces sušenja, koji čini značajni ekonomski trošak. HTC je tehnologija koja
može osigurati novi vid iskorištenja velikih količina digestata proizvedenih u bioplinskim
postrojenjima. Procesom hidrotermalne karbonizacije nastaje hidrougljen (HC), čija svojstva su
približna onim niskokvalitetnog ugljena ili treseta. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja HTC procesa uzeti
su digestati dobiveni nakon proizvodnje bioplina iz poljoprivrednih energetskih kultura miskantus,
divlje proso i divovska trska. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi ogrjevne vrijednosti HC nastalih iz tih
sirovina te utvrditi parametre važne s pozicije njegovog daljnjeg iskorištavanja. Rezultati
istraživanja su ukazali da je divlje proso najpogodnija sirovina za proizvodnju HC zbog najveće
gornje ogrjevne vrijednosti.Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a process commonly used as a pretreatment for
lignocellulosic biomass and municipal waste, specifically for raw materials with high water
content, in order to avoid the drying process, which incurs significant economic costs. HTC is a
technology that can provide a new way to utilize the large quantities of digestate produced in
biogas plants. The hydrothermal carbonization process results in the production of hydrochar
(HC), whose properties are similar to those of low-quality coal or peat. For the purposes of this
research, HTC processes utilized digestates obtained after biogas production from agricultural
energy crops such as miscanthus, switchgrass, and giant reed. The aim of the research was to
determine the calorific values of HC produced from these raw materials and to identify the
parameters important for its further utilization. Research results have indicated that switchgrass is
the most suitable raw material for the production of HC due to its highest gross calorific value
Karakterizacija organske tvari tla upotrebom FTIR-ATR spektroskopije
No full textSoil plays a critical role in food production, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation. Ensuring soil security aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and is essential for global sustainability. Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important indicator of soil quality and plays a multifaceted role in soil functionality. However, the heterogeneous nature of SOM makes it highly vulnerable to climate change, that can affect the composition and stability of SOM. Therefore, advancing soil assessment techniques is crucial for protecting soil resources. Infrared spectroscopy (IR), as a non-destructive method, is of great importance for detecting changes in soil dynamic properties such as SOM. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for SOM characterization, providing insights into SOM functional groups and their degree of humification. The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in characterizing SOM in different soil types in Croatia, including a comparative assessment of two FTIR-ATR spectrometers to evaluate their performance. The soil types examined were Luvisol, Regosol acric, Gleysol vertic, Dystric Stagnosol and Chernozem, which differ in various soil indicators including organic matter content (OM), pH, total nitrogen (TN), plant available phosphorus (PAL) and potassium (KAL), and clay content. According to our findings, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy provided insights into the hydrophilic fraction of SOM. However strong absorbance bands attributed to minerals and other inorganic constituents of soils masked distinct SOM constituents, highlighting the need for advanced chemometric modelling techniques for fingerprinting SOM composition using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy.Tlo igra ključnu ulogu u proizvodnji hrane, sekvestraciji ugljika i regulaciji klime. Osiguravanje sigurnosti tla kao resursa usklađeno je s nekoliko ciljeva održivog razvoja Ujedinjenih naroda i ključno je za globalnu održivost. Organska tvar tla (Eng. Soil Organic Matter, SOM) važan je pokazatelj kvalitete tla i igra višestruku ulogu u funkcionalnosti tla. Međutim, heterogena priroda SOM-a čini ga vrlo osjetljivim na klimatske promjene, koje mogu utjecati na sastav i stabilnost SOM-a. Stoga su napredne tehnike procjene kvalitete tla ključne za zaštitu tla kao resursa. Infracrvena spektroskopija (IR), kao nedestruktivna metoda, od velike je važnosti za otkrivanje promjena u dinamičkim svojstvima tla kao što je SOM. Infracrvena spektroskopija s Fourierovom transformacijom i prigušenom totalnom refleksijom (FTIR-ATR) moćan je alat za karakterizaciju SOM-a, pružajući uvid u funkcionalne skupine SOM-a i njihov stupanj humifikacije. Cilj ove studije je utvrditi primjenjivost FTIR-ATR spektroskopije u karakterizaciji SOM-a u različitim tipovima tala u Hrvatskoj, uključujući usporednu analizu dva FTIR-ATR spektrometra za procjenu njihove učinkovitosti. Ispitivani tipovi tla bili su Luvisol (crvenica/terra rossa), Regosol acric (regosol na eolskom pijesku), Gleysol vertic (glejno vertično), Dystric Stagnosol (pseudoglej) i Chernozem (černozem/crnica), koji imaju različita svojstva (deskriptore) tla uključujući sadržaj organske tvari (SOM), pH, ukupni dušik (TN), biljci pristupačni fosfor (PAL) i kalija (KAL), te sadržaja gline. Prema našim rezultatima, FTIR-ATR spektroskopija omogućila je uvid u hidrofilnu frakciju SOM-a. Međutim, jake vrpce apsorbancije koje se pripisuju mineralima i drugim anorganskim spojevima u tlu maskirale su različite komponente SOM-a, naglašavajući potrebu za naprednim tehnikama kemometrijskog modeliranja za karakterizaciju sastava SOM-a pomoću FTIR-ATR spektroskopije