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Engineering geological mapping on the 3D point cloud of the rock slope along state road D8 (section Trsteno – Orašac) : master's thesis
No full textZadatak diplomskog rada bilo je inženjerskogeološko kartiranje na 3D oblaku točaka stijenskog pokosa na državnoj cesti D8 (dionica Trsteno – Orašac), dobivenim fotogrametrijskom analizom, kao daljinskom metodom istraživanja. U radu je opisana metodologija dobivanja 3D modela oblaka točaka pokosa Structure-from-Motion (SfM) metodom iz 475 fotografija, predobrada 3D modela pokosa kako bi ga pripremili za manualno kartiranje orijentacije diskontinuiteta u open-source programu CloudCompare i određivanje orijentacije diskontinuiteta po inženjerskogeološkim zonama pomoću alata Compass. Dobivene orijentacije diskontinuiteta korištene su kao ulazni parametar za kinematičke analize stabilnosti u programu DIPS čime je određen kinematički indeks hazarda (KHI) za svaki mehanizam sloma po inženjerskogeološkim zonama. Terenskim kartiranjem i kartiranjem na 3D oblaku točaka određivani su podaci o ocjeni strukture stijenske mase (SR) i ocjeni uvjeta površine diskontinuiteta (SCR) na temelju kojih je provedena GSI klasifikacija stijenske mase pokosa.The task of the master's thesis was engineering geological mapping on a 3D point cloud of a rock slope along the state road D8 (section Trsteno – Orašac), obtained through photogrammetric analysis as a remote sensing method. The model was created using photogrammetry as a remote sensing method. The methodology includes the acquisition of a 3D point cloud model of the slope using the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) method from 475 photographs. The pre-processing of the 3D slope model is described to prepare it for manual mapping of discontinuity orientations in the open-source software CloudCompare. The determination of discontinuity orientations in engineering geological zones is performed using the Compass tool. These obtained orientations are then used as input parameters for kinematic stability analyses in the DIPS software, resulting in the determination of the Kinematic Hazard Index (KHI) for each failure mechanism in different engineering geological zones. Field mapping and mapping on a 3D point cloud were used to gather data on the assessment of rock mass structure rating (SR) and the evaluation of surface discontinuity conditions rating (SCR). Based on these data, a GSI classification of the rock mass slope is carried out
Methods of landslide susceptibility zonation : a case study from Hrvatsko zagorje (Croatia) : master's thesis
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je analizirati metode zoniranja podložnosti na klizanje u krupnom mjerilu te predložiti najoptimalniju metodu za izradu karte podložnosti na klizanje na pilot područja u Hrvatskom zagorju. Korištena je karta podložnosti na klizanje za pilot područje u Općini Bednja i Gradu Lepoglavi (20 km2), a izrađena u sklopu projekta LandSlidePlan (HRZZ IP-2019-04-9900) metodom slučajnih šuma. Ukupno je pripremljeno devet scenarija, od kojih je šest metoda integrirano u ArcMap 10.1, a još tri scenarija su definirana s obzirom na subjektivno određene kumulativne udjele klizišta na ROC krivulji. Za analizu najpovoljnijih metoda zoniranja, izračunati su udjeli klasa podložnosti u ukupnoj površini pilot područja te udjeli klizišta u svakoj klasi podložnosti. Prilikom definiranja predmetne prostorne analize odlučeno je da će se sve karte podložnosti na klizanje klasificirati u pet klasa podložnosti. Osnovna hipoteza pri odabiru najoptimalnije metode zoniranja je da ima što veći udio klizišta u klasama visoke i vrlo visoke podložnosti na klizanje te da te klase imaju što manje udjele u površinama. Pri tome, analizirano je koliki utjecaj metoda zoniranja podložnosti na klizanje ima na prostorno planirane površine i odgovorno upravljanje prostorom jer se očekuje da će se sa promjenom metode zoniranja mijenjati i udjeli duljina prometnica, broja građevina i površina građevinskih područja u navedenim zonama. Scenarij S9, odnosno metoda definirana s obzirom na kumulativne granične vrijednosti ROC krivulje (60–20– 10 –7–3%) pokazala se kao najoptimalnija metoda za zoniranje karte podložnosti na klizanje pilot područja. Također, scenarij 9 sadrži najmanje udjele prometnica, građevina i građevinskih područja od svih analiziranih metoda zoniranja podložnosti na klizanje No, iz dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti i da na predmetnom pilot području postoji značajan broj građevina (338), prometnica (40,40 km) i općenito građevinskih područja (20,57% ) na pilot području koja su direktno ugrožena postojećim klizištima, ali i izložena visokoj vjerojatnosti pojave klizišta u budućnosti.The aim of this paper was to analyze the methods of landslide susceptibility zonation and to propose the most optimal method for zoning a landslide susceptibility map on the pilot area in Hrvatsko Zagorje. A landslide susceptibility map was used for the pilot area in the Municipality of Bednja and the City of Lepoglava, made as part of the LandSlidePlan project (HRZZ IP-2019-04-9900) using the Random Forest method. A total of nine scenarios were prepared, six methods were integrated into ArcMap 10.1, and three more scenarios were defined with respect to subjectively determined cumulative landslide proportions on the ROC curve. For the analysis of the most favourable zoning methods, the proportions of susceptibility classes in the total area of the pilot area and the shares of landslides in each class of susceptibility were calculated. When defining the subject spatial analysis, it was decided that all landslide susceptibility maps would be classified into five susceptibility classes. The basic hypothesis when choosing the most optimal zoning method is that it has as high a share of landslides as possible in classes of high and very high susceptibility and that these classes have as few shares in surfaces as possible. In doing so, it was analyzed how much impact this has on spatially planned areas and responsible surface management because it is expected that with the change of zoning method, the shares of road lengths, the number of buildings and surfaces of construction areas in these zones will change. Scenario S9, i.e. the method defined with respect to cumulative ROC curve limit values (60–20–10–7–3%), proved to be the most optimal method for zoning the pilot area susceptibility map. Also, Scenario 9 contains the smallest proportions of roads, structures and construction areas. However, from the obtained results, it can be concluded that in the pilot area in question, there is a significant number of buildings (338), roads (40,40 km) and generally construction areas (20,57%) that are directly threatened by existing landslides, but also exposed to a high probability of landslides in the future
Revitalization of Z-3 and Z-4 wells at the Velimirovac well field : master's thesis
No full textVoda osim što predstavlja temeljni uvjet za život, vrlo je važan prirodni resurs koji se koristi u raznim industrijama te je stalan izvor opasnosti ako se kontinuirano ne vodi briga o njenoj kakvoći. Uzevši u obzir da se u Republici Hrvatskoj najveći dio potrebe za vodom namiruje upravo zahvaćanjem podzemne vode, vrlo je važno poznavati mehanizam obnavljanja zaliha u podzemlju koje osigurava potrebe vodoopskrbe. U ovom diplomskom radu obrađeno je našičko vodocrpilište Velimirovac u kojemu se voda zahvaća iz pješčano-šljunkovitog vodonosnika, iz kompleksa vodonosnih naslaga vrlo izražene heterogenosti i relativno niske hidrauličke vodljivosti. S obzirom na to da je na temelju sustavnog praćenja razina podzemnih voda u zdencima tijekom rada crpilišta uočen pad učinkovitosti zdenaca, donesena je odluka o provedbi revitalizacije zdenaca. Revitalizacija ima za cilj poboljšanje hidrauličkih svojstva zdenaca koja su narušena njihovim starenjem te su okviru ovog rada obrađeni zdenci Z-3 i Z-4 kod kojih se pristupilo revitalizaciji. Na temelju provedenih pokusnih crpljenja zdenaca učinjena je i interpretacija njihovih parametara.Apart from being a fundamental condition for life, water is a very important natural resource used in various industries and is a constant source of danger if its quality is not continuously taken care of. Taking into account that in the Republic of Croatia, the largest part of the need for water is met precisely by capturing underground water, it is very important to know the mechanism of replenishment of underground supplies that ensures the needs of water supply. This master thesis elaborates on the Velimirovac well field near Našice, in which water is taken from a sand-gravel aquifer, from a complex of aquifer deposits with very pronounced heterogeneity and relatively low hydraulic conductivity. Given that, based on the systematic monitoring of groundwater levels in the wells, a decrease in the efficiency of the wells was observed, and a decision was made to implement the revitalization of the wells. The revitalization aims to improve the hydraulic properties of the wells, which have been damaged by their aging, and within the framework of this master thesis, wells Z-3 and Z-4, where revitalization was started, were processed. On the basis of the experimental pumping of the wells, an interpretation of their parameters was made
Uvid u toplinske vodljivosti stijena Sjevernohrvatskoga bazena temeljem in situ mjerenja
No full textThe thermal conductivity of rocks represents one of the significant variables when investigating geothermal potential of an area on a local scale as well as regionally when performing basin analysis with the aim of estimating hydrocarbon potential. While steady-state methods of measuring thermal conductivity are presumed to yield more reliable results, transient methods allow for in situ measurements, thereby considerably simplifying and reducing measurement costs. This study was performed with the goal to expand the understanding of thermal conductivity of rocks typical for the North Croatian Basin (NCB) infill, as well as the underlying basement rocks. The measured values reveal distinct ranges across various lithologies. The thermal conductivity values measured in crystalline rocks are quite consistent, showing narrow ranges of values for each lithotype: for granite the measured values are between 2.317 and 2.486 W m-1 K-1, the value range for gneiss is between 3.332 and 3.565 W m-1 K-1 and the thermal conductivity of amphibolite is in the range between 1.549 and 1.623 W m-1 K-1. In contrast, the thermal conductivity values of sedimentary rocks vary within broader ranges – the values in sandstones range between 1.778 and 2.433 W m-1 K-1, for marlstones the registered range is between 0.917 and 2.323 W m-1 K-1, the values measured in shales range between 0.894 and 2.304 W m-1 K-1 and biocalcarenites show values of thermal conductivity between 0.990 and 2.023 W m-1 K-1. The greater variability in values measured for sedimentary rocks is attributed to the variability in porosity and fluid saturation, as well as the greater variability of mineral composition. Further research is needed to determine which factor has the greatest influence on the variability of thermal conductivity values, i.e. to establish to which extent each of the factors contributes to the measured values.Toplinska vodljivost stijena jedna je od važnih varijabli u istraživanju geotermalnoga potencijala područja na lokalnoj i regionalnoj razini prilikom analize bazena s ciljem procjene ugljikovodičnoga potencijala. Iako se pretpostavlja da metode mjerenja toplinske vodljivosti u stacionarnome stanju daju pouzdanije rezultate, prolazne metode omogućuju mjerenja in situ, čime se znatno pojednostavnjuje postupak mjerenja i smanjuje trošak. Ovo istraživanje provedeno je s ciljem poboljšanja razumijevanja toplinske vodljivosti stijena tipičnih za sedimente koji sačinjavaju ispunu Sjevernohrvatskoga bazena (NCB), kao i stijena magmatsko-metamorfnoga kompleksa u podlozi bazena. Izmjerene vrijednosti otkrivaju različite raspone za različite litološke sastave. Vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti izmjerene na kristalinskim stijenama (graniti, gnajsovi i amfiboliti) prilično su konzistentne, varirajući unutar uskih raspona za svaki litotip: za granit su izmjerene vrijednosti između 2,317 i 2,486 W m-1 K-1, raspon vrijednosti za gnajs iznosi između 3,332 i 3,565 W m-1 K-1, a toplinska je vodljivost amfibolita u rasponu između 1,549 i 1,623 W m-1 K-1. Nasuprot tome, vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti sedimentnih stijena variraju unutar širega raspona – vrijednosti u pješčenjacima iznose između 1,778 i 2,433 W m-1 K-1, za lapor je registriran raspon između 0,917 i 2,323 W m-1 K-1, vrijednosti izmjerene u šejlovima iznose između 0,894 i 2,304 W m-1 K-1, a biokalkareniti pokazuju vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti između 0,990 i 2,023 W m-1 K-1. Veća varijabilnost u vrijednostima izmjerenim za sedimentne stijene pripisuje se varijabilnosti poroznosti i zasićenosti fluidima, kao i većoj varijabilnosti mineralnoga sastava. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se utvrdilo koji faktor ima najveći utjecaj na varijabilnost vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti, odnosno u kojoj mjeri svaki od faktora doprinosi izmjerenim vrijednostima
The role of natural gas in the socio-technical transition to a carbon-neutral society and a review of the European Union’s framework
No full textThe urgent need for a significant reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions indicates that the change in the world’s energy mix is inevitable. In the power production sector, this would be achieved through decarbonization with renewables, and within the transport sector, this would be achieved by switching to alternative fuels and electric vehicles. However, this transition is neither fast nor cheap, and it will be gradual. The main goal of this article is to propose a feasible change in the present energy mix and to compare natural gas with other fuels used in power production and transport. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the current system (traditional fossil fuels) and the potential future system (higher share of natural gas) in energy generation and transport were identified, and the influence of recent global trends was analyzed. Natural gas seems to be a viable solution that can help in the transition to a zero-carbon-emissions society
The influence of weathering and pedogenesis on the geochemical record of Miocene marls and Plio-Quaternary sediments, Medvednica Mt., Croatia
No full textThe geochemical signature of weathering and pedogenesis in a temperate humid climate on two parent material types in the foothills of Medvednica Mt. was studied. Five soil profiles on Miocene marls and three sections of Plio-Quaternary (PlQ) proluvial sediments with overlying soil and weathered material were analyzed. The (clay) mineralogy of all profiles and sections had been determined in previous studies. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Poorly ordered Fe and Mn oxides were determined in the PlQ sediment and overlying soil samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), after oxalate dissolution in the dark. The concentrations and element ratios were used to determine element enrichment/mobility and intensity of chemical weathering, material provenance, and to compare the geochemical signatures with previously obtained clay mineralogy results. Trace elements in the Miocene marls, including rare earth elements (REE), indicate the continental origin of the marl siliciclastic component, while more scattered geochemical data of the PlQ sediments reflect their proluvial/torrential nature. The mass transfer coefficient (τ) for major elements and element ratios of the Miocene marl profiles indicate chemical weathering and pedogenesis of lower intensity. The geochemistry of these samples shows homogeneity within the profiles. In the geochemical signature of the PlQ sections, a chaotic proluvial deposition of the material is visible, as well as the heterogeneity with the overlying soil and weathered material. Overall, the geochemistry results largely support the clay mineralogy of the samples and demonstrate how a multiproxy approach can help test hypotheses about past environments and provide valuable additional information for complex paleoenvironmental studies
Cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic processes on groundwater chemistry of a small karst island—case study of Vis (Croatia)
No full textMany coastal and island communities depend on groundwater as the only source of freshwater, making it an invaluable resource. In the Mediterranean region, groundwater resources are highly vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic pressures, such as overexploitation, climate change, seasonal variations in precipitation, and seawater intrusion. Hence, an understanding of hydrogeological processes and groundwater chemistry is a basis for the sustainable management of coastal and island groundwater resources. Vis, a small and remote karst island in the Adriatic Sea, exhibits peculiar geological and hydrogeological settings, resulting in the island’s autonomous water supply. The current pumping capacity (maximum of 42 l/s) meets most of the demand, but intensive summer tourism and climate change exert high stress on groundwater resources during the dry season. Consequently, in the last decade, occasional reductions for consumers occurred. Monitoring of in situ physicochemical parameters and groundwater sampling for chemical and isotopic analyses were conducted from 2020 to 2023 at deep borewells, shallow dug wells, and springs. Hydrochemical interpretation indicated that groundwater chemistry was affected primarily by carbonate and sulfate rock dissolution, mixing with seawater, reverse ion exchange, and dedolomitization. The majority of groundwater samples exhibit Ca–HCO hydrochemical facies, followed by Na–Cl and mixed facies. The low percentage of seawater in the mixture indicated that seawater intrusion is not too extensive even during prolonged dry periods, implying a favorable hydrostatic regime with relatively small but sufficient groundwater reserves of the island’s aquifers, although the investigated period was characterized by significantly lower precipitation with respect to the 30-year average
Petrološke karakteristike karbonata gornjotrijaske emerzijske faze : završni rad
No full textU okolici prijevoja Vratnik na Velebitu promatran je i uzorkovan slijed naslaga debljine 2,55 m. Promatrani slijed nalazi se konkordantno unutar gornjotrijaskih dolomita - Hauptdolomita, a sastoji se od bitno različite litologije. Slijed je detaljno snimljen i grafički prikazan kao sedimentni stup, a prikupljeni uzorci su mikropetrografski analizirani. U cijelom slijedu određeno je pet različitih litotipova: matriks potporna breča s klastima vapnenaca i vuklanoklastima, mikritni vapnenac, kristalasti vapnenac, sivo-zeleni tuf, te krupno kristalasti i laminirani dolomit. Specifična je pojava eliptičnih, ovalnih formi izgrađenih od opakih minerala koje se nalaze u mikritnom vapnencu, a pretpostavlja se da su nastale dijagenetskim promjenama koje vode nastanku boksita. Stijene koje se nalaze u promatranom stupu ukazuju na kontinuiranu vulkansku aktivnost i epizodne subaerske uvjete taloženja ograničene transgresijom. Vulkanoklastične naslage su bile izložene različitim procesima trošenja pri emerzijskoj fazi što je rezultiralo pojavom dijagenetskih procesa u opisanim naslagama, te nastankom boksitnih minerala. Istraživani slijed prema gore prelazi u naslage Hauptdolomita čije je taloženje uspostavljeno nakon transgresijske faze koje je cijelo područje pretvorila u plitki marinski okoliš
Carbon footprint of new exploitation projects crushed stone aggregate in Croatia in the first 10 years of EU membership : master's thesis
No full textAnaliziran je ugljični otisak novih zahvata eksploatacije tehničko-građevnog kamena u Hrvatskoj tijekom prvih deset godina članstva Hrvatske u Europskoj uniji. U radu su korišteni podaci iz javno dostupnih studija utjecaja na okoliš kako bi se utvrdile emisije stakleničkih plinova povezane s eksploatacijom tehničko-građevnog kamena. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi može li se na temelju dostupnih podataka iz studija procijeniti ugljični otisak ovih zahvata. Metodologija rada uključivala je prikupljanje podataka o potrošnji goriva, godišnjoj eksploataciji, te planiranom vijeku eksploatacije na eksploatacijskim poljima. Ugljični otisak varira između pojedinih eksploatacijskih polja, ovisno o njihovoj veličini i planiranim aktivnostima. Rezultati su pokazali kako prosječni ugljični otisak novih zahvata eksploatacije tehničko-građevnog kamena iznosi prosječno oko 1908 t CO2 ekv godišnje, a da je specifični ugljični otisak 7,40 kg CO2 ekv po prostornom metru tehničkograđevnog kamena u sraslom stanju. Ugljični otisak t-g kamena kreće se od 1,5 do 2,8 kg CO2 ekv/m3. Ipak taj otisak je nepotpun zbog nedostatnih podataka o količinama gospodarskog eksploziva čija upotreba također dovodi do emisija stakleničkih plinova. Zaključeno je da su podaci u studijama utjecaja na okoliš donekle korisni za procjenu ugljičnog otiska mineralnih sirovina, no studije bi trebale jasnije definirati metodologiju izračuna emisija te u nju uključiti procjenu emisija stakleničkih plinova uključujući i onih od miniranja.The carbon footprint of crushed stone aggregate stone exploitation projects in Croatia during the first ten years of Croatia's membership in the European Union was analysed. The study utilized data from publicly available Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) to determine greenhouse gas emissions associated with the exploitation of crushed stone aggregate. The research aimed to evaluate whether the available data from the studies could be used to estimate the carbon footprint of these projects. The methodology involved collecting data on fuel consumption, annual extraction rates, and the planned operational lifespan of the exploitation sites. The carbon footprint varies between different extraction sites based on their size and planned activities. The results revealed that the mean carbon footprint of new crushed stone aggregate exploitation projects is approximately 1,908 t CO2-eq per year, while the specific carbon footprint amounts to 7.40 kg CO2-eq per cubic meter of crushed stone aggregate in its in-situ state. The carbon footprint of crushed stone aggregate ranges from 1.5 to 2.8 kg CO2-eq/m3. Nevertheless, this footprint assessment remains incomplete due to a lack of comprehensive data on the quantities of commercial explosives utilized, whose application also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. It was determined that although the data in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are somewhat useful for estimating the carbon footprint of mineral raw materials, these studies should more precisely define the methodologies used for calculation emissions and include an estimate of greenhouse gas emissions, including those from blasting activities
Accidents in oil and gas pipeline transportation systems : master's thesis
No full textDiplomski rad analizira akcidente u cjevovodnim sustavima transporta nafte i plina. Daje pregled razvoja cjevovodnih sustava od prvih komercijalnih naftovoda u SAD-u do modernih infrastrukturnih projekata, s naglaskom na povećanje učinkovitosti i sigurnosti transporta. Kroz istraživanje povijesnih podataka o akcidentima prikupljenih iz različitih baza podataka, identificiraju se ključni uzroci akcidenta i prikazuju trendovi u njihovoj pojavnosti. Rad se usredotočuje na razumijevanje faktora poput korozije, utjecaja trećih strana i prirodnih katastrofa koji mogu uzrokovati akcidente, kao i na tehničke i regulatorne mjere prevencije. Analiza obuhvaća suvremene tehnologije detekcije i mitigacije, kao i sigurnosne standarde primjenjive na europskoj i globalnoj razini. Usporedba različitih baza podataka o akcidentima pomaže u formuliranju preporuka za poboljšanje postojećih procedura u upravljanju rizicima i održavanju integriteta cjevovodnih sustava. Zaključci ukazuju na značaj stalnog unaprijeđenja tehnologija i regulativa kako bi se smanjili rizici i ekološki utjecaji vezani uz transport nafte i plina cjevovodima.The thesis analyses accidents in oil and gas pipeline transportation systems. It provides an overview of the development of pipeline systems from the first commercial oil pipelines in the USA to modern infrastructure projects, with a focus on increasing efficiency and transportation safety. By analysing historical accident data from various databases, the main causes of accidents are identified and trends in accident frequency are shown. The work focuses on understanding factors such as corrosion, third party interference, and natural disasters that can cause accidents, as well as technical and regulatory preventive measures. The analysis includes modern detection and mitigation technologies as well as the safety standards applicable at European and global level. A comparison of different accident databases helps to formulate recommendations for improving existing risk management procedures and maintaining the integrity of pipeline systems. The conclusions emphasise the importance of the continuous development of technologies and regulations to reduce the risks and environmental impacts associated with oil and gas pipeline transport