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Prirodni kamen korišten prilikom gradnje i obnove zagrebačke katedrale
No full textNatural stone has been used since the dawn of civilization as a construction material for buildings that are historical and cultural buildings and monuments. The Zagreb Cathedral is an example of such a historical and cultural building and data regarding the extraction of stone for its construction and reconstruction is scientifically underestimated. Based on a review of previously published literature and an investigation on the current state of the sites where stone for construction was previously quarried, this paper presents a systematic overview of challenges regarding stone material that will be faced in the restoration of the Cathedral after the 2020 earthquakes. The autochthonous stone varieties used for the Cathedral, namely lithothamnium limestone, litavac, calcareous sandstone, and vinicite were determined. The description of the locations where they were quarried was emphasized, and the suitability of these sites for re-quarrying the stone blocks during reconstruction after the 2020 earthquake was investigated. In addition, the Cathedral was renovated in the meantime with travertine imported from Italy, which, although it is not of domestic origin, represents an integral part of the Cathedral and whose characteristics must be taken into account in the planning of the current reconstruction of the Cathedral. To preserve the cultural memory of quarrying in the Zagreb area, emphasis is given to the importance of preserving and showing old visual representations of the quarries.Prirodni kamen kao građevinski materijal koristi se od početka civilizacije prilikom gradnje građevina koje danas zovemo povijesno-kulturnim građevinama i spomenicima. Zagrebačka katedrala primjer je jedne takve građevine, ali podatci o vađenju kamena za njezinu izgradnju rijetko su objavljivani u znanstvenim časopisima. Na temelju pregleda dosad objavljene literature te provedenoga istraživanja trenutačnoga stanja lokacija na kojima se prije vadio kamen za gradnju katedrale, ovaj rad predstavlja sustavan pregled izazova u vezi s kamenim materijalima o kojima treba voditi računa prilikom obnove katedrale nakon potresa 2020. godine. Utvrđeno je koji su autohtoni varijeteti kamena korišteni prilikom gradnje katedrale: litotamnijski vapnenac, litavac, vapnenački pješčenjak i vinicit. Naglasak je bio na opisu lokacija na kojima su navedeni varijeteti eksploatirani te je istražena prikladnost tih mjesta za ponovno vađenje kamenih blokova tijekom obnove nakon potresa u 2020. godini. Osim toga, katedrala je obnovljena uvezenim travertinom iz Italije, koji je sastavni dio građevine iako nije domaćega podrijetla, pa se njegove karakteristike moraju uzeti u obzir pri planiranju sadašnje obnove katedrale. Posebno je istaknuta potreba pronalaženja starih vizualnih prikaza kamenoloma na području Zagreba kako bi se očuvala kultura sjećanja na ovu ljudsku djelatnost
Primjena eksploziva smanjene gustoće u podzemnim radovima : završni rad
No full textObzirom na veliku urbanizaciju današnjice, potreba za opreznim miniranjem sve je veća budući da s njim nastojimo što manje oštetiti stijensku masu kako bi se očuvala fizičko-mehanička svojstva stijenske mase, te smanjio štetni utjecaj na okoliš. Upravo zbog toga se koriste eksplozivi smanjene gustoće koji imaju povoljnije minersko-tehničke karakteristike
Elektrokemijske metode obrade otpadnih voda : završni rad
No full textPotreba za pitkom vodom i izazovi vezani za vodoopskrbu postaju sve značajniji, a posljedica su porasta populacije, rasta i razvoja gradova, brzog razvoja industrije, intenziviranja poljoprivrede, značajnog širenja navodnjavanog zemljišta, poboljšanja životnog standarda, klimatskih promjena i drugih čimbenika. Razvoj i primjena elektrokemijskih metoda, koje postaju učinkovita alternativa klasičnim fizikalno-kemijskim postupcima obrade otpadnih voda, postaju progresivni trend u tehnologiji pročišćavanja voda. U ovom radu navedene su i opisane elektrokemijske metode obrade otpadnih voda
Upotreba umjetnih močvarnih površina u sanaciji zagađenja voda : završni rad
No full textRazvojem tehnologije, globalnim povećanjem broja stanovnika i industrijalizacijom, povećavaju se količine zagađivača u okolišu. Proporcionalno povećanju količine zagađivača, javlja se sve veća potreba za razvojem novih tehnologija za sanaciju istih. Voda je, kao primarni element za živa bića, izložena imisijama i utjecajima štetnih tvari te se kao rezultat toga povećava količina otpadnih voda koje je potrebno zbrinuti na adekvatan način. Biljni uređaji, koji se temelje na prirodnim procesima, a u kojima sudjeluju biljke, mikroorganizmi te supstrati, pokazali su se jeftinim, učinkovitim i jednostavnim pročišćivačima otpadnih voda
Proposal for the protection and conservation of the terra rossa soil profile from Istria in the category of geological monument of nature
No full textSoil is an essential component of geodiversity, embodying the various geological processes, formations and materials that contribute to the overall richness and complexity of the Earth's landscapes. Although the importance of soil for the preservation of geodiversity is increasingly appreciated, it has not yet received adequate recognition in Croatia. Terra Rossa soils, which overlie and mark the youngest subaerial unconformity in the northwestern part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform from the Mesozoic era, especially on the present-day Istrian peninsula, are ancient relict soils of polygenetic origin. This particular soil type has immense scientific, educational and cultural value, which makes it an exceptional candidate for protection and conservation measures. As a paleosol, Terra Rossa offers valuable insights into past environmental conditions, climate changes, and landscape evolution. Preserving one of Terra Rossa's soil profiles as a geoheritage site facilitates educational and scientific efforts. It allows researchers, students, and interested individuals to study and learn about the complex properties and processes of soil formation, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem dynamics. Terra Rossa soils in Istria also have cultural significance, having been used for viticulture and olive cultivation since Roman times. The 3 m thick soil profile in Koreniki shows several signs of colluviation and polygenesis, with kaolinization and iron oxide formation being the dominant processes. According to the WRB system, the profile is classified as Rhodic Lixisol, whose relict properties have been preserved under present climatic conditions. By protecting this soil profile near the renowned Coronica vineyard as a geoheritage site, we recognize and preserve the cultural heritage associated with the use and practices of the soil, promoting an understanding of the interrelationships between man, soil and landscape. This work has been supported by the Croatian Science Foundation (project no. IP-2019-04-8054)
Short-term effects of experimental fire on physicochemical and microbial properties of a Mediterranean cambisol
No full textLittle is known about the bonfire impact on microbial properties in soil. This work aimed to study moderate- to high-severity experimental burning (250 °C) compared to unburned Cambisol in a natural Mediterranean environment (Croatia) on selected soil properties. The soil was sampled immediately and 1, 2, 4, and 6 months after the fire. The fire increased the mean weight diameter, water stable aggregates, and water repellence in different soil fractions, and the observed effect was the strongest immediately after the fire. It also altered soil pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen carbon, and sulphur content, and completely destroyed carbapenem-resistant bacteria, but did not significantly affect the soil’s mineralogical properties. Six months after the fire, most microbial properties (save for pH) returned to near control values. Heterotrophic, sporogenic, and phosphate-solubilising bacteria started to recover after a month, whereas the population of carbapenem-resistant bacteria was destroyed initially, but recovered by the fourth month after the fire. Dehydrogenase activity was not significantly affected, but proper recovery started four months after the fire. Even though Cambisol showed some resilience to fire and its properties mostly returned to normal by the sixth month, and a full recovery is expected to occur later, as vegetation returns
Subaerial exposure surface within carbonate deposits at Zlatni rt cape, Rovinj, Istria – a record of a Late Jurassic emergence of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform
No full textMiddle and Upper Jurassic carbonates comprise the first large-scale sequence deposits in Istria, ending with the deposition of the Oxfordian to lowermost Kimmeridgian Muča unit. This succession is overlain by the second large-scale sequence (Upper Tithonian‒Lower/Upper Aptian) which begins with the deposition of the upper Tithonian Kirmenjak unit. These two large-scale sequences are separated by important discontinuity characterized by stratigraphic hiatus of different duration, ref lecting a compressional tectonic event caused by ophiolite obduction along the NE Adria Microplate margin. The beginning of this subaerial exposure phase is marked by the Rovinj breccias formed during the regression that preceded the emergence. These breccias display a gradual transition from Muča and Lim units and are composed of fragments belonging to both units. This regionally recognized subaerial exposure phase is locally marked by bauxites that filled paleo-depressions within the Lim and Muča unit limestones and the Rovinj breccias. In other places subaerial exposure is mostly recorded by palaeosols, and one of the best examples can be found at Zlatni rt locality in Rovinj. The palaeosol marks the contact between Muča and Kirmenjak units. The Muča unit consists of two lithofacies (LF) types, representing high to moderate energy marine environments: LF 1 – bioclastic-peloidal grainstone to rudstone characterized by common to abundant peloids and benthic foraminifera, rare ooids, algae, fragments of echinoderms, hydrozoans, coated fragments of Cladocoropsis, stromatoporids, bivalves, Rivulariacean-like (Cayeuxia) cyanobacteria, corals and Lithocodium; and LF 2 – bioclastic- peloidal packstone with common to abundant peloids, benthic foraminifera and fragments of echinoderms. The beginning of regression was marked by Rovinj breccias, which form lenses atop of Muča unit. The palaeosol forms a decimetre-thick horizon of grey clay, which is also present as infills in karstified channels and fissures of the Muča unit and Rovinj breccia. Among other minerals, the palaeosol contains glauconite that formed during the incipient flooding of the carbonate terrain. As the transgression progressed, the palaeosol was covered by a decimeter-thick layer of transgressive breccia, containing fragments of Muča unit and upper Tithonian black pebbles. The formation of black pebbles under vadose conditions is evidenced by the presence of Microcodium-like structure, alveolar-septal fabric (in voids of fenestral origin?) and other features indicating subaerial exposure. In the area of Zlatni rt the Kirmenjak unit, which covers the palaeosol and the breccia, begins with a bioclastic (algal)-peloidal grainstone to rudstone abundant in bioclasts of Campbelliella striata, Clypeina sulcata, Salpingoporella annulata and Favreina faecal pellets. The rest of the Kirmenjak unit is composed of a cyclic alternation of mudstones, peloidal to bioclastic packstones to grainstones and black pebble breccias with subaerial exposure surfaces. A very well preserved palaeosol level at the Zlatni rt locality documents one of unique terrestrial palaeoenvironments that existed during the early Kimmeridgian to late Tithonian in the northern part of the Adriatic Carbonate platform
Engineering geological investigation for the remedioation of the county road ŽC4043 near Levinovac : master's thesis
No full textU okviru ovog diplomskog rada provedena su inženjerskogeološka istraživanja na lokaciji županijske ceste ŽC4043 Levinovac. Cilj terenskih i laboratorijskih istraživanja bio je interpretacija inženjerskogeološkog modela tla, koji će poslužiti za projektiranje mjera sanacija na pet lokacija na kojima su uočena oštećenja prometnice. U okviru terenskih istražnih radova izvedeno je 15 istraživačkih bušotina s kontinuiranim jezgrovanjem, determinacija jezgre, in situ pokusi – standardni penetracijski pokus, laboratorijsko ispitivanje fizičkih i mehaničkih svojstva tla na poremećenim i neporemećenim uzorcima te mjerenje razine podzemne vode u bušotinama. Istraživačkim radovima i dobivenim podacima utvrđeno je da lokaciju izgrađuju četiri inženjerskogeološke jedinice, površinske naslage nasipa te u podlozi inženjersko tlo izgrađeno od gline visoke i niske plastičnosti te prahovite gline i glinoviti prahovi. U pripovršinskom sloju tla nalazi se mjestimično zaglinjen nasip s proslojcima šljunka, dublji dijelovi istraživačkih bušotina sastoje se od gline visoke ili niske plastičnosti s 100% sadržajem sitnozrnatog tla, a pri samom dnu tlo se sastoji od gline koja je prahovita.As a part of this thesis, engineering geological research was carried out at the location of the county road ŽC4043 Levinovac. The goal of the field and laboratory research was the interpretation of the engineering geological model of the soil, which will be used to design rehabilitation measures at five locations where road damage was observed. 15 research wells with continuous coring, core determination, in situ tests - standard penetration test, laboratory testing of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil on disturbed and undisturbed samples, and measurement of the groundwater level in the wells were carried out as part of the field investigations. The research works and the obtained data has established that the location is built by four engineering geological units, the surface deposits of the embankment and the underlying engineering soil made of clay of high and low plasticity, dusty clay and clay powders. In the near-surface layer of the soil, there is a loamy embankment with interlayers of gravel, the deeper parts of the research wells consist of clay of high or low plasticity with 100% content of fine-grained soil, and at the very bottom the soil consists of clay that is dusty
Geology and classification of REE deposits
No full textThe workshop "Rare Earth Elements value chain gaps and opportunities in the ADRIA region" is organized as part of the EIT project RECO2MAG - Novel grain boundaries engineered resource efficient Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets (financed by EIT KIC Raw Material)
Blasting properties of low-density emulsion based mixtures
No full textEmulsion explosives are commonly used for civil purpose blasting. In order to decrease impact effect on surrounding rock mass, it is possible to reduce detonation pressure and borehole pressure with reducing of density of proposed explosive emulsion based mixtures. In that case reduction of the velocity of detonation is also achieved. In focused testing, emulsion matrix has been sensitized with expanded polystyrene. Mixtures with different portion of EPS have been prepared and blasted in rock bore holes. According to measured velocity of detonation values, relationship with density and work ability has been determined