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CO2-EOR in a naturally fractured reservoir as a potential CO2-negative CCUS solution : master's thesis
No full textUtiskivanje ugljikovog dioksida u iscrpljena naftna ležišta je u praksi već dokazano rješenje za povećanje iscrpka preostale nafte u ležištu, a u posljednje vrijeme sve se više razmatra mogućnost trajnog zadržavanja određenog dijela utisnutog CO2 s ciljem smanjenja emisija. U ovom radu opisani su ključni čimbenici koji utječu na učinkovitost navedenih procesa, a provedena je i studija za procjenu potencijala povećanja iscrpka nafte i skladištenja ugljikovog dioksida hrvatskog eksploatacijskog polja Dravske depresije. Za potrebe rada korišteni su program Petrel RE, Eclipse 300 simulator i stvarni 3D model polja. Rezultati računalnih simulacija - različiti WAG omjeri, količine plina, udaljenosti bušotina te koncentracije polimera, razmatrani su za određivanje potencijalno najučinkovitijih strategija povećanja iscrpka i skladištenja CO2.Injection of carbon dioxide into depleted oil reservoirs is already a proven solution for increasing oil recovery, and most recently, the possibility of permanently retaining a portion of the injected CO2 to reduce emissions, has gained traction. The key factors influencing the efficiency of the above mentioned processes are described in this thesis, and a study was also conducted to assess the potential for increasing oil recovery and carbon dioxide storage in the Croatian Drava Depression exploitation field. For the purpose of this Master's Thesis, the Petrel RE program, the Eclipse 300 simulator, and the actual 3D reservoir model were used. Computer simulation results - various WAG ratios, rates of gas and water injection, well distances, and polymer concentrations - were considered to determine the potentially most effective oil recovery and CO2 sequestration strategies
Višefazni protok s CO2 kao istiskujućom fazom: analiza digitalne stijene, laboratorijska analiza i skaliranje : diplomski rad
No full textCO2 plume migration was modeled at the reservoir scale. The accuracy of the model highly depends on the geological model and porous media parameters, such as porosity, relative permeability, and capillary pressure relationships. Digital rock tool analysis, including microtomography and pore network modeling, provided the analysis of the flow in porous media and improved understanding of a multiphase flow in CO2-water system. In combination with special core analysis in a laboratory, conducting a steady-state experiment, results were correlated and smoothed to provide an input for numerical simulation of CO2 injection. Simulation results have proved that 250 years after the injection, plume moves until it reaches the top of the structure. The consistency of parameters on all scales, shows a potential of this upscaling approach.Migracija oblaka CO2 modelirana je na razini ležišta. Točnost modela uvelike ovisi o geološkom modelu i parametrima poroznog medija, kao što su poroznost, relativna propusnost i odnosi kapilarnog tlaka. Digitalni alati za analizu stijene, uključujući mikrotomografiju i modeliranje mreže pora, omogućili su analizu protoka u poroznim medijima i poboljšali razumijevanje višefaznog protoka u sustavu CO2-voda. U kombinaciji s posebnom analizom jezgre u laboratoriju (SCAL), provođenjem eksperimenta ustaljenog protoka, rezultati su povezani i korelirani kako bi se osigurali ulazni podatci za numeričku simulaciju utiskivanja CO2. Rezultati simulacije su dokazali da se 250 godina nakon utiskivanja oblak kreće sve dok ne dosegne vrh strukture. Dosljednost parametara na svim skalama pokazuje potencijal ovog pristupa skaliranja na više razine
Identification of the influence of the water levels of the TE-TO supply channel on the groundwater levels of the Zagreb aquifer : master's thesis
No full textU radu je određen utjecaj praga TE-TO na rijeci Savi na razine podzemne vode u neposrednom zaobalju. Analizirani su podaci o razinama podzemne vode izmjereni u odabranim piezometrima od 3. siječnja 2019. do 31. prosinca 2020. godine. Korištene su statističke metode korelacije, linearne regresije i kros-korelacije, a obrada podataka, za korelaciju i linearnu regresiju, provedena je u programu Microsoft Excel, te u namjenskom VBA programu za kros-korelaciju. Metoda korelacije za cilj je imala utvrđivanje jakosti veze između vodostaja zabilježenog na postaji Dovodni kanal TE-TO i razine podzemne vode zabilježene u piezometrima. Rezultati svih kombinacija korelacija imaju pozitivan smjer, što znači da porastom vodostaja rijeke Save raste razina podzemne vode u piezometrima. Metoda linearne regresije rezultirala je jednadžbama pravca za svaku kombinaciju obrađivanih podataka, te koeficijentima determinacije. Metodom kros-korelacije dobiveni su koeficijenti korelacije temeljem kojih je određeno zaostajanje jedne varijable (razine podzemne vode) za drugom (vodostaji rijeke Save). Primijećena je bolja povezanost vodostaja na postaji s piezometrima na lijevoj obali Save. Većom udaljenosti piezometara od mjerne postaje smanjuju se vrijednosti dobivenih koeficijenata.The paper determines the influence of the TE-TO threshold on the Sava River on the groundwater levels in the immediate vicinity. Data on groundwater levels measured in selected piezometers from January 3, 2019 to December 31, 2020 were analyzed. Statistical methods of correlation, linear regression and cross-correlation were used, and data processing for correlation and linear regression was carried out in Microsoft Excel and in a dedicated VBA program for cross-correlation. The purpose of the correlation method was to determine the strength of the connection between the water level recorded at the station Dovodni Kanal TE-TO and the level of underground water recorded in the piezometers. The results of all combinations of correlations have a positive direction, which means that with the increase in the water level of the Sava River, the level of groundwater in the piezometers increases. The linear regression method resulted in line equations for each combination of processed data, and coefficients of determination. Using the cross-correlation method, correlation coefficients were obtained based on which the lag of one variable (groundwater level) after another (water levels of the Sava River) was determined. A better connection of the water level at the station with the piezometers on the left bank of the Sava was noticed. The greater the distance of the piezometers from the measuring station, the lower the values of the obtained coefficients
Detection of the burned area of Municipality Tomislavgrad in 2021 using Landsat 8 satelite images : master's thesis
No full textIzrađena je karta intenziteta sagorijevanja opožarenog područja Općine Tomislavgrad za požar koji je zahvatio područje Grabovičke visoravni početkom kolovoza 2021. Karta je izrađena na temelju dvije satelitske snimke Landsat 8 misije. Snimke su preuzete sa stranica USGS-a, odnosno Earth Explorer sučelja za datume 28.07.2021. (prije požara) i 13.08.2021. (nakon požara). Za obradu satelitskih snimaka kombinirani su geografski informacijski sustavi QGIS i ArcMap. Uz pomoć instaliranog dodatka Semi-Automatic Classification plugin u QGIS-u je napravljena korekcija vrha atmosfere (TOA) te je izračunat dNBR indeks. Zatim su slike preklopljene i izrezane. Reklasifikacija područja, računanje površina klasa opožarenosti i uređivanje finalne karte obavljene su u ArcMap-u.A map of the burning intensity of the burned area of Tomislavgrad Municipality was created for the fire that engulfed the Grabovička plateau at the beginning of August 2021. The map was created based on two satellite images of the Landsat 8 mission. The recordings were downloaded from the USGS website, i.e. the Earth Explorer interface for the dates 07/28/2021 (before the fire) and 13/08/2021 (after the fire). Geographical information systems QGIS and ArcMap are combined for the processing of satellite images. With the help of the installed Semi-Automatic Classification plugin in QGIS, the top of the atmosphere (TOA) correction was made and the dNBR index was calculated. Then the images were overlapped and cropped. Reclassification of the area, calculation of areas of fire classes and editing of the final map were done in ArcMap
Površina subaerskog izlaganja karbonatnih naslaga Zlatnog rta, Rovinj, Istra – zapis emerzije tijekom mlađe jure na Jadranskoj karbonatnoj platformi
No full textMiddle and Upper Jurassic carbonates comprise the first large-scale sequence deposits in Istria, ending with the deposition of the Oxfordian to lowermost Kimmeridgian Muča unit. This succession is overlain by the second large-scale sequence (Upper Tithonian‒Lower/Upper Aptian) which begins with the deposition of the upper Tithonian Kirmenjak unit. These two large-scale sequences are separated by important discontinuity characterized by stratigraphic hiatus of different duration, ref lecting a compressional tectonic event caused by ophiolite obduction along the NE Adria Microplate margin. The beginning of this subaerial exposure phase is marked by the Rovinj breccias formed during the regression that preceded the emergence. These breccias display a gradual transition from Muča and Lim units and are composed of fragments belonging to both units. This regionally recognized subaerial exposure phase is locally marked by bauxites that filled paleo-depressions within the Lim and Muča unit limestones and the Rovinj breccias. In other places subaerial exposure is mostly recorded by palaeosols, and one of the best examples can be found at Zlatni rt locality in Rovinj. The palaeosol marks the contact between Muča and Kirmenjak units. The Muča unit consists of two lithofacies (LF) types, representing high to moderate energy marine environments: LF 1 – bioclastic-peloidal grainstone to rudstone characterized by common to abundant peloids and benthic foraminifera, rare ooids, algae, fragments of echinoderms, hydrozoans, coated fragments of Cladocoropsis, stromatoporids, bivalves, Rivulariacean-like (Cayeuxia) cyanobacteria, corals and Lithocodium; and LF 2 – bioclastic- peloidal packstone with common to abundant peloids, benthic foraminifera and fragments of echinoderms. The beginning of regression was marked by Rovinj breccias, which form lenses atop of Muča unit. The palaeosol forms a decimetre-thick horizon of grey clay, which is also present as infills in karstified channels and fissures of the Muča unit and Rovinj breccia. Among other minerals, the palaeosol contains glauconite that formed during the incipient flooding of the carbonate terrain. As the transgression progressed, the palaeosol was covered by a decimeter-thick layer of transgressive breccia, containing fragments of Muča unit and upper Tithonian black pebbles. The formation of black pebbles under vadose conditions is evidenced by the presence of Microcodium-like structure, alveolar-septal fabric (in voids of fenestral origin?) and other features indicating subaerial exposure. In the area of Zlatni rt the Kirmenjak unit, which covers the palaeosol and the breccia, begins with a bioclastic (algal)-peloidal grainstone to rudstone abundant in bioclasts of Campbelliella striata, Clypeina sulcata, Salpingoporella annulata and Favreina faecal pellets. The rest of the Kirmenjak unit is composed of a cyclic alternation of mudstones, peloidal to bioclastic packstones to grainstones and black pebble breccias with subaerial exposure surfaces. A very well preserved palaeosol level at the Zlatni rt locality documents one of unique terrestrial palaeoenvironments that existed during the early Kimmeridgian to late Tithonian in the northern part of the Adriatic Carbonate platform
Potential for irrigation using groundwater in the area of the lower course of the Drava and Danube in the Republic of Croatia
No full textCilj ovog rada je ukazati na mogućnost zahvaćanja podzemne vode iz kvartarnih vodonosnih slojeva Dravskoga vodonosnika u donjem toku Drave i Dunava, u svrhu navodnjavanja poljoprivrednih površina. Za potrebe procjene mogućnosti navodnjavanja načinjena je analiza prigorskih vodonosnika u miocenskim klastičnim i karbonatnim naslagama manjeg značaja za regionalnu vodoopskrbu te važnijih kvartarnih aluvijalnih vodonosnika ravničarskih krajeva. S tim u vezi pomoću računalne aplikacije ArcGIS Pro prikazana su perspektivna područja za zahvaćanje podzemne vode s procijenjenim izdašnostima pojedinih zdenaca i sukladno tome vodonosnika na istraživanom području. Za određivanje područja s potencijalom za zahvaćanje podzemnih voda analizirane su geološke i hidrogeološke značajke vodonosnika (geološka građa, hidrogeološki parametri i debljina vodonosnika) kao i karakteristike zdenaca na postojećim crpilištima javne vodoopskrbe. Prikupljanjem povijesnih podataka, digitalizacijom karata u ArcGIS Pro aplikaciji (hidrogeološkog zemljovida područja, zemljovida izolinija transmisivnosti zahvaćenog dijela kvartarnog vodonosnika, zemljovida hidroizohipsi podzemnih voda te uzdužnog profila Dravskog vodonosnika) te njihovim preklapanjem kreirana je glavna karta, Zemljovid perspektivnosti zahvata podzemne vode, mjerila 1:200 000 (PAVLIN, 2022). Na zemljovidu su istaknute i zone unutar kojih je zahvaćanje podzemne vode ograničeno. Kako bi informacije o preporučenoj dubini zahvata i izdašnosti zdenaca na istraživanom području bile dostupne svakom korisniku, zemljovid je objavljen na internetskoj platformi WEBGIS (ArcGIS Online). Analizom svih podataka i kreiranih podloga istraživano područje pokazuje veliki vodni potencijal i perspektivu za korištenje podzemnih voda. U tom smislu najvažniji i najproduktivniji su vodonosnici građeni od vrlo propusnih šljunkovito-pjeskovitih kvartarnih naslaga koji se dominantno nalaze u zapadnom dijelu istraživanog područja, te od propusnih pjeskovitih naslaga u istočnom dijelu Dravskog vodonosnika. Analizom profila Dravskog vodonosnika te na temelju objedinjenih podataka iz brojne literature zaključuje se da od zapada prema istoku šljunci facijalno prelaze u pijeske, povećava se broj i debljina prašinasto-glinovitih proslojaka koji uvjetuju formiranje plitkih vodonosnih slojeva malih debljina, potencijalno značajnih za navodnjavanje manjih poljoprivrednih površina. Iako generalno gledajući navedene promjene dovode do smanjenja hidrauličke vodljivosti i smanjenja debljina vodonosnih slojeva, što za posljedicu ima smanjivanje transmisivnosti i izdašnosti zdenaca od zapada prema istoku, vodonosnici su i dalje perspektivni za zahvaćanje podzemne vode i korištenje za navodnjavanje (DUIĆ & HLEVNJAK, 2013). Prema Zemljovidu perspektivnosti zahvata podzemne vode najveće izdašnosti zdenaca, do 80 l/s, mogu se očekivati u srednjoj Podravini, dok u njezinom južnijem dijelu se smanjuju na 30 l/s. U donjoj Podravini očekuju se izdašnosti do 40 l/s, a na području đakovačkog prapornog ravnjaka do 30 l/s. Južno od Osijeka, izdašnost se lokalno smanjuje na mogućih 20 l/s, kao i na području Bijelog brda, a budući da je Erdutsko brdo uglavnom bezvodno nema zabilježenih izdašnosti. Na području vukovarskogprapornog ravnjaka očekuju se izdašnosti do 20 l/s, a u njegovom južnijem dijelu i do 30 l/s. U Baranji, očekivane vrijednosti izdašnosti zdenaca iznose do 15 l/s, na manjem području u sjevernom dijelu Baranje izostaju vodonosne naslage. U njezinom istočnom dijelu izdašnost je do 30 l/s. Budući da markantni vodonosnici izostaju u južnom dijelu središnje Podravine za njih nisu dane preporuke o zahvatima. Prema izloženom, ravničarski vodonosnici od većeg su značaja za regionalnu vodoopskrbu od prigorskih vodonosnika. Nadalje, na određenim mjestima moguće je zahvaćanje plitkih vodonosnih slojeva na dubinama od 10 do 15 m, 10 do 30 m i 10 do 25 m. Ipak, za njih nisu prikazane moguće izdašnosti jer stvarna izdašnost vodonosnika ovisi o hidrološkim prilikama, odnosno u izrazito sušnim razdobljima oni su odvodnjeni i relativno suhi. Stoga je njihovo iskorištavanje za vodoopskrbu mjestimice upitno i nepouzdano. Istraživanja su pokazala da na prihranjivanje dubljih dijelova Dravskog vodonosnika i na snižavanje razina podzemnih voda utječe smanjenje godišnje količine oborina uzrokovano klimatskim promjenama i višegodišnje snižavanje vodostaja rijeke Drave uzrokovano izgradnjom hidrotehničkih objekata. Preporučene dubine zahvata podzemne vode i moguće izdašnosti zdenaca prilagođene su mjerilu istraživanja i nemaju apsolutnu pouzdanost zbog izražene heterogenosti vodonosnika, ali korisniku mogu ukazati na mogućnost zahvaćanja podzemne vode za potrebe navodnjavanja. Za određivanje preciznijih vrijednosti podataka potrebno je napraviti hidrogeološku interpretaciju s dokazom izdašnosti i mogućnosti korištenja podzemne vode. Imajući na umu da je područje donjeg toka Drave i Dunava bogato plodnim tlima, uz preporuke o kontroliranoj i održivoj eksploataciji podzemnih voda, može se očekivati razvoj hrvatske poljoprivrede, a samim time i ekonomije. Kao rezultat svih analiza kreiran je Zemljovid perspektivnosti zahvata podzemne vode dostupan svakom korisniku putem URL adrese: https://rgnf.maps.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/ index.html?webmap=0e17753d1a62477eaa0b4fea56b5682
Utvrđivanje mehanizma nastanka kaolinita korištenjem mineraloških analiza u motajičkom granitnom kompleksu, Bosna i Hercegovina
No full textThe aim of this abstract is to present the formation mechanism of the kaolinite and kaolin deposits in the Motajica Mt. Although several projects and investments are currently being carried out in the Motajica Mt. area, the development and formation of kaolinite mineralisation is still relatively poorly known. Kaolinite deposits are associated with the Motajica granite pluton, which is characterised by syncollisional granite of Eocene age ( JURKOVIĆ, 2004). Numerous papers have been published on the Motajica kaolinites (STANGAČILOVIĆ, 1956; JURKOVIĆ & ŠINKOVEC, 1960; VARIĆAK, 1966; TRUBELJA & BARIĆ, 1979), with different authors proposing different formation mechanisms for the kaolinites. Some authors believed that kaolinitisation occurred during Tertiary marine transgression, others suggested that kaolinitisation occurred through superficial weathering, while in some cases it was considered to be the result of hydrothermal solutions. The focus of this work is mineralogical analysis of the kaolinitised granites in the Motajica area aiming at determination of clay minerals and definition of the kaolinite deposits origin. The following analyses were performed on the samples: macroscopic determination of mineral composition, X-ray diffraction analysis on original samples, samples treatment with ethylene glycol, heating at 350 °C and 550 °C and treatment with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and geochemical analysis on three samples. The semi-quantitative mineral composition of the kaolinitised granites of the original samples revealed typical granite mineralisation, including quartz, K-feldspars, plagioclase and mica minerals. Diffractograms obtained after treating the samples with different treatment methods show a relatively strong diffraction peak of illite at 10 Å and a diffraction peak of kaolinite at 7 Å in all samples (Fig. 1). In addition, some samples indicate chlorite, possibly due to alteration of biotite granite. Faint indicative peaks of topaz and dickite were also noted. The presence of these minerals suggests that hydrothermal activity in the temperature range 100–350 °C played an important role in the formation of the kaolinite mineralisation. FTIR spectrum indicates characteristic absorption bands of kaolinite between 3500 and 3700 cm-1. When four characteristic bands (approx. 3700, 3670, 3650 and 3620 cm-1) are well defined, the structure of kaolinite is considered to be ordered (TIRONI et al., 2012). Kaolinitised samples exhibit slightly higher Al contents than the locally occurring various granite types. Based on TiO2/Zr and Cr+Nb/ Ti+Fe ratios, two samples are consistent with purely hydrothermal kaolinitisation, while one sample shows signs of mixed type of formation (DILL et al., 1997). This hypothesis is consistent with the geochemical analysis of quartz veins occurring in the Bosanski Kobaš kaolin deposit in the north-eastern part of Motajica. Elevated contents of bismuth (Bi) in locally occurring quartz veins, similar to the results of RAMOVIĆ et al. (1982), indicate strong hydrothermal activity in this area. The presence of hydrothermal veins in the samples studied clearly indicates a hydrothermal phase that played an important role in the formation of the kaolinites studied. Furthermore, several studies (FLEURENCE & NICOLAS, 1964; ESTÉOULE-CHOUX, 1981; SHOVAL et al. 1999) confirmed that hydrothermal kaolinites tend to have higher crystallinity when compared to supergene kaolinites. The presence of a supergene phase of kaolinisation cannot be completely ruled out because the deposits are at the surface, but it can be safely assumed that there was initial hydrothermal kaolinitisation
Analiza rezultata površinske gamma spektrometrije na stijenama podloge neogena i utjecaj na mogućnost generiranja radiogene topline
No full textTemperature distribution in the subsurface depends on several factors, including regional heat flow, thermal conductivity of rocks, their radiogenic potential, and local factors that can lead to higher temperatures at shallower depths, such as active migration pathways. In this work, the potential for thermogenic heat generation in the pre-Neogene basement rocks was investigated based on their content of uranium, thorium, and potassium (ABDEL HAFEEZ et al., 2019; ADABANIJA et al., 2020; SANJURJO-SÁNCHEZ et al., 2022). For this purpose, a Gamma Surveyor Vario field gamma-ray spectrometer (Fig. 1) was used to measure the concentrations of the above elements at outcrops on the margins of the Drava sub-basin. At least three measurements were made at each outcrop, which were later averaged. In total, more than one hundred observation points were measured. The general lithology was summarized in six categories (Table 1): Triassic dolomites, effusive rocks (basalt), granitoid, schist, gneiss, and Miocene effusive rocks. In most cases, the measurements yielded higher values for radioelements than the catalogue values in the Schlumberger PetroMod lithology editor (SCHLUMBERGER PETROMOD, 2022), suggesting a higher potential for radiogenic heat generation. This is a crucial parameter in basin modelling that will help to better estimate the geoenergy potential of the subsurface in the eastern part of the Drava sub-basin
Changes in the quality of waste disposal since the implementation of the new waste management policy in the City of Zagreb : master's thesis
No full textZG-vrećice uvedene su 1.10.2022. kao obavezne vrećice za pohranjivanje miješanog komunalnog otpada, pomoću kojih se pravednije plaćaju komunalne naknade te kojima je osnovni zadatak smanjenje miješanog komunalnog otpada s težnjom k ostvarivanju ciljeva EU direktiva i Plana gospodarenja otpadom. Središte istraživanja u ovom radu je njihov utjecaj na ukupnu količinu pojedinih komponenti komunalnog otpada i otpada koji se mora odložiti na odlagalište. Podaci o količinama preuzeti su s ROO-a i e-ONTO preglednika te iz Izvješća o gospodarenju otpadom. Opisana je podjela društva nadležnih za gospodarenje komunalnim otpadom na području Grada Zagreba te su navedeni njihovi zadaci i obaveze. Prikupljene su fotografije koje nam omogućuju donošenje zaključka u pogledu poštivanja nove politike te su na temelju njih predložene mjere kojima bi se provođenje novih mjera moglo poboljšati. Provođenje novog načina naplaćivanja javne usluge odvoza i zbrinjavanja otpada putem službenih vrećica bilo je uspješno u nekim drugim državama svijeta (SAD), dok je u Gradu Zagrebu naišlo na prepreke.ZG-bags were introduced on 1 October 2022 as mandatory bags for storing mixed municipal waste, with which municipal fees are paid more fairly and whose main task is to reduce mixed municipal waste with aim of achieving the goals of the EU directives and the Waste management plan. The focus of the research is on the impact on the total amount of the individual components of municipal waste and the waste that must be disposed at the landfill. The data on amounts is therefore taken from the ROO and e-ONTO browsers and from the Waste management reports. The breakdown of companies responsible for municipal waste management in the area of the City of Zagreb is described, and their tasks and responsibilities are listed. Collected photographs allow us to reach a conclusion regarding compliance with the new policy, and on their baisis measures were proposed that could improve the implementation of the new measures. The implementation of the new way of charging for the public service of waste collecting and disposal through official bags has been successful in some other countries of the world (USA), while in the City of Zagreb it has encountered obstacles
Izrada geološkog modela termalnog izvorišta u Daruvaru korištenjem geofizičkih istraživanja
No full textGeothermal energy is one of the renewable energy sources foreseen in the European Union’s plans for the green energy transition. Its sustainable utilisation mostly depends on the characteristics of the geothermal resource from which it is extracted. Among others, detailed geological modelling and reconstruction of the subsurface is a key factor for estimating the potential of a geothermal resource. In particular, it is crucial to determine the geometry of faults and fractures since the associated highly permeable damage zones represent a preferential pathway for the circulation of thermal fluids and their uprising (BENSE et al., 2013; FAULDS et al., 2013). This research focuses on the modelling and reconstruction of the geological and structural settings in the Daruvar thermal spring area using surface geophysical techniques. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was employed to delineate the geometry of resistivity layers in the subsurface. The ERT results were combined with an integrated approach based on the passive Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method and the active Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method to map the thickness of the Quaternary cover. The geophysical data were constrained using the stratigraphic logs of wells in the spring area and its surroundings obtaining a 3D reconstruction of the geological setting. The spatial distribution of resistivity shows relatively low values from 10 to 150 Ωm (Fig. 1). Based on ERT results and the stratigraphic logs of the wells, three resistivity layers/geological units were identified (Fig. 1): (1) the Quaternary alluvial cover with resistivity ranging between 30 and 50 Ωm (layer 1); (2) the Neogene sediments with resistivity values of 10–30 Ωm (layer 2); and (3) the Triassic dolomites that were divided in a compact layer with resistivity ranging from 70 to 150 Ωm (layer 3a) and a fractured layer characterised by resistivity values of 20–30 Ωm (layer 3b). Furthermore, sharp lateral variations in the resistivity distributions were observed. They were generally marked by low resistivity anomalies that were interpreted as the fracture zones along the faults (F1 to F5; Fig. 1). The high secondary porosity of the fault zones and the occurrence of thermal waters decrease the bulk resistivity of the rock mass. The obtained results allowed us to reconstruct the geological setting of the Daruvar thermal spring area. The Quaternary cover has a 5 to 15 m thickness, increasing northward and eastward. Its thickness and geometry were confirmed by seismic investigations. Neogene deposits are generally found below the alluvial cover, except for the central part of the study area where the Carbonate complex, i.e., Triassic dolomites are found. Local scale faults and their fracture zones enhance the upwelling of thermal waters resulting in the occurrence of thermal springs with temperatures up to 48 °C (BOROVIĆ et al., 2019). Two main faults border southward and eastward of the thermal spring area juxtaposing the highly permeable Triassic dolomites with the low permeable Neogene deposits. This lateral contrast fosters the rising of the thermal waters forming a shallow thermal resource in the Daruvar area