Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman
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Майевтика: к проблеме методов обучения в западной культуре (философско-этический аспект)
No full textУ статті з’ясовано етичний потенціал майєвтики як версії діалектичного методу, представленого Сократом в якості мистецтва ведення філософської бесіди таким чином, щоб у зіткненні різних точок зору виявити істину.The paper deals with the clarifying of ethical potential of maieutics as an educational method in the Western culture. The work with primary sources of Xenophon and Plato is mediated by their reception by the history of prominent researchers of the ancient philosophy, such as A. F. Losev, V. F. Asmus, F. Kh. Kessidyi and others. Elaborated by Socrates, the method of maieutics is exposed in prospects of its content and form (methodology). Maieutics makes possible the comprehension of the key issues for virtue life while discussing matters from real moral practice (virtue, goodness, justice, bravery, courage). The author mentions that Xenophon and Plato as disciples of Socrates give us the relevant primary sources about Socrates’ life, activity and method, although they represent them in different ways. Xenophon outlines the image of Socrates as a good-natured eccentric man, while striving for Socrates’ posthumous rehabilitation among Athenians. Instead of this, Plato represents Socrates as a rebel, who confused young people: he put a question, demonstrated its complexity, and after that he ended up in trouble. Thereafter Socrates’ interlocutor himself collapsed into embarrassment, without a ready recipe of a ‘right answer’ from Socrates, who saw his mission to help an interlocutor to comprehend oneself, to recollect one’s own hidden knowledge and to fix it. The author argues that maieutics is a version of a dialectical method that was represented by Socrates as a technique for twisting a discussion for comprehension of the truth in a clash of different opinions. Common features (humanistic themes, teaching personal and public virtues) and differences
(eristic and rhetoric instead of maieutics / dialectics, ‘ascholia’ instead of ‘schola’) of sophists’ and Socrates’ activities are outlined in the paper. The author concludes,
that it was Antiquity when and where maieutics had acquired features of invariance, and entered the ‘great time’ of culture as inevitable part of educational process.В статье выясняется этический потенциал майевтики как версии диалектического метода, представленного Сократом в качестве искусства ведения философской беседы таким образом, чтобы в столкновении различных точек зрения выявить истину
Перспективы генеративной поэтики: актуализация проблемы метаязыка и метаоперациональности в контексте поэтики выразительности А. К. Жолковского и Ю. К. Щеглова
Get PDFУ статті досліджено дескриптивні можливості одного із варіантів генеративної поетики — поетики виразності А. К. Жолковського та Ю. К. Щеглова, яка виникла на межі напрацювань у області генеративної поетики та кібернетики. Використовуючи методи формалізації та аксіоматизації, автор критично розглядає концепт метамови, як він є даним у поетиці виразності, тобто у якості такого, що може бути сформованим на рівні природної мови. У зв’язку з цим, обгрунтовується необхідність формування та використання виключно штучної формальної метамови (а також інваріантних метаопераціональних конструктів), що дозволить розширити дескриптивні компетенції поетики виразності.The subject of research is the descriptive capabilities of one of the variants of
generative poetics — poetics of expressiveness by A. K. Zholkovskiy and
Y. K. Shcheglov that had arisen on the junction point of generative linguistics research,
literature study formalism and cybernetics. Several previously unattended
methodological issues connected to artistic text analysis are addressed
for the first time specifically in the concept of poetics of expressiveness by Zholkovskiy
and Shcheglov. Namely, is it possible to create an artificial meta-language
in this sphere (or conduct the other formalized metaoperational procedures) and
what possible form should it possess? What is the status of local thematic invariants
representing a separate text? Does the semantic-syntactic unity customary
for the poetics of formalism remain undivided? Irrespectively of the progressiveness
of their problematisation, Zholkovskiy and Shcheglov provide controversial
and limited answers: an effective meta-language may be created at a level of a
natural language, thematic invariants do not poses a universal status, the semantic-
syntactic unity is acknowledged as undividable, despite all the modern
tendencies.
In light of these facts, the author, with use of formalization and postulatisation,
takes on a critical approach towards the content of the meta-language concept,
as it is provided in the poetics of expressiveness, being such that is postulated to
be possibly created at a level of a natural language. Aside from that the
functional model of «Theme — Expressiveness techniques — Text» and its
elements, provided by Zholkovskiy and Shcheglov are belied critical research as
element that cannot facilitate precision and unambiguity of an artistic text analysis results. In this context, it is acknowledged impossible to pertain a
semantic-syntactic unity or any other cohesion between these dimensions, as at
a semantic level it is not possible to unambiguously reduce towards universal
language invariants as singular depth structures of a text. That is why, firstly, this
article establishes grounds for creation of a meta-language at a level of syntactic
invariants, but not stronger semantics, like it was in case of Alfred Tarskiy. Such
decision is dictated mainly by the specifics of the transforming method of Noam
Chomsky, which is put in the very foundation of the poetics of expressiveness by
Zholkovskiy and Shcheglov. Secondly, as the main conclusion, the author of the
article proclaims and proves to be necessary an implementation of a strictly
artificial formal meta-language (also invariant metaoperational constructs) and a
formalized «vocabulary of actuality», that will provide the means of expanding
descriptive competencies of poetics of expressiveness.В статье исследуются дескриптивные возможности одного из вариантов генеративной поетики — поэтики выразительности А. К. Жолковского и Ю. К. Щеглова, которая возникла на стыке разработок в области генеративной поэтики и кибернетики. Используя методы формализации и аксиоматизации, автор критически рассматривает концепт метаязыка, как он дан в поэтике выразительности, то есть в качестве такого, что может быть сформирован на основе естественного языка. В связи с
этим, производится обоснование необходимости формирования и использования исключительно искусственного формального метаязыка (а так
же инвариантных метаоперациональных конструктов), что позволит расширить дескриптивные компетенции поэтики выразительности
Аскетизм как средство самореализации в украинской национальной традиции
Get PDFУ статті автором зроблено спробу аналізу ролі аскетизму в самореалізації особистості. Відзначено, що сутнісне злиття з Богом здійснюється містико-аскетичним шляхом, який передбачає кропітку роботу в боротьбі з
пристрастями.In this article the author attempts to analyse the role of asceticism in personal fulfilment. In the situation of spiritual crisis asceticism increasingly attracts the attention of researchers as a practice of moral improvement, self-fulfilment, and disclosure of a person’s intellectual potential. Ascetic ideal doctrine is established as the anthropological concept of orthodox theology that defines a human as a spiritual and material integrity. It is connected with the recognition of evil as non-substantial and with the apophatic way of transcendental vision that directs a person for self-discovery. Asceticism is a prerequisite for the mystical acts, a kind of activity of the person’s inner essence.
Researchers identify the following structural components of the ascetic ideal:
doctrinally dogmatic (ideal human as a spiritual and bodily integrity, broken as a
result of the fall); praxeological (restoration of spiritual and bodily integrity by deification through the implementation of a number of practices); preaching (the need for spreading the doctrine to implement it in a particular life). In Christianity, ascetic doctrine is developed simultaneously with the establishment of the first theological concepts. Isichasm is a mystical and ascetic doctrine, fundamental in the Eastern Orthodox and monastic spirituality. It was actively widespread among national monasticism after XIV century. Isichasm made impact on the further development of ascetic outlook in the Ukrainian philosophical thought. Among the historical stages of the Ukrainian cultural development there are two
most illustrative ones in the context of the Christian asceticism phenomenon in the Ukrainian tradition: Kyiv Rus period (princely era, IX-XII centuries) and Ukrainian Baroque era (XVI-XVIII centuries).
Baroque philosophers consider human purposefulness as a constant spiritual selfimprovement. The highest good of man, which is the knowledge of absolute truth (God), can be achieved only through the pure contemplation. It is noteworthy that in the Ukrainian asceticism, implemented as a hesychasm model, there was a balanced position on the internal and external service to God and people. Ukrainian ascetic paradigm evolved from a moral and practical, extroverted asceticism of Kyiv Rus to the contemplative, introverted asceticism of Ukrainian Baroque. Thus, the essential union with God is possible through mystical and ascetic way that demands hard work in the fight against the passions.В статье автор делает попытку анализа роли аскетизма в самореализации личности. Отмечается, что сущностное слияние с Богом осуществляется мистико-аскетическим путём, предусматривающим кропотливую работу в борьбе со страстями
Специфика применения эксперимента в общественной науке
No full textСтаття присвячена особливостям економічного та соціального експериментів. Розглянуто низку переваг даного методу дослідження, а також приділено особливу увагу можливим викликам, з якими стикається вчений.The article is mainly devoted to peculiarities of social and economic experiments. Unfortunately, there is no single approach to defining the notion «experiment». Hence every science offers its unique vision of the category. By the early XX-th century there was a view of the impossibility of using the experiment as an investigation method dominated in the economic theory. However, today the situation has significantly changed. Moreover, game theory, mathematical modelling, experimental markets, auctions, financial markets, individual choice, economic games are vivid examples of experiments in Economics. Further, the benefits of the experiment as a research method were reviewed. The experiment helps explain causal relationships, identify stable patterns, and make predictions for the future. It enables to simulate various situations for as long as the researcher wants. In spite of these advantages, this method has some shortcomings. The experiment is more complex (difficult) than other ones and much more expensive. It is proved that a major cause of distorted results is correlation between factors. In comparison with natural sciences, there are limited opportunities of using experiments in social ones. For the most part, social experiments are intended to monitor people’s behaviour in the society. It is surprising that social experiments have not only a scientific nature, but also can be socially useful.
The article is filled with relevant and striking examples of social and economic experiments. In conclusion, a rhetorical question is posed about the dependence on
the interpretation of the experiment from the researcher’s opinion. Such position leads to reflection and research of the new solutions to the problem.Статья посвящена особенностям экономического и социального экспериментов. Рассмотрено ряд преимуществ данного метода исследования, а
также уделено особое внимание возможным вызовам, с которыми сталкивается ученый
