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Quantitative Modeling of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho
No full textThe potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a globally regulated potato pest. It was detected for the first time in the U.S. in the state of Idaho in 2006, and as of February 2019, the infestation is limited to 1,326 ha. Globodera pallida is a specialized obligate sedentary endoparasite that can survive in the soil for up to 30 years in the absence of its potato host. In highly infested fields, the nematode can reduce tuber yields up to 80% and is spread mainly through soil, tubers or farm equipment. The objectives of this study were to: (i) describe the regional spatial arrangement of fields infested with G. pallida in southeastern Idaho; (ii) describe the spatiotemporal distribution of G. pallida in infested fields and the dispersal patterns of the nematode; (iii) determine the effect of the Idaho population of G. pallida on potato yield based on greenhouse assays; and (iv) simulate potato yield losses in Idaho field conditions by integrating the coefficients of potato yield into the SUBSTOR-DSSAT crop simulation model. For Idaho, the regional distribution patterns of fields infested with G. pallida was spatially-aggregated, and the spread of this nematode grew in diameter from the original center of infestation toward the southwest as an ellipsoidal-shaped cluster. In this area, the infestation of the nematode is spatially-clustered particularly around the edges of the fields, and the dispersal patterns of G. pallida followed the direction of cultivation. The prevalence of cysts declined in a non-linear process as the distance separation from the primary infestation focus increased. A power-law model was used to fit the nematode dispersal capabilities. Under greenhouse conditions, fresh tuber weight was reduced between 39% and 87% at G. pallida initial nematode density of 80 eggs/g soil. SUBSTOR-DSSAT model predicted a minimum yield between 12 and 58 ton/ha when initial nematode density was 80 eggs/g soil compared to 96 ton/ha in non-infested soil. The main goals of this study is to first provide information on the spatial pattern of the Idaho G. pallida infestation, and secondly, determine the impact of the Idaho population of G. pallida on potato yield to policymakers, stakeholders, potato growers and researchers to facilitate common understandings on the challenges and opportunities for controlling this pest in Idaho.doctoral, Ph.D., Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
Eocene Exhumation and Lake Basin Development in the North American Cordilleran Hinterland, Northeastern Nevada, U.S.A.
No full textThe crustal and mantle dynamics of subduction-driven orogenesis and subsequent lithospheric thinning are preserved in Phanerozoic sedimentary deposits of the North American Cordillera. The hinterland of the North American Cordillera, the area between the magmatic arc and the frontal Sevier fold-thrust belt, records a protracted history of crustal thickening and surface uplift as well as subsequent orogenic collapse to form the modern Basin and Range Province. By the Paleogene, continued orogenesis led to the formation of a high-elevation plateau in what is now eastern Nevada and western Utah. The topography and hydrology of this plateau and its relation to tectonic processes is enigmatic, largely because this history is obscured by later Basin and Range extension. Terrestrial basins that were once situated across a large expanse of this plateau preserve a detailed record of this landscape and enable reconstruction of the paleogeographic and tectonic development of the hinterland. Eocene fluvial and lacustrine deposits are spread across much of eastern Nevada and reflect the evolution of several long-lived terrestrial basins. These deposits provide a critical record of drainage patterns, paleolake evolution, and the nature of upper-crustal exhumation prior to orogenic collapse. Lacustrine strata of the Elko Formation and related fluvial and volcanic units were deposited across a large area of northeastern Nevada during the early–middle Eocene. The mechanisms that facilitated the accumulation of these Eocene sediments and the past controls on their observed heterogeneity remain uncertain (e.g., Satarugsa and Johnson, 2000; Haynes, 2003; Henry, 2008; Smith et al., 2017). To resolve this uncertainty, detailed study and correlation of time-equivalent hinterland strata is essential. The research presented in this dissertation includes a study of the sedimentology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geochronology, and thermochronology of Elko Formation and equivalent strata in northeastern Nevada. This interdisciplinary approach permits the first detailed assessment of Eocene paleogeographic evolution in the central North American Cordilleran hinterland at high spatial and temporal resolution. The primary goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of the Paleogene-Neogene landscape evolution of the hinterland, and to determine tectonic and climatic drivers for changes to the surface record. Chapter I presents a detrital geochronologic and thermochronologic evaluation of early–middle Eocene sedimentary rocks to determine sediment provenance and hinterland exhumation rates across an ~8 m.y. time span. By applying (U-Th)/(He-Pb) double dating of detrital zircon and (U-Th)/He thermochronology of detrital apatite from precisely dated Paleogene terrestrial strata (cf. Smith et al., 2017), we determine the timing and approximate magnitude of upper-crustal exhumation across this interval. This facilitates interpretation of possible links between tectonic unroofing, magmatism, and basin development. Nearly all Eocene fluvial strata sampled contain detrital zircon with long lag times (i.e., the time between cooling and deposition) of >100 m.y., indicating sediment recycling and prolonged retention at upper-crustal depths. However, 43–41 Ma strata contain nonvolcanic detrital zircon with 1 km/m.y.) synchronous with the onset of magmatism in northeastern Nevada. This chapter is in press for publication in the Geological Society of America Bulletin in 2019. Chapter II provides a reconstruction of the Paleogene exhumation history of the Copper Mountains and the development of the extensional Copper Basin during the middle Eocene through Oligocene. This area preserves one of the most complete records of Paleogene Cordilleran hinterland extension to date, which is preserved in both synextensional hanging wall strata and footwall rocks. We evaluate the precise timing and style of extensional deformation via 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He thermochronology of hanging wall and footwall rocks. This thermochronology demonstrates the Late Cretaceous Coffeepot Stock was uplifted in the footwall and cooled through the zircon (U-Th)/He closure temperature between ~90 and 70 Ma and the apatite (U-Th)/He closure temperature between 43 and 40 Ma. Plutonic grains of the Coffeepot Stock are identified in Copper Basin strata using (U-Th)/(He-Pb) double dating and REE chemistry. When combined with precise depositional ages for Copper Basin strata, detrital cooling ages reveal rapid exhumation of this source during 8–12 km of middle Eocene–early Oligocene slip along the Copper Creek normal fault. This history of rapid extension in the Copper Mountains is correlative to the pattern noted in the regional synthesis of exhumation rates in Chapter I. Taken together, these data indicate a substantial transition in the style of near-surface hinterland deformation and terrestrial ponding during the middle and late Eocene that was likely driven by dynamic and thermal effects of Farallon slab and/or lower lithosphere removal. Chapter II is accepted pending revision for publication in Geosphere. Chapter III summarizes a geochemical study of Elko Formation strata that investigates Eocene lake water chemistry to constrain paleolake extent and connectivity, sediment provenance, and controls on lake evolution. Evaluation of the stable isotope geochemistry of lacustrine carbonates using multiple geochemical tracers (87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, and δ18O) permits assessment of intrinsic and external drivers for observed stratigraphic changes. Low 87Sr/86Sr ratios for most samples collected across the stratigraphic range of the Elko Formation (mean = 0.70857; σ = 0.0007) indicates that bedrock underlying the Elko Basin catchment consisted predominantly of late Paleozoic sedimentary strata and/or recent volcaniclastic sediments for the duration of lacustrine deposition. Covariance in 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, and δ18O values across multiple field areas implies prolonged lacustrine connectivity across a >1000 km2 area between ca. 43 and 41 Ma. Heightened δ13C and δ18O values and a progressive 38–52% in δDglass values for tuff intercalated with Elko Formation lacustrine sediments deposited after ca. 42.1 Ma signifies enhanced evaporation prior to basin closure by ca. 40 Ma. Chemostratigraphic variations recorded in multiple proxies indicate substantial variation in the source, intensity, and chemistry of hydrologic inflow to and outflow from Elko Basin lakes. These data indicate lake expansion occurred coeval to the middle Eocene acceleration of source exhumation rates highlighted in Chapter I and that subsequent basin closure was closely related to the arrival of encroaching volcanism, likely triggered by Farallon slab removal. This chapter will be submitted to Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Chapter IV presents results of detailed sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Elko Formation, informed by the data presented in Chapters I–III and the age model of Smith et al. (2017). Several previous workers have described various aspects of the stratigraphy of the Elko Formation (e.g., Van Houten, 1956; Smith and Ketner, 1976; Solomon et al., 1979; Moore et al., 1983; Haynes, 2003; Horner, 2015; Johnson and Birdwell, 2016), but no study has integrated outcrop, core, and well data with detailed stratigraphic correlations. As a result, numerous hypotheses exist for how and why paleolake systems developed in the hinterland. Stratigraphic characterization indicates the Elko Basin was filled by >1.2 km of fluvial, lacustrine, and volcaniclastic sediment during two distinct phases of tectonic subsidence in the early and middle Eocene. Two lake-type transitions from fluvial-lacustrine to fluctuating profundal conditions (cf. Carroll and Bohacs, 1999) at 49.0 Ma and 42.4 Ma signify changes in lake water chemistry and depositional character driven by external controls. Lake expansion-contraction cycles can be correlated regionally in both fluctuating profundal and fluvial-lacustrine strata, potentially implying regional paleolake connectivity. Lake transgression occurred during intense regional magmatism and extension within the basin catchment, both of which are reflected in the lithology and structure of sedimentary facies. Reconstruction of the subsidence history of the Elko Basin and comparison with other hinterland basins reveals a similar tectonic subsidence history that is generally distinct from other basin types. This chapter will be submitted to Basin Research.doctoral, Ph.D., Geology -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
The Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Financial Behaviors Among Undergraduate College Students
No full textResearch indicates that college student food insecurity is prevalent in institutions of higher education in the United States, often at rates higher than the respective state rate (Chaparro, Zaghloul, Holck, & Dobbs, 2009; Morris, Smith, Davis, & Null, 2016; Patton-Lopez, Lopez-Cevallos, Canel-Tirado, & Vezquez, 2014). Food insecurity negatively affects many areas of students’ lives including academic performance and achievement (Patton-Lopez et al., 2014; Silva et al., 2017) and feelings of social awkwardness and isolation (Henry, 2017). The Ohio State University’s Study on Collegiate Financial Wellness surveyed undergraduate students at a public institution in the Pacific Northwest to determine if food insecurity is prevalent, and if it is significantly associated with college student financial management behavior and financial self-efficacy. Chi-Square and logistical regression results showed that food insecurity is significantly associated with both positive and negative financial management behaviors and self-efficacy. Limited research has been conducted to analyze the relationship between college student food insecurity and financial behaviors, however this study contributes to the literature by bridging gaps in understanding regarding the relationship between food insecurity and financial behaviors in this population.masters, M.S., Family and Consumer Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
Production Performance And Nitrogen Utilization In Dairy Cows Fed Low Or High Crude Protein Diets Containing Corn Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles And Provided Supplemental By-Pass Protein/Amino Acids
No full textFeeding corn dried distillers grains with solubles in low crude protein (CP) diets improves nitrogen utilization efficiency, however it can also reduce metabolizable AA supply, especially Lys, which compromises lactation performance. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effects of feeding by-pass protein/rumen-protected AA supplements in low or high CP diets containing 10% corn dried distillers grains with solubles. Six multiparous Holstein cows (619.3 ± 49.8 kg BW; 26.8 ± 6.2 DIM) were subjected to a split-plot 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21 d periods. The whole-plot factor was dietary CP content; low (14.6%; LP) or high (16.6%; HP), and the subplot was by-pass protein/AA supplement; control (no supplement), Supplement A (0.11 kg/cow/d) or Supplement B (0.45 kg/cow/d). Supplement A and B differed in both ingredient and chemical composition, resulting in differing AA concentrations. Dry matter intake, milk and milk lactose and protein yield did not differ in cows fed the LP than HP diet. However, reducing dietary CP content resulted in a decrease in N intake and apparent total tract CP digestibility, and a tendency for a decrease in milk protein yield. Furthermore, cows fed the LP diet tended to excrete a lower amount of total urinary N and urea-N and excreted a lower amount of total N than cows fed the HP diet. Similarly, BUN concentration was lower, and MUN concentration tended to be lower when N intake was restricted. However, there was no supplement effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, milk and milk component yields, and all measures of N utilization. Overall, feeding CDDGS in a LP compared to a HP diet had a marginal effect on production performance, which possibly negated the potential benefits of providing supplemental bypass protein/RP-AA under our experimental conditions. However, feeding CDDGS in a LP than HP diet improved N utilization efficiency, which may be beneficial from an environmental sustainability standpoint.masters, M.S., Animal and Veterinary Science -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
Understanding Dangerous Work: Implications for Pesticide Applicator Education In Idaho
No full textAbstract This document presents the findings of a qualitative, grounded theory research study on pesticide worker safety education and learning. A variety of factors contribute to the reasons pesticide applicators are not always fully engaged in the education required for them to practice their work safely, resulting in long-term health and environmental risks. The purpose of this study was to identify critical learning components and approaches that lead to the safe use of pesticides, mainly in large-scale agriculture. Background. Approximately 8,000 licensed applicators in the state of Idaho apply pesticides on approximately 12,000 farms (NASS, USDA, 2017), roadways, parks and other types of landscaping. Pesticide use is highly regulated by federal and state government because of the potential significant and toxic effects if misused. It is well documented that pesticide accidents and drift occurrences can affect the health of workers and others who are inadvertently exposed to these potentially dangerous chemicals. In 2017, I conducted a pilot study to gather data about work and educational practices for pesticide application in Idaho. The pilot study, a form of theoretical sampling, applied adult learning theory as a foundation for a priori themes, in concert with grounded theory to explore emergent data and categories. The study revealed four categories relevant to pesticide applicator safety training: knowledge and learning, worker practices, worker beliefs and attitudes, and work environment. The study was expanded in 2018 to include prior results and to develop a conceptual model of pesticide applicator safety in Idaho. Methods. This study employed four focus group interviews with 24 pesticide applicators intended to elicit stories and effective learning mechanisms for pesticide safety. The study also included ten one-on-one interviews with experts to reach theoretical saturation of data categories, and also included a statewide survey of pesticide applicators to gather baseline data about the population of pesticide applicators in Idaho. Researcher observation was valuable in understanding the cultural context of pesticide applicators. Using grounded theory constant comparative method, data was coded through an iterative process in various stages: initial hand coding, open coding, incident coding, focused coding, and axial coding Results. In addition to categories that surfaced from theoretical sampling: knowledge and learning, worker practices, worker beliefs and attitudes, and work environment, four additional categories arose from the data: changes over time, worker development, interfacing with the public, and dangerous work. Data also illuminated pesticide applicator subculture by clarifying that narrative, in the form of exposure and non-exposure stories, plays an integral role in learning. Conclusions. Understanding the reasons pesticide applicators may take risks is key to developing effective safety training. The pilot study found that these reasons are embedded in the culture of the workforce, demonstrating the need to develop additional safety education programming that arises from the needs and motivations of pesticide applicators. Providing these workers access to research-based information may reduce risk, and training that utilizes narrative can serve to reinforce learning by providing an educational context. Of further interest is development of self-efficacy among pesticide applicators that could increase their safety and the safety of their co-workers. These findings offer a positive direction in development of future educational curriculum for pesticide applicators. Multiple topics call for further research. A conceptual model reveals forces that contextualize and contribute to the current pesticide safety education situation. Keywords: pesticide safety education, subculture, worker learning, Idaho qualitative study, narrativedoctoral, Ph.D., Curriculum & Instruction -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
Improving AUV Localization Accuracy by Combining Ultra-Short-Baseline and Long-Baseline Measurement Systems in a Post-Processing Extended Kalman Filter
No full textThe University of Idaho (UI), partnered with the Office of Naval Research (ONR), is developing the capability to perform oceanographic survey measurements conducted by autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Accurate spatial and temporal localization of these measurements is essential to properly correlate electric and magnetic field measurements to the desired reference frame. Previous work at UI has investigated the use of long baseline (LBL), moving short baseline (MSBL), and hybrid baseline (HBL) for navigation and localization. LBL navigation systems can have a high degree of accuracy but have a limited operating range and are not easily re-deployed and surveyed. Field testing operations at the University of Idaho continue to expand, including consideration of ultra-short baseline (USBL) localization and navigation as an alternative or augmentation to existing LBL navigation systems due to advantages in deployability. The acoustic ranging from these systems are used in an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to estimate orientation and position. This information is utilized by the AUV to navigate along a waypoint course and stored in a log for post-process analysis and further study. This paper presents a series of Monte Carlo simulations that were performed to compare the measurement uncertainty between conventional LBL and USBL systems. The simulated North and East position measurements from the USBL were used as additional measurements in a new post-processing EKF. This was performed in several different cases, allowing for the comparison between the legacy EKF and differing variants of a post-processing EKF using USBL measurements. Each of these simulations utilized historic UI field testing LBL range and AUV sensor measurements in addition to simulated USBL measurements. Results from Monte Carlo simulations suggest that USBL localization uncertainty is better than that of LBL, albeit for a smaller operating range. This smaller operating range comes from poor depth uncertainty and a lack of depth telemetry. Additionally, it was found that the addition of USBL measurements to the existing EKF greatly improved the state estimate uncertainty for AUV position over the legacy EKF. USBL systems often provide a telemetry-based depth measurement, which communicates depth from the AUV to the USBL transceiver and greatly improves the uncertainty of the USBL system. When depth telemetry is implemented, the USBL has a lower uncertainty than the EKF does, but the EKF provides additional confidence in the state estimates due to the combination of independent measurement systems and the addition of the AUV kinematic model.masters, M.S., Mechanical Engineering -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
Evaluating integrated pest management approaches to control wireworms in cereal crops
No full textWireworms are considered a major re-emergence pest of many crops including wheat, barely, potato, corn and legumes in the Pacific Northwest and Intermountain regions of the USA. Neonicotinoid seed treatments, the only group of insecticides registered in cereals against wireworms, have failed to provide an acceptable level of protection against wireworms. Thus, there is a need to test alternative methods, to be employed as components of an integrated management protocol. Focusing on one of the most damaging species in the PNW, the sugar beet wireworm Limonius californicus, we conducted greenhouse studies to evaluate (1) the efficacy of commercially available and locally-collected entomopathogenic nematodes, and (2) the effects of insecticide application in a rotation crop (pea) in reducing wireworm damage in subsequent wheat. Field collected nematode Steinernema feltiae isolate Kyle-F1 caused significantly higher mortality (64%) in L. californicus larvae than commercial nematode strains including Steinernema carpocapsae (30%), Heterorhabtidis bacteriophora (6.6%) and S. feltiae (10%). The results suggest that field collected nematode isolates, which are well-adapted to environmental conditions can be a potential candidate against wireworms in the field. We also detected that in-furrow application of bifenthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide with mortality effect on wireworm in pea, as rotation crop with cereals, was effective to reduce wireworm damage in subsequent wheat. Bifenthrin-treated pea followed by wheat treatments caused significantly higher mortality (82%) in L. californicus larvae than untreated pea. Moreover, 30% higher emergence was observed in wheat treatments followed by bifenthrin-treated pea. Our results indicate that integration of both chemical approaches and cultural practices (crop rotation) could be a more effective management strategy for wireworm control.Wireworms are considered a major re-emergence pest of many crops including wheat, barely, potato, corn and legumes in the Pacific Northwest and Intermountain regions of the USA. Neonicotinoid seed treatments, the only group of insecticides registered in cereals against wireworms, have failed to provide acceptable level of protection against wireworms. Thus, there is a need to test alternative methods, to be employed as components of an integrated management protocol. Focusing on one of the most damaging species in the PNW, the sugar beet wireworm Limonius californicus, we conducted greenhouse studies to evaluate (1) the efficacy of commercially available and locally-collected entomopathogenic nematodes, and (2) the effects of insecticide application in a rotation crop (pea) in reducing wireworm damage in subsequent wheat. Field collected nematode Steinernema feltiae isolate Kyle-F1 caused significantly higher mortality (64%) in L. californicus larvae than commercial nematode strains including Steinernema carpocapsae (30%), Heterorhabtidis bacteriophora (6.6%) and S. feltiae (10%). The results suggest that field collected nematode isolates, which are well-adapted to environmental conditions can be a potential candidate against wireworms in the field. We also detected that in-furrow application of bifenthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide with mortality effect on wireworm in pea, as rotation crop with cereals, was effective to reduce wireworm damage in subsequent wheat. Bifenthrin-treated pea followed by wheat treatments caused significantly higher mortality (82%) in L. californicus larvae than untreated pea. Moreover, 30% higher emergence was observed in wheat treatments followed by bifenthrin-treated pea. Our results indicate that integration of both chemical approaches and cultural practices (crop rotation) could be a more effective management strategy for wireworm control.masters, M.S., Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
HOST SELECTION BEHAVIOR IN A SPECIALIST WEEVIL USED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AN INVASIVE PLANT USING OLFACTORY CUES
No full textMogulones crucifer Pallas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), root miner, was released in Canada in 1997 for the biological control of the invasive plant Cynoglossum officinale L. (Boraginaceae). Release of this weevil in the United States was not permitted due to concerns on potential confamilial non-target attack on Federally listed threatened and endangered plant species. For environmental safety assessment of this weevil to native Boraginaceae plant species: 1) Assessed the behavioral responses to olfactory cues weevil to the cues of C. officinale and selected Eurasian confamilial plants and electrophysiological experiments (GC-EAD) to assess antennal responses of M. crucifer and characterized the headspace volatile profiles of tested plant species (GC/MS) 2) Assessed the behavioral responses to olfactory cues C. officinale and selected North American confamilial plants and electrophysiological experiments (GC-EAD) to assess antennal responses of weevil and characterized the headspace volatile profiles of tested plant species (GC/MS). M. crucifer strongly preferred its field host C. officinale over all tested non-target plants. Among non-target plants Hackelia micrantha shared the greatest number of compounds with C. officinale whereas Oreocarya rugulosa, Oreocarya celosioides and Rindera umbellata shared least. In addition, I identified six electrophysiologically active compounds in C. officinale, five electrophysiologically active compounds in H. micrantha and four electrophysiologically active compounds in O. crassipes. Results from these experiments suggest M. crucifer can locate its host plant and avoid non-target plant species.masters, M.S., Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0
Methods for Improving Re-Vegetation Success in the Sagebrush Steppe using Solid Matrix Priming and Seed Extrusion Technology
No full textThere is a need to develop cost-effective techniques for re-establishing native vegetation on degraded sagebrush (Artemesia spp. L.) steppe ecosystems. In this study, we evaluate the use of solid matrix priming (SMP) and extruded seed pellets as technologies for improving re-vegetation success within the sagebrush steppe for three native bunchgrass species: bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata, PSSP6), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis, FEID), and prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha, KOMA). This involved: 1) the formulation of seed priming medium, 2) the incorporation of priming medium and native seed into pellets designed for transportation and subsequent planting for re-vegetation purposes, 3) the determination of optimal seed priming durations at two water potentials (-0.7 & -1.0 MPa), and 4) a comparison of total emergence and time to 10, 25, and 50% emergence for primed seeds vs. non-primed seeds. Primed pelleted treatments for FEID and PSSP6 showed increases in total emergence within the first seven days compared to non-primed pellets. By day seven, FEID and PSSP6 primed pelleted emergence was 8.4–22 and 31.6–58.5 seedlings, and non-primed pellet emergence was 0.2–6.8 and 19.3–31 seedlings (P<0.05). KOMA showed mixed results concerning emergence in the first seven days between primed treatments and non-primed pellets. Further experimentation showed that KOMA total germination, not emergence, was increased by day seven with priming (primed germination = 12.1–16.3 seeds, bare seed germination = 3.1–5.7 seeds; P<0.05). Further comparison between primed treatments and non-primed pellets showed a reduction in time to 10% and 25% emergence (T10, T25) for PSSP6 only (T10: primed emergence = 2.0–4.1 days, non-primed pellet emergence = 4.4–6.1 days; T25: primed emergence = 2.9–5.4 days, non-primed pellet emergence = 6–7.5; P<0.05). Three out of six PSSP6 primed treatments also showed a reduction in time to 50% emergence (T50: primed emergence = 6.9, 7.1, 8.4 days; non-primed pellet emergence = 19.7 days, P<0.05). T10 and T25 was not affected by priming in FEID or KOMA. FEID and KOMA bare seed also never reached T25 within the 21-day study period and so comparisons were not possible. The pellet materials provided an increase in total emergence over 21 days of growth for FEID and KOMA (emergence at day 21: FEID bare seed emergence = 10 seedlings, non-primed pellet emergence = 20 seedlings; KOMA bare seed emergence = 2 seedlings, non-primed pellet emergence = 26 seedlings, P<0.05). PSSP6 emergence results showed little positive effect coming from the pellet materials throughout the 21-day study period. In general, solid matrix priming and extruded seed pellets allowed for an increase in total emergence within the first seven days of growth for FEID, KOMA and PSSP6, and a reduction in T10, T25, and T50 emergence for PSSP6. These increases in emergence within the first seven days of growth may provide an increase in the number of wet-thermal days available for emerged seedlings prior to the onset of adverse environmental conditions (i.e. winter/summer). Implications of these results would be a potential increase in the survival and establishment for a greater percentage of wildland seedings for these three species.masters, M.S., Natural Resources -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0