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Stand Structure and Understory Diversity of Restored Western White Pine Stands
No full textWestern white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex. D. Don) once dominated the northern Rocky Mountains of the US and Canada. These forests were multi strata stands with white pine dominating in the overstory and more shade tolerant species occupying lower strata. In the early 1900s white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) was introduced, which caused a major shift in forest management. White pine along with other shade intolerant species were preferentially harvested resulting in a forested landscape dominated by more shade tolerant tree species. These shade tolerant species are more susceptible to biotic and abiotic disturbances and have a less ecologic and economic value. Planting of blister rust-resistant white pine seedlings only became more frequent in the last 30 to 40 years, yet there has been little evaluation of ecology of these planted white pine stands. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis is to describe the structure, tree species composition, and tree growth of western white pine plantations. The second objective of this thesis was to examine the understory floristic diversity of planted white pine stands in relation to canopy characteristics and overstory species composition across the Northern Rockies. Twenty-seven stands planted on federal and private timberlands prior to 1991, were selected across northern Idaho. The majority of these stands were planted solely with western white pine, but similar aged, naturally regenerated stands with fewer western white pine were also selected. Results show these stands as containing an even-aged stratified mixture with an abundance of shade tolerant seedlings and saplings. We also found the total merchantable volume increased with an increasing amount of white pine in the stand. These planted stands also have a very diverse understory with species composition similar to that of historic stands, documented in previous literature. Results from this study will be used by forest managers to assess the effects of western white pine composition on stand structure, vegetation community diversity and will help direct future management efforts to reintroduce this iconic species into the forests of the region.masters, M.S., Natural Resources -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-0
Shaping Water Resource Governance: a Comparative Case Study of Five Reservoirs Within the Columbia River Basin
No full textIn an 1878 report to Congress, John Wesley Powell unsuccessfully advocated that political jurisdictions in the American west should be organized to conform to watersheds. Instead, governing North America’s water resources remains fraught with cross-jurisdictional challenges, through which water flows with no concern for borders on maps. The Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest is the embodiment of boundary-spanning stories, as its arms cross and re-cross national and international borders on its journey to the Pacific Ocean. The Columbia River Basin spans seven U.S. states, Canada’s British Columbia, and 30 recognized Indigenous tribes on both sides of the international border, with complex social and ecological interactions throughout. Water governance styles in large river reaches and reservoir basins across the western U.S. and Canada vary greatly, related in part to the magnitude of federal investment in infrastructure and projects for irrigation, hydropower, and navigation. Yet even the more top-down, command-and-control situations have evolved towards collaborative arrangements of government and non-government organizations ranging from federal agencies to regional and local government and advocacy groups. The devolution of powers from a central government to place-based collaborative governance allows for local experimentation, one of the central tenets of adaptive co-management. Nobel Prize winner, Elinor Ostrom, champions this idea of independent, multi-level actors governing collectively in polycentric arrangements. It is still unclear, however, to what extent collaborative governance arrangements lead to positive outcomes in managing the resources. Interactions among organizations that together govern the resources can be seen as a network, like a spiders web, where actors are the nodes, and connecting threads are avenues of communications between them. Social network analyses are rigorous scientific methods that are often applied to evaluate the structure and interrelations among actors in governance networks. But the relative paucity of comparable datasets leads to gaps in our understanding of networks for governing water resources, such as whether the networks have a consistent or dominant shape or pattern. This study examines water resource governance networks, with a focus on fisheries and water quality. I seek to answer three central research questions: 1. Is there a dominant shape for water resource governance networks? 2. What qualities determine the position of an actor within a water resource governance network? 3. To what extent can internal dynamics of the water resource governance network be correlated with action outcomes in terms of changes in fisheries or water quality parameters? I use a mixed-methods approach of personal outreach and an online survey to collect data for lake health metrics, actors in the governance networks, and internal dynamics of those networks in five reservoir basins within a geographic transect of the Columbia River Basin. Lakes Chelan, Roosevelt are in the U.S. state of Washington, Lake Pend Oreille is Idaho, and člq̓etkʷ (Flathead) is in Montana. The fifth reservoir, Lake Koocanusa, is just over half in Montana, with the rest across the international border in British Columbia, Canada. Similarities, such as federal water quality standards, fisheries regulations, and federally licensed hydroelectric dams that impound each basin, provide a consistent regulatory framework for each governance network. Differences in local geography and social contexts contribute to individuality in the networks. This dissertation is organized into five major chapters, of which the first three constitute the background needed before the analyses. Chapter one describes the methodology for survey development and the questions that are in the survey instrument. I describe the process of scoping to determine the network boundaries and actor lists for each basin. I explain the process of preparing data for analysis, and the analyses that are performed in course of this dissertation. The chapter finishes with an in-depth discussion of complexities in the process of in-person outreach to solicit survey responses, and subsequent richness in qualitative information that adds context to the networks in individual study basins. Chapter two is a sketch of the geography and biography of each basin in this study. I present similarities among the settings, but also key differences. Qualitative data from both text entry survey responses and personal communications illustrate issues in governance scenarios in individual basins. Some overarching themes, such as calls for better funding, are common to all of the basins governance groups. In chapter three I conduct a literature review to examine the prevalence of a core-periphery network pattern in water resource and natural resource governance case studies. The 30 pieces reviewed span nearly 60 years of research in both developed and developing nations. I approach the observed pattern from three disciplinary lenses: network structures, internal dynamics of social capital, and polycentric relations of multi-level collaborative governance. While the three lenses involve different scales and theoretical approaches to evaluating governance networks, results show considerable overlap in the concepts. Furthermore, the core-periphery pattern does appear to be commonly observed, which underscores the need for further examination of this phenomenon in governance networks. Chapter four examines the core-periphery network pattern with a stepwise process of analytical methods. The central premise is that actors’ positions in a network are based on what they do (the number of roles they fulfill in a suite of roles), rather than who they are (the actor type). I construct a suite of roles on three characteristics: resource roles (data, expertise, funding, political support), formal roles (land and resource tenure, regulatory, juridical), and informal roles (collaboration, information sharing by hosting forums and via websites, policy entrepreneurship or proactive networking). With the network data organized by actor types and management focus (all actors, fisheries focus, water quality focus) I first visualize the networks. The patterns are confirmed analytically using a core-periphery test in the social network analysis software. Comparing the network structure by quadratic assignment procedure reveals very low correlation of patterns by actor-type. Poisson regression of actor position (centralization on indegree, or how many nominations an actor receives) shows strong and significant correlations to the three role categories, with individual variations by basin and focus. Chapter five explores internal dynamics of the governance networks in the five basins relative to changes in lake health indices. Literature for social-ecological systems shows that relating social factors with physical management outcomes remains challenging. Measurements are operationalized using Likert-scale responses from the surveys. Aggregated data across all five basins reveal few discernible trends in lake health outcomes. Strong correlation patterns emerge, however, when network dynamics are related with physical outcomes in individual basins. Qualitative information from the surveys, archival documents, and scoping meetings, supplemented adds basin-specific context and interpretive explanations to these differences. The five main chapters are followed by discussions of overarching themes, limitations to the study, and future directions. This research makes contributions to both theoretical and practical applications of network analysis. The literature review and subsequent network analyses build understanding of core-periphery patterns in resource governance networks. This cross-basin study adds much needed data to a field that suffers from paucity in comparative, multi-community studies. Using the networks themselves as boundary objects to delimit the basins renders a network analysis approach more accessible to practitioners who wish to improve communications in their basin. Results suggest multiple directions for future studies, such as whether governance networks are actually approaching a polycentric government arrangement, or if they are achieving the goals adaptive management. A bold next step would be to expand this study to other large dam catchments of the Columbia River Basin, and on both sides of the U.S.-Canadian border.doctoral, Ph.D., Water Resources -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-0
National Unity and Common Cause: The English Political Community, 1327-77
No full textCivil war and military incompetence were a mainstay in England for nearly two decades by the start of Edward III’s majority reign in 1330. Moreover, money contracts were beginning to replace the feudal oath, and the gentry and merchants were gaining more economic power. England faced crucial domestic challenges and fundamental societal evolution at a time when Scotland and France remained troubling matters of national concern. I argue that the idea of a national cause – a belief that the kingdom writ large was united in pursuing a common objective – emerged out of a fusion of political harmony, chivalric cultural revival, and national victory. The policy of political harmony undertaken in the 1330s demanded a forgiving, generous policy of royal patronage and cooperation with the gentry and merchants of England. It was fundamental for the Crown to harness the support of the entire political community for a cause in which they all took part. That the triumphalism in the wake of Edward III’s great victories would ultimately be undercut and confronted by the events of the 1360s and 1370s was a testament to the fundamental role that national unity played in creating an environment that could facilitate the emergence of a national cause. A national cause meant that, in mid-fourteenth-century England, a bond was forged between ruler and realm that united royal and national interest.masters, M.A., History -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-1
Advances in Solvent Extraction: Separation and Purification of Adjacent Trivalent Lanthanides Using the Electroneutral Solvating Extractant N,N,N’,N’-Tetraoctyl Diglycolamide
No full textRare earth elements have become essential materials in advanced clean energy technologies and national security applications due to their unique properties. Despite their importance, the United States remains almost completely dependent upon foreign supply chains, notably imports from China, for both raw and finished commodities containing rare earth elements. This dissertation explores the implementation of a neutral ligand, N, N, N’, N’ tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA), for the separation of rare earth elements. TODGA offers distinct advantages over traditional phosphonic acid extractants, notably the elimination of saponification to achieve high recovery in a solvent extraction circuit and improved adjacent lanthanide separation factors, ultimately requiring fewer solvent extraction stages to achieve high degrees of purity and recovery. This work marks the first use of TODGA’s unique chemistry to separate and purify the rare earths from each other in hydrochloric acid media using counter-current solvent extraction. Chapter 1 introduces the concept of rare earths as a critical material and highlights historic and future challenges associated with the rare earth supply chain. Separations remains as one of the greatest challenges due to high capital and operating costs to purify individual rare earth elements, thus emphasizing the need for advances in solvent extraction to enable a viable domestic supply chain in the United States. Chapters 2 and 3 provide background context that motivated the research by describing commercial rare earth separation processes and an overview of TODGA’s known applications and uses for trivalent lanthanide extraction and separation. While TODGA’s lanthanide extraction chemistry has been studied extensively for separations relevant to the nuclear fuel cycle, it has not been successfully applied in the field of rare earth mining and hydrometallurgy to separate individual lanthanides with high degrees of recovery and purity in a continuous counter-current solvent extraction cascade. TODGA exhibits a unique extraction trend among “light” low molecular weight lanthanides, with an observed 50% increase in adjacent light lanthanide separation factors as compared to the industry standard phosphonic acid PC88A. This suggests that a counter-current solvent extraction cascade with a reduced number of stages may be implemented for the purification of light rare earth elements. Chapter 4 outlines the various experimental methods that were utilized to conduct this research. A variety of techniques were utilized in the approach, including laboratory batch equilibrium solvent extraction experiments, counter-current mixer-settler testing, and process modeling and simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. Chapter 5 provides the rationale behind counter-current solvent extraction modeling and simulation for process design. Mass balances around a solvent extraction cascade may be written as a system of ordinary differential equations and coupled with empirical laboratory equilibrium data to model the approach to steady state. Alternative techniques for steady state cascade modeling using algebraic equations written in the form of a tridiagonal matrix and solved using the Thomas Algorithm are discussed. This approach may also be coupled with empirical expressions for calculating distribution ratios as a function of free TODGA and aqueous phase chloride concentration at equilibrium. Chapter 6 describes experimental results that were used to evaluate the feasibility of TODGA’s extraction chemistry in a counter-current solvent extraction circuit. While TODGA demonstrates improved light rare earth separation factors, they are still relatively low, implying that neighboring lanthanides essentially co-extract. Commercially, high degrees of purity and recovery are achieved by implementing a selective scrubbing technique through which the purified REE product stream is refluxed into the scrub section. Batch solvent extraction experiments and simplified counter-current solvent extraction experiments in mixer-settlers revealed that TODGA is indeed capable of selective scrubbing to purify REEs under proper solvent loading conditions. Chapter 7 describes the applied culmination of TODGA’s extraction chemistry through the design and experimental testing of a solvent extraction process to produce the permanent magnet precursor material didymium (75% neodymium and 25% praseodymium by mass), from a mixed light rare earth chloride feed representative of that produced from the processing of bastnäsite ore. The chapter includes single metal extraction data with empirically determined expressions for calculating distribution ratios, followed by batch counter-current extraction experiments for light REE separations. Batch experimental results were used to design a 24-stage counter-current solvent extraction cascade to purify PrNd from a mixture of La, Ce, Pr, and Nd. While experimental results of the cascade design did not achieve optimum recovery or purity, they indicate that TODGA can successfully be used to for the continuous separation and purification of light rare earths. Single metal distribution ratio correlations did not accurately model cascade behavior; a “pseudo single-metal” approach is presented to calculate distribution ratios under saturated loading conditions in a solvent extraction cascade. Chapter 8 discusses the implications of utilizing TODGA in an industrial setting. While the use of a neutral ligand has distinct benefits over phosphonic acids, there are several limitations to the solvent system that require additional research efforts to address. Furthermore, implementing TODGA chemistry has economic impacts that may potentially limit its commercial viability. Notable limitations discussed include organic phase loading capacity, ligand synthesis and production costs, and high molarity salt-bearing raffinate streams that must be recycled or disposed of. A structure/property relationship was identified for DGA extractants with varying alkyl chain substituents, indicating that short alkyl chains make stronger, more selective extractants but are prone to gelling and third phase formation. Longer alkyl chains maintain selectivity and slightly reduce overall extraction strength. Branched alkyl chains prevent gelling and third phase formation but comes at the cost of poor selectivity due to steric hindrance caused by the branched alkyl chains in the outer coordination sphere. Chapter 9 summarizes the general conclusion of this work: TODGA is capable of performing industrially relevant rare earth separations in continuous counter-current solvent extraction equipment, achieving high degrees of REE recovery and purity. However, its practical application is limited at this time due to its low organic phase loading. Ongoing research in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently underway to synthesize and test novel DGA extractants with tailored alkyl chain substituents that achieve high degrees of organic phase loading capacity, maintain enhanced adjacent lanthanide selectivity among light rare earths, and demonstrate acceptable hydrodynamic behavior suitable for use in solvent extraction equipment.doctoral, Ph.D., Chemical and Materials Science Engineering -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-0
Psychometric Assessment of Psychosocial Health Constructs: Measuring Psychological Pain and Disablement
No full textHealth care professionals are tasked with incorporating evidence-based practice (EBP) and assessing practice effectiveness, which can be accomplished by using health-related patient reported outcome (PRO) instruments. Clinicians use PRO instruments to assess a wide variety of health-related constructs (e.g., quality of life, pain, disablement) and must decide which instrument is relevant and important to use for patients. Many PRO instruments, however, have not been tested using the recommended contemporary psychometric analysis techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation was to assess the psychometrics of two psychosocial health instruments used in clinical practice and research: 1) Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain (OMMP) scale and 2) Disablement in Physically Active Short Form-8 (DPA-SF) scale. The OMMP is an instrument designed to assess psychological pain; however, previous research has not yielded a consistent scale structure, and the internal consistency of the subscales have not met recommended values. Therefore, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the 9-factor, 44-item OMMP. Model fit indices were not met and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify a more parsimonious (i.e., OMMP-9) structure. The OMMP-9 was then tested in a covariance model and refined further to create the OMMP-8. The OMMP-8 was then subjected to invariance testing between age groups, sex, activity classification, activity level, and injury status. The 9-factor, 44-item OMMP did not meet recommended measurement criteria and should not be recommended for use in research and clinical practice in its current form. The refined OMMP-8 met recommended measurement invariance criteria and may be a more viable option to use; however, more research should be completed prior to adoption. The DPA SF-8 has been proposed as a tool to be used in the physically active population to assess a physical summary component (PHY) and a quality of life component (QOL) of disablement; however, analysis of scale structure has not been confirmed with a sample of individuals who have only answered the eight items included in the scale. Additionally, further scale development analyses (e.g., reliability, responsiveness, longitudinal invariance) to ensure psychometrics are sound have not been completed. Therefore, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted on the 2-factor, 8-item scale on each time point (i.e., visit) to ensure factor structure. Additionally, the reliability of the scale and internal consistency of the subscales were assessed; a minimal detectable change (MDC) value was calculated; minimal clinically important differences (MCID) were established; and, invariance testing across three visits and groups was conducted. The CFAs at all three visits exceeded recommended model fit indices, the intraclass correlation coefficient value (.924) calculated indicated excellent scale reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha for subscales PHY and QOL were within recommend values. The MDC value calculated for summative scale scoring was 5.83 points, while the MCID values for persistent injuries was 2 points and 3 points for acute injuries. The DPA SF-8 was invariant across time and across subgroups. The DPA SF-8 met CFA recommendations and criteria for multi-group and longitudinal invariance testing, which indicates the scale may be used to assess for differences between the groups or across time. Our overall analysis indicates the DPA SF-8 is a valid, reliable, and responsive instrument to assess patient improvement in the physically active population.doctoral, Ph.D., Movement & Leisure Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-0
An Interdisciplinary Framework to Address Complex Water Quality Issues: A Collaboration with the Coeur d’Alene Tribe
No full textThe leaching of toxic metals (i.e., Pb, Cd, As) from historical mining activities has caused extensive environmental and public health disparities among Native American communities across the United States. In response to this issue from a water resources context, I pursued an interdisciplinary dissertation in collaboration with the Coeur d’Alene Tribe of northern Idaho, USA to address complex water quality issues resulting from legacy mining contamination in the Coeur d’Alene Basin. Guided by expertise provided by aquatic ecologists and educators employed by the Tribe, we developed an interdisciplinary research framework drawing from disciplinary approaches in community engagement, aquatic ecology, and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. The framework informed the establishment of the community-university partnership and associated limnological study and culturally-relevant STEM education program for Coeur d’Alene Tribal youth. Collectively, these outcomes are intended to support the Tribal community’s capacity to mitigate water quality issues caused by toxic metal contamination resulting from historical mining activities through ethical collaboration, increased access and availability of scientific data, and community youth interest and leadership in STEM. Acknowledging approaches in community-engagement, Chapter 2 assesses the benefit of applying participatory research methodologies when conducting research in complex human-water systems through a comparison of two community-university partnerships within the Coeur d’Alene Basin. The first partnership reflects the collaboration described in this dissertation and the second partnership involved non-Indigenous, rural communities and University of Idaho researchers. Informed by fundamental principles of aquatic ecology, Chapter 3 discusses a limnological study that examined the phenology of submerged aquatic macrophytes in three temperate lakes. The results from this study are intended to inform future study on the role of macrophyte in metals and nutrient dynamics in lake ecosystems. Guided by culturally responsive pedagogy and informal educational methods, Chapter 4 reflects a two-year STEM education program and affiliated study. This study examined the impact of the culturally-relevant STEM education program on Native American high school youth understanding of water quality issues impacting their local environment and interest in the STEM fields. Chapter 5 synthesizes the interdisciplinary studies by discussing the role of each disciplinary approach in supporting the Tribal community capacity in mitigating their contaminated waters. Each approach and affiliated study are appraised in relation to the Coeur d’Alene Tribe Five Pillars to Strengthen Heart and Mind. Together, the studies included in this dissertation explore how an interdisciplinary research framework can support Native American communities address complex water quality issues resulting from historical mining contamination.doctoral, Ph.D., Water Resources -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-0
INCREASING WEED-MANAGEMENT TOOLS WITH AN HERBICIDE SAFENER FOR CONTROL OF ANNUAL GRASSES IN WHEAT
No full textThe Pacific Northwest is a highly productive wheat growing region of the world. One of the challenges confronting wheat farmers in the region is control of weeds below levels that negatively impact crop yield. Annual grasses are most troublesome to wheat farmers in the region due to similarities in growth habits between wheat and annual grasses. Growers often rely on preemergence or early postemergence herbicides for control of annual grasses. Preemergence herbicides include the very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFA) inhibitors, such as flufenacet, pyroxasulfone or their premix with other herbicides while early postemergence herbicides include (1) acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, such as diclofop, pinoxaden, and (2) acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, such as flucarbazone, pyroxsulam, mesosulfuron. However, selection pressure from consistent herbicide use resulted in annual grasses evolving resistant populations to multiple groups of herbicides, leaving growers with few herbicide options for control. The very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides are effective herbicides for control of annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds in corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton and sorghum with few reported cases of resistance. Pyroxasulfone, a VLCFA inhibitor, controls annual grass and small-seeded broadleaf weeds such as Italian ryegrass, barnyardgrass, foxtails, crabgrasses, Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp in corn, wheat and soybeans at low use rate with efficacy also against populations resistant to glyphosate, acetolactate synthase inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors and triazines. Despite the use of several VLCFA inhibitors for over six decades, potential problem associated with herbicides in the group is crop injury. Differential tolerance of crop varieties under adverse environmental conditions or soil type could hinder the selective use of some herbicides. Herbicide safeners, applied either as tank mixture with the herbicide for preemergence or postemergence use or as seed treatments in the form of seed dressing have been used to protect crops from herbicide injury. Safeners increase the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in herbicide detoxification including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glycosyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Fluxofenim (Concep III, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, NC) is a widely used seed treatment safener for protection of sorghum from S-metolachlor injury at the rate of 0.4 g ai kg-1 seed. Perhaps, fluxofenim could protect newly bred wheat cultivars of the Pacific Northwest from soil-applied preemergence herbicides. Chapter 1 includes a general introduction to wheat production in Idaho, challenges of annual grass control in wheat, herbicide options for annual grass control in wheat, effectiveness of very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides in annual grass control, tolerance of crops to VLCFA inhibitors via rapid metabolism, concept of crop safening, history, mechanism of action and use. Chapter 2 provides information on series of experiments evaluating the protection of soft white wheat varieties and a hard spring wheat variety from very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides using fluxofenim safener. Data analysis showed that fluxofenim protection of soft white wheat varieties from VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides was variety-dependent. Fluxofenim significantly increased dry biomass of varieties LWW 15-72223, LWW 14-75044, Bruneau and UI Sparrow for S-metolachlor and dimethenamid-P herbicides, and LWW 15-72458 for pyroxasulfone herbicide. Varieties 09-15702A, UI Castle CL+ and UI Palouse CL+ were however tolerant to the three herbicide treatments regardless of fluxofenim treatment at the herbicide rates evaluated. Dose-response analysis showed effective doses resulting in 10% biomass reduction due to fluxofenim-alone treatment ranged from 0.55 g ai kg-1 seed for UI Magic CL+ to 1.23 g ai kg-1 seed for UI Palouse CL+. Effective doses resulting in 90% tolerance to S-metolachlor due to fluxofenim ranged from 0.07 g ai kg-1 seed for UI Castle CL+ to 0.55 g ai kg-1 seed for Brundage 96 and a similar pattern of response to dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone herbicides were also observed for the varieties, suggesting UI Castle CL+ has some level of tolerance to the herbicides. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) assay revealed that variety UI Castle CL+ had a 58% increase in GST specific activity relative to UI Sparrow and Brundage 96 with 30% and 38% increase in enzyme activity respectively at 0.36 g ai kg-1 seed treatment. Chapter 3 describes experiments to determine fluxofenim protection of six soft white winter wheat varieties selected based on prior greenhouse experiments from S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P or pyroxasulfone injury under field conditions. Wheat density, height, head count and grain yield were evaluated in response to herbicide treatments with or without fluxofenim safener. Results indicated that fluxofenim had a negative impact on parameters observed in these field studies. Fluxofenim at 0.4 g ai kg-1 seed sorghum label rate failed to confer protection to soft white wheat varieties in the field studies conducted in fall 2018. The results of these field studies were therefore inconclusive and efficacy of fluxofenim to protect winter wheat would need to be evaluated further under different environmental conditions and soil types.masters, M.S., Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2020-0
