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Local position-space two-nucleon potentials from leading to fourth order of chiral effective field theory
No full textWe present local, position-space chiral NN potentials through four orders of chiral EFTranging from leading order (LO) to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N3LO, fourth order) of the ∆-less version of the theory. The long-range parts of these potentials are fixed by the very accurate πN LECs as determined in the Roy-Steiner equations analysis. At the highest order (N3LO), the NN data below 190 MeV laboratory energy are reproduced with the acceptable χ 2/datum of 1.45. These NN potentials may serve as a solid basis for systematic ab initio calculations of nuclear structure and reactions that allow for a comprehensive error analysis. In particular, the order by order development of the potentials will make possible a reliable determination of the truncation error at each order. Our new family of local position-space potentials differs from existing potentials of this kind by a weaker tensor force as reflected in relatively low D-state probabilities of the deuteron (PD doctoral, Ph.D., Physics -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-0
CTE ONLINE: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NIMM PROGRAM IN NORTH CENTRAL IDAHO AND SOUTHEAST WASHINGTON
No full textWhile many schools are revisiting the importance of CTE in the K 9-12 curriculum, many face constraints in the form of instructional and laboratory resources. 22 school districts of North Central Idaho and Southeast Washington region struggle to provide access to Career and Technology Education program programs due to geographic challenges, limited school resources, fund shortage, and insufficient population density. Co-locating these programs is nearly impossible because of distance. From a practical perspective, NIMM project is an initiative that lead to this study to illustrates programmatic models for the delivery of CTE to produce entry-level technicians from secondary schools in rural regions that can be replicated in regions that are facing similar issues relating to workforce shortages and the out-migration of youth, which are disruptive factors to the economy of rural regions. Findings shows, it helped student learn about local opportunities, think about an alternative career, and ensured equity and accessibility. This project provides useful data to build an educational model for the delivery of CTE curriculum in rural regions to improve the availability of skilled workers.doctoral, Ph.D., Curriculum & Instruction -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-0
Bioassays for Assessing the Fate of Brassicaceae-derived Biopesticides in Soil and an Analysis of the Kinetics of Myrosinase Isoenzymes from Select Brassicaceae Species
No full textAbstract Seed meal of plants from the family Brassicaceae contains glucosinolates which are hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzyme myrosinase to toxic isothiocyanates which have been shown to be effective for treating a wide array of pest species. Current analytical methods for studying the fate of these pesticides in soil require expensive equipment which may not be affordable for many researchers. The inability of farmers, land managers, and researchers to analyze the fate of these pesticides hinders data collection and may limit the efficacy of current application methods due to the time delay between pesticide application and determination of fate. The overarching goal of this study were to understand the fate of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) from sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) in agricultural soil. Specific objectives were 1) to explore the use of bioindicators such as wireworms, Limonius infuscatus for pesticide fate studies which could be assessed in-situ and ex-situ; 2) to study the kinetics of myrosinase isoenzymes from Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, and Limnanthes alba using sinigrin, glucolimnanthin (m-methoxybenzyl glucosinolate), and sinalbin (4-hydroxylbenzyl glucosinolate) as substrates to assess which myrosinase source will result in the highest production of biopesticide in the soil. Two wireworm bioassays were evaluated. The first assay was used to assess the effects of soil depth and incubation period on the fate of the biopesticides. Pre weighed wireworms were used as bioindicators and isolated at specific depths in soil columns which were treated with B. juncea seed meal. The columns were incubated for 4 or 8 days, then the wireworms were assessed for mass change and mortality. The soil was analyzed for AITC, glucosinolates, sulfate, pH, and electrical conductivity. The second assay assessed the effects of tarping on the efficacy of B. juncea seed meal against wireworms. A single pre weighed wireworm was placed midway in a soil column which was treated with B. juncea seed meal. Columns were covered with a polypropylene sheet to simulate field tarping and were incubated for 2 days, then the wireworms were removed, and their mass, mortality, and vertical location were recorded. The wireworms were transferred to fresh soil with wheat seeds as a food source and monitored weekly for mass change and mortality. Soil was analyzed for AITC, electrical conductivity, and pH. In the first assay, neither depth nor incubation period significantly affected wireworm mortality and mass change; however, meal application, depth, and incubation period did significantly affect soil EC, pH, and sulfate concentration. This may be due to glucosinolate hydrolysis as well as acids and ionic compounds in the meal. In the second assay, wireworms in treated columns which were tarped showed significantly higher mortality than wireworms in treated columns which were uncovered which did not show significantly different mortality rates than those in the control columns, suggesting AITC volatilization may significantly reduce, or completely negate the effects of biopesticide. Treatment also had a significant effect on pH, and electrical conductivity. The myrosinase isoenzyme from S. alba showed the highest maximum activity of the three isoenzymes with sinigrin and glucolimnanthin as substrates. The maximum activity of S. alba with sinigrin and glucolimnanthin was significantly higher than the maximum activity of B. juncea; however, B. juncea myrosinase had a significantly greater affinity for both sinigrin and glucolimnanthin. S. alba had the greatest Vmax with sinigrin as a substrate and had similar maximum activities for both glucolimnanthin and sinalbin. This may be due to the similarity in structure of these aromatic glucosinolates. B. juncea myrosinase exhibited Michaelis Menten kinetics for sinigrin and glucolimnanthin but showed signs of substrate inhibition for sinalbin. This suggests that there may be an allosteric binding site on the B. juncea myrosinase which selectively binds sinalbin. The myrosinase extract from L. alba showed negligible activity and may have degraded prior to extraction.masters, M.S., Soil & Water Systems -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-0
Type III DFIG Wind Turbine Test Bench
No full textThe overarching goal of this project is to produce a fully operational, robust, modular, and reliable Type III Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Wind Turbine test bench. This thesis tackled the following objectives in the pursuit of achieving that goal:- Design, simulate, and test the electronic hardware subsystems for sub-synchronous operation of the DFIG on both the Rotor and Grid Sides of the machine - Design and simulate both the Rotor Side Control (RSC) and Grid Side Control (GSC) block diagrams in MATLAB Simulink (computer simulation software) for super-synchronous operation of the DFIG - Design and simulate the complete Type III DFIG WT test bench system in MATLAB Simulink simulation software - Test, model, and simulate both steady-state equivalent circuit and resulting model, and a dynamic model of the DFIG machines in MATLAB Simulink simulation software This test bench would allow for advanced research on wind turbines, specifically in the areas of power grid stability, protection, and power quality. Wind energy systems are growing more prevalent in the modern world. These energy systems, wind turbines, reduce the reliability, power quality, and stability of the power grid. Wind turbine manufacturing companies consider anything related to their turbine’s operation and design as proprietary information. A test bench of a Type III DFIG wind turbine would enable protection companies such as Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL) to partner with the University of Idaho to perform pro-active research. This thesis established a strong base for finishing this test bench. Steady-state and dynamic machine models were developed, simulated, and verified. Electronics for both the rotor and grid sides of the DFIG were also developed and tested. A simulation model in MATLAB Simulink of the complete Type III DFIG test bench was also completed. This allowed for simulation of both the rotor and grid control schemes and verifiable results. Test and simulation results of all objectives verified proper design and operation.masters, M.S., Electrical and Computer Engineering -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-1
An Online Polymorphic Attack Detection Model for Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems
No full textCooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (cITSs) represent one of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications whose purpose is to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. Within this system, vehicles can communicate with one another by establishing a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) along the particular road section of interest. Although such connectivity facilitates the exchange of information related to road safety and traffic efficiency, at the same time connectivity puts vehicles at risk of compromise. An attacker could exploit one or more vehicles weaknesses, and use them to share false information causing congestion and/or life-threatening accidents. Several studies have tried to address this issue. Generally, those studies assume that the network topology and/or attack behavior is stationary. This is certainly not realistic, as the cITS is dynamic in nature, and the attackers may have the ability and resources to change their behaviour continuously. Therefore, these assumptions are not suitable and lead to low detection accuracy and high false alarms. To this end, this study proposes a misbehaviour detection model that can cope with the dynamicity of both cITS topology and attack behaviour. The model starts by addressing the issue of missing data using a local-global Fuzzy clustering estimation method. Then, a Proportional Conditional Redundancy Coefficient (PCRC) is used to calculate the values of redundancy and relevancy coefficients in the goal function of the feature selection. This helps to better estimate the discriminative features during the model training. The selected features were used to train an online deep learning-based model. The model uses a Bi-variate Moving Average (BiMAV) to observe the polymorphic patterns in the attack’s behaviour and re-adjust the security parameters accordingly was trained. In comparison to reported studies, the results show that the proposed method achieved improvement compared to the existing techniques (ACC - 4.4\% than LR , 3.8\% than SVM, and 3.6\% than CNN) (F1 - 2.9\% than LR, 2.2\% than SVM, 0.8\% than CNN) (FPR - 47\%LR, 46\% than SVM) (DR - 7.4\% than LR, 5.9\% than SVM, 5.4\% than CNN ). Then, the 2nd objective develops the Proportional Conditional Redundancy Coefficient (PCRC) which improves the feature significance estimation for the feature selection process that takes place during the Phase 2. The results show that the proposed method achieved improvement compared to the existing techniques (ACC - 2.6\% than DNN, 2.0\% than SVM, 3.1\% than LR ). During phase 3, the third objective was achieved by incorporating the Bi-variate Moving Average (BiMAV) technique into the DBN-based detection model and adapting to the changes in the cITS system. The results show that our method achieved improvement compared to the existing techniques (ACC - 2.4\% than SVM) (DR - 2.5\% than SVM) (FPR - 42\% than SVM) (F1 - 2.4\% than SVM) in a highly dynamic and potentially contested environment. There are many threats where this approach has much better chances of delivering the needed results and we believe is more resilient (e.g., False Data Injection). The proposed model is expected to overcome the limitations of related solutions by detecting attacks that change their behaviour continuously.doctoral, Ph.D., Computer Science -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-1
Post-Laramide exhumation and topography in the Madison and Gallatin Ranges of southwest Montana from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry
No full textSince the end of the Laramide Orogeny, southwest Montana has been subject to a complex array of tectonic, volcanic, and mantle dynamic processes that have left an imprint on the topography and landscape. Here, we aim to examine the impact of post-orogenic and more recent hotspot-related processes on the landscape by quantifying the Cenozoic exhumation history of the Madison and Gallatin Ranges, located on the northern flank of the Yellowstone hotspot in southwest Montana. We apply the apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) low-temperature thermochronometer to Cretaceous and Tertiary intrusions found throughout the area to provide constraints on the Cenozoic cooling history. We acquired AHe dates from bedrock samples collected along two elevation transects and one horizontal transect to establish any differences in exhumation rates and magnitudes. AHe dates from 16 samples produced a range of dates from 70 ± 3.4 Ma to 6.4 ± 0.28 Ma. Samples of the largest elevation transect display a positive relationship between date and elevation suggesting they are undergoing continuous exhumation at either a constant or increasing relief during the Eocene through Oligocene. Increased topography and erosion during Eocene extension and eventual extensional collapse may have driven exhumation and cooling during this time, in addition to increased topography and erosion from the widespread magmatism of the Absaroka Volcanic Province. Changes to topography may be attributed to surface uplift, increasing relief, or a combination of the two. Signals of later cooling in samples close to the Madison Fault are inferred to predominantly record fault driven exhumation. Erosional exhumation due Yellowstone hotspot driven regional uplift appears to be minimal.masters, M.S., Geography & Geological Science -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-0
IS IT JUST ME AND THE BALL? THE POWER OF THE AESTHETIC SPORT EXPERIENCE
No full textKinesiology professionals work to promote and enhance healthy active lifestyles by emphasizing objective outcomes, such as improving health, gaining friendships, and achieving goals. However, the subjective experience of movement may be more meaningful and lead to more commitment to sport/PA, but is often neglected in kinesiology curriculum. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of an educational curriculum on subjective, aesthetic sport experiences (ASE). Students (n=68) taking a 200-level philosophy-based kinesiology course completed the curriculum over nine weeks as an assignment in their course. Students enrolled in one of three100-level activity-based kinesiology courses served as the control (n=47). Post assessments with the Rickel Exercise Value Inventory (Rickel, 2005) revealed significantly higher subjective commitment among the treatment group (p=.015). Treatment group participants also scored significantly higher than the control group on social motivation (p=.01), as measured by the Motives for Sport and Physical Activity Measure-Revised (Ryan et al., 1997). Results indicate that kinesiology students may become more subjectively committed and socially motivated to sport/PA when given space to consider their personal ASEs. As subjective experiences may improve sport/PA behavior, kinesiology curriculum should value and include subjective experiences.doctoral, Ph.D., Movement & Leisure Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-0
Perceptions of Beef and Early Cognitive Development: Infants’ early dietary intake of beef and cognitive outcomes at 3-5 years of age
No full textBackground: Previous studies have shown that iron and zinc can improve various cognitive aspects in humans when eaten in the form of beef. These nutrients are essential to infants and are often limiting in their diet after six months of age. Little research has assessed the connection between beef as an early food in infants and cognitive outcomes later in life. The purpose of this study was to describe Idaho parent/caregiver early beef introduction practices and perceptions when feeding their infant, and to determine relationships between frequency of early beef consumption in infancy and cognitive outcomes at 3-5 years of age.Methods: A convenience sample of 32 children between the ages of 3 and 5 years (mean age: 51.0 ± 9.6 months) was recruited from Moscow, Idaho and the surrounding towns. Parents or caregivers of each child filled out a survey about their feeding practices and perceptions of beef as a first food for their children. Parents/caregivers also completed a food frequency questionnaire about the foods they fed their child when they were between the ages of 6 months and 12 months. The NIH Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function (NIHTB) was administered to children, which involved a series of 5 games on an iPad; Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention, which measured attention and inhibitory control; List Sorting Working Memory, which measured working memory; Dimensional Change Card Sort, which measured cognitive flexibility and attention; Pattern Comparison Processing Speed, which measured processing speed; and Picture Sequence Memory, which measured episodic memory. Relationships between cognitive scores and dietary intake of the children were assessed via Spearman Rank correlation, and food frequency questionnaire and survey data were summarized via descriptive statistics. Results: Parents focused on nutrition and food safety when choosing early complementary foods for their infants. When buying beef, parents saw beef as a nutritious option and valued low costs and high nutritional value, while being wary of chewing and choking hazards for their child. Infants aged 6-12 months were estimated by their parents to consume 4.09 ± 7.01 g of beef per day, providing 0.11 ± 0.19 mg of iron and 0.24 ± 0.41 mg of zinc. The average daily total iron intake at 6-12 months of age was 9.79 ± 10.28 mg and the average daily totally zinc intake at 6-12 months of age was 6.79 ± 6.75 mg. Daily beef intake (r = 0.41, p =0.02), daily iron intake from beef (r = 0.41, p =0.03), daily zinc intake from beef (r=0.42, p=0.02), and daily zinc intake (r = 0.45, p =0.01) were positively associated with the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Score. Only the relationship with total zinc intake remained significant when outliers were removed (r=0.52, p=0.01). When outliers were removed, daily zinc intake was also positively associated with scores of Picture Sequence Memory (r=0.45, p=0.04) and Fluid Cognition composite score (r=0.64, p=0.03). Conclusions: Idaho parents/caregivers of infants value nutrition and safety when choosing beef and other early complementary foods. Iron and zinc found in beef, as well as zinc in the diet, may have a positive relationship with fluid cognition, specifically attention and inhibitory control, between the ages of 3-5 when consumed as an infant between the ages of 6-12 months. masters, M.S., Family and Consumer Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-0
The Effects of Soybean Meal on Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Liver and Intestine of Salmonids
No full textStudies were conducted to investigate the responses in T-cell markers and S100 gene expression involved in soybean meal (SBM)-induced enteritis (SBMIE) in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; RBT) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). The S100 proteins are calcium-binding proteins, related to inflammatory processes and multiple cellular functions, but they remain poorly characterized in fish. A strain of RBT (CX strain) at the Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station has been selected for growth on a plant-based diet that includes SBM for ten generations, and we compared RBT from the CX strain that were age (CXA) and size (CXS) matched to three commonly available commercial strains (RBT1, RBT2, RBT3). We investigated differences in overall growth, oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation between fish fed a fishmeal (FM) or SBM based diet for 12 weeks. Both CX strains of RBT had greater growth rates compared with other groups with similar feed consumption. Expression of S100I2, signaling inflammation in the intestine, was initially elevated at 4 weeks, diminished at 8 weeks, then elevated again by 12 weeks in RBT 1. Expression in other strains peaked at 4 weeks and declined by 12 weeks. In a second study, we compared overall growth, T-cell markers and intestinal inflammation in Atlantic Salmon fed either a FM or SBM based diet for 12 weeks. Expression of calcium binding protein S100I2 signaling inflammation in the liver was elevated over time and peaked at 12 weeks. Expression of S100 proteins showed a similar pattern to other inducible T-cell genes. Overall, these results provide further information regarding SBMIE of current commercial strains of RBT and Atlantic Salmon and help improve the utilization of plant protein sources in their diets.masters, M.S., Animal, Vet & Food Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-1
Bidirectional Effects of Neck Posture and Cognition: Studies of Attention and Inhibitory Control
No full textplaceholderdoctoral, Ph.D., Biological Sciences -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2022-0