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Brief guide to gene cloning
No full textAnalysis and manipulation of DNA is fundamental to understand gene function and expression. Gene cloning is a routine and versatile technique for molecular biology, allowing isolation, amplification, and production of recombinant DNA molecules. Here, we provide an overall process, various types, and applications of gene cloning. This concise guide will be useful for researchers who are unfamiliar with gene cloning, focusing on key principles and experimental considerations (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Effects of heterozygous SMG1 mutations on nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human pluripotent stem cell model
No full textNonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) eliminates transcripts containing premature termination codons, thereby preventing errors in protein synthesis. Serine/threonine-protein kinase SMG1 is a crucial kinase for NMD response, interacting with other regulatory proteins such as SMG8 and SMG9. We identified a de novo heterozygous variant in SMG1 p.Gln2398Glu (c.7192C> G) in a patient with global developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, and oculomotor apraxia. Thus, stem cell models with SMG1 mutations using gene editing technology were established to address the functional consequences of this mutation. While mutations causing the reduction in SMG1 gene dosage by alterations in splicing (c.7192_7194delinsGAA; GAA/+) or frameshift (c.4331_4337del; KO/+) led to a mild but significant reduction of NMD activity, NMD activity was not altered in cells with the SMG1 GAG/+ mutation. Furthermore, cortical organoids from hPSC(GAA/+) exhibited size reduction compared with the control (CTL) or GAG/+, suggesting that reduced NMD activity can affect nervous system development. These findings suggest that hypomorphic SMG1 mutations can cause reduced NMD activity and subsequent biological responses, while the mutation found in the patient alone may not be sufficient to induce pathological symptoms.
Extracellular Vesicles as Targeted Communicators in Complementary Medical Treatments
No full textThe supposed meridians of traditional oriental medicine have been a cause of conflict between traditional and modern medical science. A possible resolution has been proposed: That extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, may be the transmitters of traditional therapies such as massage and acupuncture. This article develops that idea by proposing that the pathways between surface and deep structures may be laid down during the embryonic migration of cells from one region of the developing body to distant regions. This hypothesis depends on the proven targeting of vesicular communication via cell surface binding molecules and their complementary binding sites on target cells. The hypothesis is therefore experimentally testable. The article also draws attention to a strong analogy with Charles Darwin's theory of pangenesis for particulate communication between the soma and germline.
2단 터보차저 장착 디젤 엔진의 고도별 성능 분석
No full textRecent research has been actively exploring the application of reciprocating engines with low fuel consumption rates in aircraft powertrains. Reciprocating engines require a high induction airflow rate to enhance power output; however, at high altitudes, lower air pressure makes lower engine performance. To solve this issue, boost charging is essential. This research analyzes the performance of a diesel engine which is installed with single-stage and two-stage turbochargers. Engine performance at various altitudes was evaluated using 1D simulations and the simulation results were validated using an environmental reproducing chamber. Results indicated that as altitude increased, the single-stage turbocharged diesel engine has reduced boost charging and power output. But, the two-stage turbocharged diesel engine has improved power output by increasing boost charging. Additionally, it was observed that fuel consumption was decreased at lower air temperature in same atmosphere pressure conditions.
Temperature, violent crime, climate change, and vulnerability factors in 44 United States cities
No full textBiological and psychological theories suggest complex impacts of heat on aggression and violence. Most previous studies considered temporal intervals of months to years and assumed linear associations. Evidence is needed on daily impacts of temperature on crime, applying non-linear models across different locations. This observational study examined non-linear relationships between daily summer temperature (May-September) and violent crime in 44 cities across 33 US states, 2005-2022. We calculated city-specific average temperature for the event day and previous day (lag0-1) and daily temperature anomalies (deviation from 1985 to 2010 average) using PRISM data. The Uniform Crime Reporting Program data were used to calculate daily city-specific number of violent crimes (n = 2,447,458 incidents). Generalized additive modeling was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) of violent crime. We identified three distinctive shapes (J-shaped, inverted J-shaped, linear) for relationships. The inverted J-shaped curve, indicating higher crime rates at high temperatures below extremely hot temperatures, was most predominant (26 cities). Across all cities, violent crime was 1.03 times higher at high compared to moderate temperatures (90th vs. 50th percentiles) (RR 1.03, 95 % CI: 1.02-1.04). Violent crime was also higher at moderate compared to cold temperatures (50th vs. 10th percentiles) [RR 1.04 (95% CI: 1.03-1.06)], whereas risk did not differ between extremely high and hot temperature (99th vs. 90th percentiles). Risk during hot days versus moderate temperature days was significantly lower for cities with lower latitude, higher median temperature, higher urban greenspace, and higher percentage of occupied housing units with air conditioners. Risk was higher in cities with 90th percentile temperature anomalies that deviated from the historical temperature record, suggesting implications of climate change on heat-related violence. High daily temperatures are associated with violent crime with differences across locations. Disparities in risks by city-level social and environmental characteristics have implications for climate change strategies.
고리 탄화수소 산화촉매를 이용한 선형 탄화수소이중산의 제조방법
No full text本発明は、環状炭化水素の酸化触媒を用いた炭化水素二重酸の製造方法に関し、バナジウムホスフェートオキシドをベースとする触媒および/または酸化マンガンコバルトをベースとする触媒の存在下で、シクロヘキサン-シクロヘキサノン混合物の酸化反応に用い、アジピン酸をシクロドデカン-シクロドデカノンの混合物の酸化反応に用いて、ドデカンジオン酸の環境汚染の問題を解決するとともに、高収率で生産することができる。
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양자 저밀도 패리티 검사 부호 복호화 장치 및 방법
No full textAn apparatus and method for decoding a quantum low density parity-check code using quantum channel information whereby the apparatus and method provide a technique of performing iterative decoding initially using a first error correction and when error correction fails using a second error correction, in a process decoding a quantum low-density parity-check code based on a belief propagation algorithm
Apparatus and Method for image synthesis in Dual-sensitivity X-ray detector
No full text본 발명의 일 실시예에 따른 이중감도 X선 검출기의 영상 합성 장치는 저감도 영상을 획득하는 저감도 X선 검출 픽셀부와 고감도 영상을 획득하는 고감도 X선 검출 픽셀부로 구성되는 이중 감도 X선 검출부와, 상기 이중 감도 X선 검출부를 통해 획득된 X선 영상으로부터 저감도 영상 및 고감도 영상 여부를 판단하고, 저감도 영상 및 고감도 영상을 생성하는 영상 생성부와, 상기 영상 생성부에서 생성된 고감도 영상을 이용하여 마스크를 생성하는 마스크 생성부와, 상기 마스크를 역전시켜 역전 마스크를 생성하고, 상기 저감도 영상 및 상기 역전 마스크를 서로 곱하여 계산된 저감도 영상을 생성하고, 상기 고감도 영상 및 상기 마스크를 서로 곱하여 계산된 고감도 영상을 생성하는 영상 처리부와, 상기 계산된 저감도 영상 및 상기 계산된 고감도 영상을 서로 합쳐서 합성 영상을 생성하는 영상 합성부를 포함한다
Unraveling neural patterns across situational awareness levels on hazard recognition behaviors: a fNIRS study
No full textConstruction sites are one of the most hazardous environments suffering from high injury rates. Maintaining effective situation awareness (SA) in this dynamic setting is crucial for timely hazard recognition and worker safety. However, the cognitive mechanisms of hazard recognition underlying SA levels (i.e., perception, comprehension, and projection) have not been fully investigated in the construction industry. To address this, this study examined the neural responses of subjects, using an advanced neuroimaging technique, during hazard recognition tasks across various construction scenarios. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technique was utilized to record the real-time brain activation in the prefrontal and visual cortex and the situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT) was adopted to categorize each level of SA. The results indicated that higher activations in the right prefrontal cortex (RVC) are associated with subjects' spatial awareness needed for Level 1 hazard perception, and more activations in the left visual cortex (LVC) and left prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are linked to the greater analytical processing of visual information and semantic knowledge retrieval required for Level 2 hazard comprehension. Further, strengthened neural activation and correlations in both the visual and prefrontal cortex are correlated with detailed information processing and mental model retrievals necessary for Level 3 hazard projection. These findings reveal the neural cognitive mechanisms of construction hazard recognition underlying different SA levels, providing insights for developing customized training based on SA levels' deficits in hazard recognition behaviors.
Surface Coverage Analysis Reveals Potential-Determining Heterolytic Reactions during Thermocatalytic Aerobic Glucose Oxidation
No full textElectric fields that form spontaneously at catalytic solid-liquid interfaces reflect the kinetics of surface reactions, coverage of reactive intermediates, and the nature of the microenvironments that encompass active sites. The measurement of these fields via the electrode potential of the catalyst and their interpretation can reveal mechanistic features of reactions that are not accessible by other methods. Here, the aqueous phase aerobic oxidation of glucose over carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles provides a representative model to demonstrate these concepts. Coupled analysis of steady-state rates for glucose oxidation and in situ open-circuit potentiometry obtained across a wide range of reactant concentrations (0.05-1 M glucose, 22-2170 kPa O2, 353 K) reveal the fundamental connections between the electrode potential of the catalyst (E cat) and the kinetics of surface reactions. The interpretation of these phenomena through networks of Faradaic and non-Faradaic elementary steps shows that differences in scaling relationships among E cat, rates, and reactant concentrations signify transitions among kinetic regimes and dominant surface intermediates. Redox reactions with high degrees of potential control (i.e., those with the greatest contribution to determining E cat) largely involve prevalent surface intermediates implied by the analysis of product formation rates. However, deviations between experimental observations and predictions obtained from mixed-potential theory show contributions from homolytic reaction pathways that emerge in response to high barriers for comparable heterolytic processes. These analyses demonstrate that concurrent interpretations of E cat and steady-state kinetics yield a deeper understanding of chemical phenomena at charged solid-liquid interfaces and reveal mechanistic features not otherwise evident.