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Development of a processing protocol to increase policosanol and decrease acrylamide contents in non-centrifugal sugar using Response Surface Methodology
No full text 含蜜糖(non-centrifugal sugar)一般指甘蔗汁經蒸發濃縮，且未離心所製成之產品。甘蔗蠟是存在於甘蔗莖上的白色粉狀物質，於榨汁過程會有部分進入甘蔗汁中。甘蔗蠟的成分主要包括長鏈醇類、醛類及烷類，其中的長鏈一級醇policosanol具有許多機能性，包含降低血小板凝集、降低血中低密度膽固醇及抑制膽固醇生合成等。由於policosanol水溶性差，一般在含蜜糖產品中含量偏低。但是，若於榨汁時於加入乳化劑處理，則可能藉由提高溶解度使其含量上升。丙烯醯胺 (Acrylamide，AA)於1994年被國際癌症研究中心(IARC)歸類為Group 2A –可能造成人類癌症之物質。食品中丙烯醯胺主要的生成路徑是梅納反應，而甘蔗汁中含有還原糖及天門冬醯胺等前驅物，於含蜜糖製作時經高溫長時間的熬煮，易使產品中丙烯醯胺的含量超過目前國內1000 ppb之指引值。含蜜糖製程中會影響丙烯醯胺生成的參數主要包括食品添加物的離子種類、pH值、加熱終點溫度及持續時間等四項。本研究利用反應曲面法進行多因子探討，期望能找到policosanol含量較高且丙烯醯胺含量合於標準之含蜜糖製程。結果顯示，於甘蔗榨汁時加入乳化劑(TWEEN 80與SPAN 80)，確實能提升含蜜糖成品中policosanol含量，且食品添加物種類對於policosanol含量有顯著差異，其影響為K2CO3 > Na2CO3 > CaO；pH值、終點溫度及持續時間等3個變因的主效應及二次項對於丙烯醯胺含量有顯著的影響。透過變方分析及迴歸分析所建立的二次多項式，藉由缺適性檢定可知其適合描述含蜜糖中policosanol含量(p=0.276)及丙烯醯胺含量(p=0.363)。以色澤作為限制因子，分析policosanol含量最高而丙烯醯胺含量合於標準的含蜜糖最佳化製程，可找到位於不同製程區域的3個最佳點，以其製作的成品能符合前述需求，可作為含蜜糖業者製作產品之製程參考。此外，找到1個可以不使用食品添加物(pH=5.4)及另1個可大量減少製程所需時間(持續時間0分鐘)的最佳點，這2個最佳點雖然在色澤品質上稍有犧牲，但可作為降低成本之製程選擇。Non-centrifugal sugar (NCS) is the cane sugar manufactured by evaporating the sugarcane juice without centrifugation. Sugarcane wax is the white powdery substances that exist on a sugarcane stem, it partially goes in the sugarcane juice when milling. The main ingredients in sugarcane wax are long chain alcohols, aldehydes and alkanes. Policosanol, a long chain primary alcohol has multiple functions, including reduction in the level of LDL and total cholesterol as well as inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelet. Due to the fact that policosanol is less soluble in water, non-centrifugal sugary products have low policosanol content. However, addition of emulsifier during milling may increase the solubility of policosanol thus rise its content in non-centrifugal sugar. Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxin and has been classified as a probable carcinogen to humans (Group 2A) by IARC in 1994. Maillard reaction is the major pathway for the formation of acrylamide in foods. By cooking NCS slowly with high temperature, precursors, such as reducing sugar and asparagine in sugarcane juice may produce AA and cause AA content in NCS exceeding the current National Indicative Value - 1000 ppb. The processing parameters, which may affect the content of acrylamide include the food additives, pH, heating temperature and time. The objective of this study was to use response surface methodology with multiple variances to find out proper processing conditions which can be used to manufacture NCS with higher policosanol and lower AA content. Results indicated that addition of emulsifier (TWEEN 80 and SPAN 80) during milling could indeed increase the policosanol content in non-centrifugal sugar. The food additives also significantly affected the content of policosanol, where K2CO3 > Na2CO3 > CaO. The pH, heating temperature and time all had significant effect on the content of AA. The quadratic polynomial model, which is built by ANOVA and Regression analysis is suitable to describe policosanol content (p=0.276) and AA content (p=0.363) through lack of fit test. Three optimal points with different processing conditions were identified which could be used for manufacturing NSC with the highest policosanol content, and the color as well as AA content all fall within the criteria. A processing condition that does not use any food additive (pH=5.4) and a processing condition that uses minimum heating time were also found. However, the color quality will not appear to be the most ideal if these two processing conditions are applied
The Deliberative Examination of Views in the ?gama-s?tras
No full text本論文研究阿含經典對見解所做的思辨式考察。強調其思辨之面向，在於阿含經典對於見解的考察經過深思熟慮，並非只是要求眾生相信而已。阿含經典初步把見解分成邪見和正見，意即錯謬的見解和正確的見解。邪見和正見都包括很多項目，但本論文只挑選較為重要的項目來論說，而且本文將會花較多的篇幅來討論正見。 本論文認為無論是邪見或正見，初步上都是表現為論斷或命題，具有具體的內容，而且兩者都會引導出後續相關的修行道路。雖然邪見和正見初步上都是表現為論斷或命題，不過值得注意的是，到了較為進階的階段，正見的重點即會落在觀察和思考上面，其論斷或命題的涵義就較為淡薄。以此，本論文主張正見的涵義包括很多面向，因此應避免用單一的涵義來理解正見。 邪見中有三大類的邪見，分別是關聯於世間的邪見、邊見、身見，各自有其過失。正見中較為切要的項目有二，即對四聖諦的了解和對緣起緣滅機制的了解，因為這兩大項目涉及如何脫離困苦和世界根本的運作方式。根據阿含經典，見解可以導向後續的修行道路，而正見大致即可以導向正確的修行道路。若一起運作正見背後之觀察與思考和正見所帶出的修行項目，即可以培養出正確的智慧。這樣子的智慧，可以幫助達到解脫。This thesis aims to demonstrate the deliberative examination of views in the Āgama-sūtras. The examination of views is deliberative because the Āgama-sūtras do not ask sentient beings to blindly believe what the Āgama-sūtras propose; instead, the Āgama-sūtras have a solid background within. In the Āgama-sūtras, views are mostly divided into mithyā-dṛṣṭi and samyag-dṛṣṭi, respectively wrong views and right views. I will further examine such a distinction as follows. In this research, I argue that the forms of mithyā-dṛṣṭi and samyag-dṛṣṭi are assertions or propositions on the one hand, and both mithyā-dṛṣṭi and samyag-dṛṣṭi have great influence on further practice on the other. At an initial stage, both mithyā-dṛṣṭi and samyag-dṛṣṭi can be expressed as assertions or propositions with specific contents. In a higher level, however, it should be noted that the main concern of samyag-dṛṣṭi will put more emphasis on investigation and thinking, and the aspect of assertions or propositions is not much involved as the former. From this standpoint, I further conclude that the idea of samyag-dṛṣṭi should have many aspects; in other words, the “meaning” of samyag-dṛṣṭi is diverse, instead of being assigned with a single viewpoint. There are many items concerning mithyā-dṛṣṭi and samyag-dṛṣṭi, yet this thesis will discuss within the scope of prominent ones, focusing more on samyag-dṛṣṭi. The items of mithyā-dṛṣṭi can be put into three main categories—wrong views about the world, views from holding one extreme position, and views about the self—each of which has its own faults. As for samyag-dṛṣṭi, the understanding of four noble truths and the understanding of the mechanism of conditioned co-arising and cessation are prominent in this discussion because they are highly related to how one gets rid of suffering and how the world works. According to the Āgama-sūtras, views can guide us into the way of further practice, and samyag-dṛṣṭi can lead to the right way of it. By performing investigation and thinking behind samyag-dṛṣṭi and the practice samyag-dṛṣṭi leads to, one can cultivate right wisdom, which will help one to achieve liberation
The Meaning of the Body in the Zhuangzi: A Discussion of the Practical Basis of Xiaoyao
No full text 本文以身體為切入點，旨在探討人在世俗中而能出世俗的逍遙之道。以世俗逍遙為關懷，本文因此以關係性身體為討論重點。關係性身體，指的是「在關係中存在」之身。世俗逍遙，指的是人能遊刃有餘的與人互動，並透過與人互動而實踐自身的逍遙。本文按「身體」與「逍遙」這兩個主題，分成兩個部份來進行論述：第一部份循莊書中與身體相關的論述，彰顯身體活動所體現的創造性與適應性；接著，本文就有成心者與體道者的「活動幅度」進行比較，並透過應用心理學提出的「高能量姿勢」，來探究實踐逍遙之道的具體策略。在以「身體」為題的這部份，本文循莊子對於「成心」的批判來探討修身之道，旨在發掘莊子「應於化而解於物」的實踐方法。 承接第一部份所闡明的身體意義，第二部份主要循環境心理學所提出的人與環境的「互動意義」而言逍遙，即每一個人具體的透過與人互動而開發出來的逍遙之道。本文發現，體道者的身體意義，體現於與人互動之中。人無成心則能發揮己身的創造性與適應性，一方面得以與世俗處，另一方面得以創造意義：即在己身所處的世俗脈絡中實踐逍遙。The purpose of this dissertation is to explain xiaoyao within a social context by inquiring into the meaning of the body in the Zhuangzi. In view of a social reading of xiaoyao, the focal point of my discussion will be the relational aspect of the body, that is, the body as existing in a framework of relations. I argue that the value of xiaoyao is attained upon smoothly interacting with others in a social context. I have organized my exploration into two major sections: Part 1 “Body” (chapters 2-4) and Part 2 “Xiaoyao” (chapters 5-6). Part 1 starts with an interpretation of the meaning of the body in the Zhuangzi, leading up to a demonstration of the creativity and adaptability of bodily movement. The final chapter of Part 1 draws on applied psychology to probe the bodily roots of attaining xiaoyao: the connection of ‘high power posture’ and the amplitudinal quality of a person who has attained Dao (vs. the amplitudinal quality of a person restricted by chengxin). Part 1 argues that the critique of chengxin is pivotal in the Zhuangzi, and explores the praxis of interacting smoothly with others. Part 2 introduces the idea of ‘affordance’—an idea from environmental psychology that emphasizes the importance of the relationship between a human being and the environment—to expound the social reading of xiaoyao. My conclusion is that a person without chengxin creatively embodies xiaoyao through his adaptive interaction with others in a social context
Using Radon and Radium isotopes to estimate submarine groundwater flux in Yilan Bay
No full text本研究旨在以放射性同位素方法估算宜蘭地區海底湧泉的輸出通量及其乾濕季變化。 研究結果發現海水222Rn活度在2014年八月介於0至2.26 Bq/m3，2015年一月活度為4.86至11.02 Bq/m3，海水224Ra活度在2014年八月活度介於0.43至1.14 Bq/m3， 2015年一月由0.48至1.98 Bq/m3。222Rn與224Ra活度冬季高於夏季，顯示地下水輸出訊號會隨著季節改變。 2014年四月至2015年一月，每三個月至蘭陽平原湧泉進行淺層地下水採樣，分析結果發現湧泉224Ra活度均不高，介於0.02至0.29 Bq/m3間，四季活度無明顯變化。222Rn活度介於386至32220 Bq/m3，活度差異甚大，其高值出現在雪山山脈旁之湧泉，越往平原與沿海地區活度越低，雪山山脈旁之湧泉出現氡高鐳低之現象。除湧泉採樣外，2015年一月及三月至礁溪溫泉與冬山600公尺深井做深部來源地下水採樣，發現其224Ra活度比地表湧泉高出許多，礁溪溫泉為2.26 Bq/m3、冬山深井為20.97 Bq/m3。 將本研究海水與湧泉之224Ra活度做比較，發現海水224Ra活度值高於湧泉，有別於地下水224Ra活度高於海水之認知，比對2015年三月之冬山深井，其224Ra活度20.97 Bq/m3遠高於淺層地下水0.02至0.29 Bq/m3，推測海域中可能有深層地下水體輸入。 宜蘭灣海底湧泉輸出通量計算結果顯示，2014年八月輸出量約4.3×106 m3/day，約為每日河水輸出通量的8%；2015年一月輸出量約為8.4×106 m3/day，約為河水輸出通量的16%。營養鹽中硝酸鹽輸出量在2014年八月約為7.7×106 mole/day，高出河水硝酸鹽輸出通量約六倍，一月約為1.5×107 mole/day，高出河水硝酸鹽輸出通量約12倍，硝酸鹽類藉由海底湧泉輸出至宜蘭灣，其通量大於河川輸出，顯示海底湧泉在沿岸生態環境扮演重要角色。In this study, radon and radium isotopes are used as tracers for SGD survey. The samples were collected from spring-water, coastal seawater, the Lanyang River and its tributaries in dry and wet seasons. Our results show the activities of 224Ra in coastal seawater ranged from 0.43 to 1.14 Bq/m3 in August 2014, 0.48 to 1.98 Bq/m3 in January 2015, and the differences between summer and winter were observed. In spring-water samples, the activities of 222Rn and 224Ra are ranging from 386 to 32220 Bq/m3 and 0.02 to 0.29 Bq/m3, and no significant difference between wet and dry seasons. Unexpectedly, the spring-water samples are characterized with high 222Rn and low 224Ra activities. Compare with the coastal seawater and spring-water samples, the 224Ra activities in coastal seawater are 3-4 times higher than spring-water. A deep groundwater sample which collected from a deep well at 600 meter depth shows high 224Ra activity (20.97 Bq/m3). It reveals that the SGD in the coastal area of the Yilan Plain may derive from deep aquifers. The evaluation results of SGD flux in Yilan Bay indicate the minimum flux is 4.3×105 m3/day in August 2014, accounting for 8% of the Lanyang River output; 8.4×105 m3/day in January 2015, accounting for 16% of the Lanyang River output. Nitrate flux is 7.7×105 mole/day in August 2014, about 6 times higher than the Lanyang River output；1.5×106 mole/day in January 2015, about 12 times higher than the Lanyang River output
The variations of current on Green Island Ridge in the southeast of Taiwan
No full text黑潮是流經臺灣東部海域重要的洋流，源於北緯10度至20度由東向西流的北赤道洋流，當北赤道洋流向西流至菲律賓東邊附近海域後分為南北兩支流，北向分支即為黑潮，沿菲東岸往北流經呂宋海峽流向臺灣東部海域。然而過去研究中，臺灣東南海域長時間的現場觀測資料較為稀少，為了對流經此區域的黑潮以及此區域的潮汐有更詳細的了解，有必要進一步的研究討論。本研究主要利用五組位於綠島西北面海域的錨碇式都卜勒流速剖面儀於2011年5月到2012年8月期間所測得的海流資料，來探討臺灣東南海域海流的變化。 觀測流速資料顯示較靠近綠島的S1站海流流向為北北東，北向流速最快可達2.26 m/s，靠近臺灣的S5站海流流向為東北，平行於臺灣東海岸線，北向流速可達1.77 m/s。流速資料經頻譜分析的結果顯示此區域潮流運動以O1潮、K1潮、M2潮為主，各分潮的潮流橢圓垂直結構也顯示本區域潮流包含了正壓以及斜壓潮流運動，本研究利用深度平均法將正壓潮與斜壓潮分解，結果顯示斜壓潮呈現一個節點以及兩個節點為主的情形。進一步將觀測海流資料經過16天的低通濾波濾除相對高頻的潮汐訊號後，從流速時序資料可看到數個季節內低頻的變化，本文定義北向流速在兩個月內變化超過0.1 m/s 為變動事件，歸納總共連續15個月橫跨夏季以及冬季的觀測資料，共有5次流速增強的事件以及3次流速減弱的事件。利用衛星觀測海面高度資料研究海表面高度異常的分佈以及了解海流於空間上的變化，結果顯示5次增強事件中可能有4次與正的海表面高度異常有關，而3次減弱事件中有2次可能與負的海表面高度異常有關。此外，有些流速的增減事件也與上游黑潮路徑向太平洋方向偏移或者入侵南海等現象有關。而海表面高度異常的分佈可能會改變觀測區域的流速，亦可能改變本研究區域的水文垂直結構進而改變斜壓潮流流場。Kuroshio is the major current flowing through the east of Taiwan, which is originated from the North Equatorial current between 10 degrees to 20 degrees north latitude.When the North Equatorial current flows westward to the east of Philippines, it is divided into north and south branch.The north branch is the Kuroshio,and it flows along the east coast of Philippines and then truns northward to the Luzon Strait to the east of Taiwan. There were few mooring observations of the current in the southeast of Taiwan in previous studies. In this study, we used five Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler which set up on the northwest of Green Island from May 2011 to August 2012,to explore the variation of this current in the southeast of Taiwan. The current velocity data showed that the current flow is north north east at the S1 station which is near to Green Island. The velocity of the northward current can reach 2.26 m/s. Similarly, the current flow is northeast at the S5 station which is close to Taiwan, and it is parallel to the coastline of east Taiwan, and the velocity of the northward current can reach 1.77 m/s . Using Spectrum analysis to study the velocity data, the results showed of O1、K1、M2 tidal currents in this area significantly. The vertical structure of each tidal currents also showed that the tidal currents in this area are containing the barotropic tide and baroclinic tide.This study discussed the barotropic tide and baroclinic tide by depth-average separating. The results showed that the 1st baroclinic mode and 2nd baroclinic mode dominated. Further this study analyzed the current by using the sixteen days low pass filter to filter the tidal signals which are relative high frequency. After low pass filter, the current displays many of the intraseasonal variations of the low frequency.This study defined the north velocity changes more than 0.1 m/s for the event during two months. Sumed up the observation in a total of 15 consecutive months which across the summer and winter, there are 5 velocity enhancing events and 3 velocity decreasing events. Using the satellite altimetry data sea level anomaly to distinguish eddies and to study the currents on the horizontal space. The results showed that there were four times events contacted with the warm eddy within five enhancing events and two times events contacted with the cold eddy within three decreasing events. In addition, the velocity enchancing events and the decreasing events were also contacted with the path of Kuroshio shifted to the Pacific Ocean or the invasion of the South China Sea. The eddies not only changed the velocity but also change the hydrology of the vertical structure and then changed the baroclinic tidal currents
The relationship between the depth and age of the South China Sea
No full text南中國海 (South China Sea)位於歐亞大陸的東南邊緣，為西太平洋最大邊緣海 (marginal sea)，環繞在南海的外圍西、北、南三面為歐亞板塊的大陸棚區，海洋地殼則是分佈在其平均水深最深的南中國海海盆 (South China Sea Basin)內，海盆的東面則為隱沒帶-馬尼拉海溝與菲律賓海板塊為界。南海整體發展歷史由原本的聚合到後來的張裂，張裂的歷史約從32百萬年前開始，25百萬年發生洋脊跳躍 (ridge jump)，並在約16百萬年前結束，擴張結束後沿著擴張中心發生一連串火山作用，其複雜的擴張歷史在南中國海東部產生了複雜的地體構造。 海盆擴張隨著遠離中洋脊 (mid ocean ridge)海洋地殼之熱構造因為海水的冷卻隨之不同，深度也不斷加深，而在其他大洋也有許多前人探討洋盆海洋地殼深度與年齡之間的關係，發現在海洋地殼深度與年齡的開根號呈線性關係，並隨著海洋地殼年齡增加而有些微的變化。本研究利用分布於南海的22條反射震測剖面，搭配前人研究的磁力異常條帶，並在處理資料過程中挑選合適之資料，經由各個資料點並對其上覆沉積物進行沉積物修正，使南海海洋地殼回到均衡狀態擴張下應有的深度，並對應到南海海盆海洋地殼磁料條帶上，來探討南海海洋地殼深度與年齡之間的關係，找出關係式並與其他大洋做比較。研究結果顯示南海海洋地殼深度 (d)與年齡 (t)開根號亦成比例，其深度與年齡之關係式為 d(t)=-3024-387√t，與其他大洋相比，整體沉降曲線較陡，而初始張裂洋脊中心的深度較深，約3024公尺深，比現在所觀察到南海殘餘擴張中心深度還深，為後擴張之火山作用所造成。利用南海海洋地殼深度與年齡關係式得知南海海洋地殼形成時之深度，發現南海洋脊下方地函岩石圈厚度比起其他大洋還薄約3公里，可能與南海形成時洋脊下方區域溫度較高有關。South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea located to the southeast of the Eurasian continent. The west, north and south portions of the South China Sea belong to continental shelves, while the Manila subduction zone exists in the east of the South China. The onset of seafloor spreading in the South China Sea was suggested to be ∼32 Ma. After a ridge jump around 25 Ma, the Southwest sub-basin started to open. The spreading of the entire basin ended at ~16 Ma, then a phase of post-magmatic seamount formation has occurred. As shown in the magnetic stripes of the ocean floor, the age of the oceanic crust increases with the distance away from the mid-ocean ridges. The thermal structures of the oceanic curst away from mid ocean ridge are different because of the plate cooling. Previous studies suggested that the oceanic crust depth is proportional to the square root of the mean age. In this study, we use 22 reflection seismic profiles distributed in the South China Sea and the associated magnetic age. After sediment correction, we suggest that the oceanic crust depth in the South China Sea is also directly proportional to the square root of the mean age of the South China Sea. The subsidence rate in the South China Sea is slower and the initial depth of the ridge is deeper than other oceans. However, the mantle lithosphere thickness beneath ridge in South China Sea is thinner than other ocean basins. We suggest that it would be due to a hotter mantle beneath the South China Sea
Stable-isotope Probing of Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs Offshore Southwestern Taiwan
No full text過去研究已指出海水中存在著能夠代謝甲烷或甲醇的微生物，調控著甲烷、甲醇或其他甲基物質在海水中的變動，進而影響海域環境中的碳循環，然而現今對於這些微生物族群的相關研究仍有諸多未明之處，因此本研究選擇台灣西南海域 MV1、MV2、MV5 以及 MV12 泥火山和四方圈合冷泉區作為研究區域，分析其海水中甲烷濃度變化，並利用富化培養和穩定同位素標定 (Stable-isotope Probing, SIP) 探究海水中是否存在甲烷氧化菌 (methanotrophs) 或甲基氧化菌 (methylotrophs) 族群。 海水中溶解甲烷的分析結果顯示在多數海底泥火山的底層水均可測得較高濃度的甲烷，其中又以 MV12 泥火山供應甲烷的情形最劇烈，四方圈合冷泉區具有明顯的冷泉生態系統，底層水之甲烷濃度不高，這些由底層逸出的甲烷最終至表層大多已降為表層海水的背景值，顯見海洋中存在著機制進行甲烷的消耗，大幅降低了海洋輸送至大氣的甲烷逸散量。 選自 MV12 泥火山和四方圈合 TTC61 站位的底層水或中層水，以添加 13C 標定或未標定甲烷或甲醇進行富化培養，培養期間持續對樣本的代謝反應做監測，結果顯示添加甲烷之 TTC61 站位底層水培養的甲烷濃度有顯著下降，應為甲烷氧化菌消耗甲烷所致，而添加甲醇之培養所有樣本的二氧化碳濃度均顯著上升，推測是培養樣本中能夠代謝甲醇的甲基氧化菌或甲烷氧化菌所釋出。藉由 SIP 追蹤並分離出使用甲烷或甲醇之微生物的 DNA，再透過 16S rDNA 選殖基因庫的建立來檢視微生物族群結構，發現主要是由 methylotrophic group 和 Methylophaga sp. 所組成。使用甲烷而被 13C 標定的 DNA，透過即時定量聚合酶鏈鎖反應 (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR) 可驗證其具有大量屬於甲烷氧化菌的功能性基因 (pmoA)。利用 pmoA 和 mxaF 功能性基因建立選殖基因庫，可進一步確認使用甲烷而被 13C 標定之 DNA 與 Type I 甲烷氧化菌 Methylobacter sp.、Methylovulum sp. 和 Methylomonas sp. 有 72 至 80 % 的相似度；使用甲醇而被 13C 標定之 DNA 與 Methylophaga sp. 有 82 % 以上的相似度，與 Type I 甲烷氧化菌 Methylomonas sp. 和 Methylobacter sp. 也有 88 % 以上的相似度。Methanotrophs and methylotrophs can utilize methane, methanol or a variety of single carbon compounds as their sole carbon and energy source. They have been found in seawater and play an essential role in carbon cycling, but the details are still less clear. This study investigated methane concentrations in water column above submarine mud volcanoes (MV1, MV2, MV5, MV12) and cold seeps (the Four Way Closure Ridge) offshore southwestern Taiwan and applied cultivation and stable-isotope probing (SIP) to examine the identity of methanotrophys and methylotrophys in these environments. Higher methane concentrations were detected in the bottom water of most submarine mud volcanoes, while MV12 was the most active one during sampling periods. Chemosynthetic communities (shells or mussels) and authigenic minerals are widely observed on the seafloor around the Four Way Closure Ridge, although the methane concentration is low in the bottom water. Because the methane concentration in surface water is closed to background, a certain machanism should be responsible for methane consumption in seawater. Several water samples from MV12 and Four Way Closure Ridge were incubated with additions of normal or 13C-labelled methane or methanol. All incubations with methanol addition showed CO2 increase in headspace, which may infer the growth of methanol oxidizer. CH4 decrease in headspace was only observed in one sample, indicating possible growth of methanotrophs. On the basis of SIP, 13C-DNA was separated from the unlabelled DNA for further examination. The 16S rDNA sequence of 13C-DNA fractions were closely related to the sequence of methylotrophic group and Methylophaga sp. Quantitative real-time PCR assays for the pmoA gene showed highest abundance in 13C-DNA fractions. The pmoA gene of 13C-DNA fractions were closed to that of Type I methanotrophs (similarity of 72-80 %) and the mxaF gene of 13C-DNA fractions was related to that of Type I methanotrophs (similarity > 82 %) and Methylophaga sp. (similarity > 88 %)
Distribution and Variation of Dissolved and Colloidal Organic Phosphorus in Euphotic Zone of the Western Philippine Sea
No full text膠體態有機磷(Colloidal Organic Phosphorus, COP1 kDa ~ 0.45 μm)在海洋磷循環中扮演極其重要角色，但研究資料卻屈指可數。本研究以西菲律賓海，北緯21.69度，東經121.35至123.97度的橫斷面 (transect)為研究海域，探討此貧營養鹽海域有光層中溶解態有機磷及膠體態有機磷的分佈，除此之外，也探討溶解態有機磷及膠體態有機磷在有光層是否會受生物作用或光化學作用而有日夜變化。 本研究利用孔徑為0.45 μm的濾球(capsule filter)及濾膜分子量為1 kDa的交流超微過濾(Cross Flow Ultrafiltration, CFUF)分離樣水，將水體中磷物種分為總溶解態(total dissolved type, ≤0.45 μm)、真溶解態(truly dissolved type, ≤1 kDa) 及膠體態(colloidal type, 1kDa ~ 0.45 μm)，其後利用高溫化學氧化法消化分離出的樣水，再以磷鉬藍分光光度法(UV/VIS spectrometer)進行分析，最後可得到不同分子量 (≤0.45 μm、≤1 kDa、1kDa~0.45μm)的有機態和無機態磷。 由研究結果發現，在西菲律賓海，溶解態有機磷(Dissolved Organic Phosphorus, DOP)濃度範圍是0.03 ~ 0.24 μΜ，COP濃度範圍是0.01 ~ 0.15 μΜ，COP在DOP中佔了約61±16%。有光層中COP在葉綠素最大值深度80 ~ 120 m左右，也就是浮游植物生長旺盛處之深度，濃度達到最高，可見有光層中COP分佈主要受生物作用影響，除此之外，也發現DOP和COP確實有日夜變化，以上的現象皆凸顯了COP在海中磷循環的重要性。Colloidal organic phosphorus (COP) plays an important role in marine P cycle; however, studies on COP are still scarce. This study focused on the distribution and variation of dissolved and colloidal organic phosphorus in euphotic zone of the Western Philippine Sea. Seawater samples were separated into total dissolved (≤0.45 μm), truly dissolved (≤1 kDa), and colloidal (1 kDa ~ 0.45 μm) fractions by in-line filtration of 0.45 μm-size capsule filter and then Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration (1kDa). After separation, each fraction were digested by a high temperature oxidation method and analyzed by phosphomolybdate-blue spectrophotometry. Therefore, different fractions of both inorganic and organic phosphorus were determined. Results shown that the DOP concentration ranged 0.06 ~ 0.24 μM, and the COP concentration ranged 0.03 ~ 0.15 μΜ in the euphotic zone. The COP accounted for a significant amount of 61±16% in the DOP. Also, it was found that the depths of COP maximum concentration coincided with the depths of chlorophyll A maximum. In addition, it is also found that COP varies between day time and night hours. All these evidences highlight the strong biological effect on production and assimilation of COP and its vital importance in marine P cycle
Pathways of the surface current off southwest Taiwan in winter : Observations from HF Radar
No full text分析國家實驗研究院臺灣海洋科技研究中心之高頻測流雷達系統於2013年11月至2014年2月期間的觀測資料，研究臺灣西南海域冬天期間表面流場的變化。研究結果發現表面流場有一些的短期變化，其中值得注意的是2013年11月期間，澎湖群島南方附近進入週期十數天的逆鐘向旋轉流場，以及在2014年1至2月於高雄及安平外海形成週期十數天的順鐘向旋轉流場。 利用實向量經驗正交函數(Real-vector Empirical Orthogonal Function, REOF)分析測流雷達的觀測資料，可得到三個主要模態，其總變異量約為臺灣西南海域變異量之74 %；Mode1呈現高雄及安平外海為順鐘向流場結構且與呂宋海峽西側海面高度變化有關；Mode2呈現臺灣西南海域為南北向海流進出澎湖水道的流場結構；而Mode3則是呈現澎湖群島南方附近海域東北-西南走向的流場結構，並與此區域東北風變化有關。 此外，Mode2與Mode3相互結合，可得到臺灣西南海域有傳播模態(Propagating mode)現象發生。主要傳播模態現象為在澎湖群島與高雄及安平外海之間，持續週期約10-15天，間歇性的產生順鐘向或逆鐘向旋轉流場，而其傳遞方向由Mode2與Mode3之相位軌跡判斷。如果相位軌跡為順鐘向，代表東北風增強期間會弱化觀測區內的北上海流，致使澎湖群島南方附近產生逆鐘向的旋轉流場，並往高雄及安平外海傳遞。當相位軌跡為逆鐘向，代表東北風減弱使臺灣西南海域南方與澎湖群島南方海域的海流分別呈現往南與東北向之流場結構，使高雄及安平外海產生順鐘向旋轉流場，並往澎湖群島南方海域傳遞。Variations of the surface currents in the sea Southwest of Taiwan (SWT) were investigated by High Frequency Radar (HF Radar), which had measured surface currents from Nov. 2013 to Feb. 2014. Several short-term changes in surface currents have been found. One notable change is that the rotating currents have produced with a period for about ten days between the Anping-Kaohsiung and Penghu Islands. For example, the cyclonic rotation currents were found in Nov. 2013 whereas the anti-cyclonic rotation currents were found in Jan. 2014 to Feb. 2014. Using Real-vector empirical orthogonal function (REOF) to analyze surface currents in the SWT has revealed that almost 74 % of total variances of currents in first three modes. A large clockwise current structure was presented near Anping-Kaohsiung coast in Mode1, which indicated that surface currents have changed with sea surface high of west side of Luzon Strait. Surface currents were showed northward current structure in the SWT in Mode2. Surface currents were showed northeastward current structure in the South of Penghu Islands in Mode3, which was affected by the northeast monsoon in this area. In addition, when Mode2 and Mode3 combined with each other, they can obtain a propagating mode in the SWT. The main propagating features propagated cyclonic or anti-cyclonic rotation currents between the Anping-Kaohsiung and Penghu Islands. The propagating direction was determined by the phase trajectory of mode amplitude in the Mode2 and Mode3. If phase trajectory was clockwise, the strong NE monsoon would counter the northward current in the SWT. The results in the South of the Penghu Islands have produced the cyclonic rotation currents, and have propagated to the coast of Anping-Kaohsiung. When the phase trajectory was counterclockwise, and the NE monsoon weakened, southward and northeastward current structure was presented in the Southern of SWT and South of Penghu Islands respectively. The results near the coast of Anping-Kaohsiung have produced the anti-cyclonic rotation currents, and have propagated to the South of the Penghu Islands