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Conservation biology of the giant water bug (Kirkaldyia deyrollei (Vuillefroy), Hemiptera: Belostomatidae)
No full text本研究旨在建立狄氏大田鱉 (Kirkaldyia deyrollei Vuillefroy) 基本生物學資料，建立該種保育生物學基礎資訊。在實驗室15℃、18℃、20℃、23℃、25℃、28℃、30℃、33℃、35℃定溫環境下飼養，結果顯示在 15℃及35℃下，若蟲無法順利完成若蟲期；在 18℃ ~ 33℃之間，若蟲的發育速率隨溫度上升而增加，以 18℃ (僅雄蟲) 下 119.5日最長，33℃下 33.26日最短；在室溫22℃~26℃下平均卵期為 7.1 ± 1.52 日；若蟲期平均發育零點為 8.04℃，有效積溫為 893.76 日度。除生活史資料外，也針對日照長度、水溫及越冬行為對於狄氏大田鱉的繁殖作探討。結果顯示繁殖行為主要和水溫高低有關，日照長短及越冬行為並非必要因子。 本研究除建立了狄氏大田鱉的大量飼養流程及繁殖環境的設置，對其行為提出詳細描述；並根據繁殖試驗的結果，對於前人研究提出狄氏大田鱉為一年一世代物種提出質疑。綜合本研究結果，亦進行此蟲之保育類評估，認為狄氏大田鱉應予列為台灣瀕臨絕種等級之保育類昆蟲。The giant water bug, kirkaldyia deyrollei is a gradually endangered aquatic insect thought out the East Asia. They are known for its brood - caring behavior and the infanticide behavior of the female. Ecological studies in Japan and Korea showed they are univoltine species and their food habit mainly depend on frog populations in traditional paddy fields. In order to know the biology information of the giant water bug, we examined their life cycle under 15℃,18℃,20℃,23℃,25℃,28℃,30℃,33℃ and 35℃ in laboratory. The results showed nymphs development cannot successfully in 15℃ and 35℃. The average egg stage is 7.1 ± 1.52 days and nymph stage show that the development rate increases with rising temperature between 18℃ - 33℃. In 18℃(male only),20℃,23℃,25℃,28℃,30℃,33℃, the nymphal stage was 119.5, 67.29, 51.06, 42.58, 40.32, 35.79, 33.26 days respectively. The developmental threshold of the nymphal stage from 1st instar to 5th instar was 6.27, 6.27, 4.74, -1.66, 9.26, 6.27℃. The thermal summation was 911.17 DD. Experimental results show that the nymphal stage was 35.79 days in 30℃, we were wondering why the giant water bug is only one generation in a year. So we focus on the reproduction impact of light length, water temperature and overwintering behavior. We found that the reproduction behavior mainly depends on water temperature, light length and overwintering behavior is not necessary for the reproduction success of k. deyrollei. The criteria degree of conservation was also evaluated for the giant water bug, the result indicated the evaluated credit fitted to suggest as an endangered species of animals in Taiwan
On the preparation and analysis of Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber layer by electrodeposition method
No full text薄膜光伏元件為當前世界各國太陽能電池研究主流，相較於高成本的高效率 電池，使用薄膜光伏元件的太陽能電池，能夠達到輕量化與低成本的效果。目前 太陽能薄膜市場幾乎被碲化鎘（CdTe）型與銅銦鎵硒（CuInGaSe2）型所占有。然而近年來環保意識抬頭，此兩種太陽能薄膜電池因為含有污染性物質鎘、硒而開 使受到關注。從原物料稀缺性的角度觀看，碲、銦和鎵的天然蘊藏量有限，將會 限制薄膜太陽能電池的長期發展，而使用銅鋅錫硫（Cu2ZnSnS4）太陽能電池更俱 有著無毒及材料充足的優勢。本論文將以電化學沈積法製備 CuZnSn 金屬合金並以 硫化處理製備完整的 Cu2ZnSnS4 吸收層。 實驗分為三個部分，第一部分是利用電化學循環伏安法分析銅、鋅、錫金屬 離子與檸檬酸之間的錯合效果，以掌握此三元元素溶液中的電化學沈積適當操作 電位範圍。 第二部分是電化學沈積的探討，將利用在電鍍電位Ｅ＝−1.25 V/SCE 的條件下， 嘗試沈積出性質良好的鍍層，並用掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察鍍層的表面形貌、橫截 面，用 X 光繞射分析儀進行分析相鑑定。沈積結果為形貌緻密且均勻的鍍層，但 是其厚度和成分在一特定方向有變化的趨勢，原因將於內文探討。 第三部分是探討初鍍 CuZnSn 金屬合金的硫化熱處理製程，並探討硫化溫度、 升溫速率以及氰化鉀酸洗對 Cu2ZnSnS4 吸收層的影響。在此部分將用掃描式電子 顯微鏡、X 光繞射分析儀、拉曼光譜作分析。結果顯示在本實驗的系統中，Cu2ZnSnS4 於 500 °C 以上才有機會形成，而在緩慢升溫速率之下，其晶粒成長大，但表面批批覆性差，此現象在快速升溫有部明顯改善。最後，再以最佳條件之 Cu2ZnSnS4 浸泡在氰酸鉀去除表面二次相，得到成分相對均勻的 Cu2ZnSnS4 吸收層。Thin-film photovoltaic is currently the mainstream of the photovoltaic technology.In contrast to high efficiencies solar cells that are usually expensive, thin-film photovoltaic are appealing for its low cost and facile approach. Among them, CdTe and CIGS technologies dominate the thin-film market share nowadays. But due to toxicity of Cd and Se and availability issues of Te, In and Ga, the production of photovoltaic based on these absorber layer could be limited. Indeed, other absorber layers must be developed and Cu2ZnSnS4 has emerged as an advantageous choice for its toxic-free and material abundant property. Hence, this study focuses on the preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 by electrochemical deposition of CuZnSn alloy and completed the formation reaction by sulfurization process. The experiment is divided into three parts. Initially, cyclic voltammetry of electrolytic bath containing copper, zinc, tin metal ions and sodium citrate is analyzed, with the purpose of obtaining good deposition potential range. The second part aims on the analysis of CuZnSn films eletrodeposited at −1.25V/SCE. Surface and cross-section morphology was analyzed by SEM, and phase identification analyzed by XRD and Raman spectra. The results suggested a dense and compact film was electrodeposited, but thickness and composition variation was observed in a determined direction of the film; details are discussed in this work. In the last part, sulfurization process of as-deposited CuZnSn alloy is investigated. Effects of annealing temperature, temperature ramping rate, and KCN treatment on sulfurization process are subsequently studied. The measurements used are SEM, XRD and Raman spectra. The results indicated that the formation of Cu2ZnSnS4 was evidenced at temperature above 500 °C. The films sulfurized under slow heating rate consisted of larger grains but presented poor adhesion. This could be partially improved by raising the ramping rate of sulfurization. And finally, the films with best conditions were treated with KCN treatment in order to remove copper sulfides from the surface, and Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films with relative homogeneous composition were achieved
Side Chain Effects on the Optoelectronic Properties and Self Assembly Behaviors of Donor-Acceptor Alternating Conducting Copolymers
No full textHigh-Throughput Parallel Detection and Quantification of Peptides with Paper-based Microarray and Molecular Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS)
No full textJoining of Alumina to Aluminum and Its Interfacial Properties
No full text直接接合鋁基板被廣泛運用在電子電路基板與能源模組上，然而鋁的氧化層在其與陶瓷基板接合時形成阻礙。本研究的研究目的是瞭解金屬鋁與氧化鋁接合界面的微結構、機械性質與導熱性。金屬鋁/氧化鋁界面的接合是藉由高於金屬鋁熔點(660C)之接合溫度使鋁與氧化鋁進行液態接合，接合過程在氮氣環境下進行以減少鋁的氧化，並嘗試不同的接合溫度來獲得接合良好的界面。 本研究對不同接合溫度下所得到之金屬鋁/氧化鋁的接合界面進行相分析與微結構觀察，並使用四點彎曲測試以及閃光法來評估接合後的性質。由於接合過程在金屬鋁層中產生大量的孔洞，因此本研究也探討了孔洞的形成機制以及孔洞對接合性質的影響。這些孔洞的存在會大幅降低界面的接合面積，因而降低了界面的接合強度與熱傳導性質。雖然較高的接合溫度才能得到接合良好的界面，但孔洞的面積也會隨接合溫度提高而增加。因此對於得到金屬鋁/氧化鋁的良好接合界面，接合溫度的選擇十分重要。Direct bonded aluminum (DBA) substrates can serve as carriers for power electronic components. However, the aluminum is easily oxidized. The oxide layer formed on the metallic aluminum surface prevents the formation of a strong bonding between aluminum and ceramic. The aim of the present study provides a detailed characterization on the processing and interfacial characterization of Al/Al2O3 joints. The bonding process was held above the melting temperature of Al, so the Al could be bonded to Al2O3 at its liquid state. The microstructure observation and phase analysis were carried out on the interface between Al and Al2O3. The interfacial strength of Al/Al2O3 interfaces and the flexural strength of Al2O3/Al/Al2O3 joints were determined by a four-point bending test. The thermal conductivities of the bilayer and trilayer bonding specimens was measured by flash method. After bonding at elevated temperatures, many pores were observed at the interface. The presence of pores seriously damaged the properties of bonding specimens. The relationships between interfacial properties and mechanical properties or thermal conductivity are established and the mechanism for pore formation is proposed
The Study of Vacuum Brazing Inconel 600 Using Three Fillers
No full text板式熱交換器具有體積小、熱交換能力佳的優點，近年來在需要高效能散熱的領域中使用廣泛；其中，硬銲製程的技術是提升板式熱交換器性能的關鍵。目前板式熱交換器所使用的成熟技術，是以銅箔填料硬銲接合不鏽鋼，然而銅的抗蝕性較差，無法用在嚴苛的環境中；而為了改善抗蝕性而發展出的Inconel 625等材料製作的新式板式熱交換器，雖然可克服抗蝕性的問題，但依然有成本過高或耐壓性不足的問題。此篇研究以Inconel 600鎳基合金以Cu、VZ2106、MBF51三種填料進行硬銲接合，期望可以找出成本較低，且能抗蝕、耐高壓的新材料組合，幫助改善現有的材料製程。結果顯示以VZ2106或MBF51硬銲接合的銲道中，雖然產生BCr硼化物，但並未對銲道的機械強度或韌性產生嚴重影響，使此銲道具有接近Inconel 600基材的良好強度，為製作新式板式熱交換器可選擇的填料合金之一。The plate heat exchanger is featured with compact size as well as high efficiency, so it is widely applied in the field of high-performance heat exchanger. The technology of brazing is one of the most important factors to improve performance of heat exchanger. The plate heat exchanger is currently made by Cu brazing stainless steels for most major heat exchanger manufacturers in the world. However, Cu cannot be used in severely corrosive environment due to its insufficient corrosion resistance. Other alloy such as Inconel 625 has good corrosion resistance, but it is suffered from high cost or insufficient pressure resistance. In this research, three kinds of fillers, Cu foil, Ni/Fe-based VZ2106 foil, and Ni-based MBF51 foil, are applied in brazing Inconel 600 substrate in order to develop novel plate heat exchangers featured with low cost, high pressure resistance and high corrosion resistance. Based on the experimental result, Inconel600/VZ2106/Inconel600 and Inconel 600/MBF51/Inconel 600 brazed joints include BCr precipitates, but brazed joints still have good bonding strength. The mechanical strength of VZ2106 and MBF51 brazed joints are close to that of Inconel 600 substrate, so they are good filler alloys applied in making novel plate heat exchangers
A Study on First Sale Doctrine in the Digital Era: Comparative Study of the U.S. and the E.U.
No full text自美國聯邦最高法院處理Bobbs-Merrill v. Strauss.案以及國會將其意旨明文化於1909年之美國著作權法後，散布權耗盡原則見於成文法已逾百年。該原則係指著作物經著作權人或經其同意首次銷售或所有權移轉並具獲取報償之機會後，著作權人之散布權即告耗盡，對任何人均不得再行主張散布權。申言之，由於散布權與所有權均具有排他性，惟何者之排他性較為優先，難免發生衝突，此際，散布權耗盡原則便是作為標示出兩者分界之作用。 若謂「著作權法制史，就是科技的發展史」，隨著科技發展，運行逾百年的散布權耗盡原則也開始顯得捉襟見肘。舉例言之，從「易買賣為授權」開始，著作權人藉由添加些許「魔術用語」，將本質上之買賣行為轉變為單純授權，意在規避散布權耗盡原則，此種行為該如何處理，值得探討；而隨著數位科技之盛行，傳統的實體印刷書也有了不同的形式。若散布權耗盡原則是為了因應實體世界裡可能發生之權利衝突，於是我們要問的是，那數位世界呢？ 為此，本論文先從根本出發，以傳統散布權耗盡原則之理論基礎開展，蓋萬變不離其宗，須先了解制度本旨，始能應萬變。隨後探討傳統散布權耗盡原則目前所面臨之困境，特別是散布權耗盡原則於數位時代下如何圓滑運作，有賴解釋。是以，本論文所涉重要內容為：關於易買賣為授權，美國Vernor案所提出的三項判準與歐盟UsedSoft案的兩大要件即有不同解釋，此其一；若肯認數位著作得以自由轉售，於數位傳輸下亦會遇到許多問題，所涉著作權人之排他權侵權疑慮又如何解決，此其二；最後，歐盟UsedSoft案作成後，牽動萬千神經，此案之後的實務發展又是如何，值得觀察，本文亦簡單收錄數則判決供卓參，此其三。 本論文初步認為散布權耗盡原則縱以實體世界作為設計背景，惟其制度意旨於數位時代仍有其重要性，不容抹滅。從而本論文最後則嘗試建構數位時代下之「數位耗盡原則」，惟數位耗盡原則之建構最終仍係以均衡利益為目標，本文亦簡單透過契約自由、合理使用、競爭法等不同面向思考，嘗試給予數位耗盡原則更多元之理論基礎。The Supreme Court first articulated the first sale doctrine and the issue of copyright exhaustion in the 1908 case Bobbs-Merrill v. Strauss. In 1909, Congress revised the Copyright Act to codify the 1908 Bobbs-Merrill decision on copyright exhaustion. In 1976 the language was changed to its current version in 17 U.S.C. §109(a), which reads: “Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106(3), the owner of a particular copy or phonorecord lawfully made under this title, or any person authorized by such owner, is entitled, without the authority of the copyright owner, to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of that copy or phonorecord.” But first sale doctrine is designed for the material world. In the digital era, users worldwide enjoy digital goods such as e-books, music, movies on a daily basis. So if users want to resell their digital goods, they will meet a lot of obstacles. First, in this thesis, I try to point out one critical issue about first sale doctrine in the digital era, it is so-called ‘change sale to license’, which concerns that users are often prohibited from using digital goods as they expect. Second, I also discuss the concerns of copyright infringement in the digital transmission. Finally, in this thesis, I try to discuss how to let exhaustion doctrine apply in the digital era and try to think ‘digital first sale doctrine’. I focus on not only U.S. copyright law, but also briefly examine analogous copyright laws in the European Union. Besides, I also collect many leading cases such as Vernor case in U.S. and UsedSoft case in E.U., post-UsedSoft case especially
“Show Trials” in Authoritarian Taiwan: KMT’s Making of “Formal Legality” in Political Cases
No full text國民黨威權政權處置戰後臺灣政治案件的過程中，透過操作形式合法性，使戰後臺灣政治案件在軍事法庭上的審判過程，猶如「擺樣子公審」。在這種濫用司法以達政治目的審判形式中，法律與法院成為當權者的宣傳工具與舞台布景。法律獨特的言說特色，由於法庭上經常未賦予政治異議者辯論與對質之機會，而遭到剝奪。 以臺灣作為主體，考察國民黨在中國時期處置政治異議者的經驗，有助於拓展國民黨政權處置戰後臺灣政治案件之認識。本文指出，除了處置經驗之外，國民黨原生於中國的法律文化，亦隨著統治菁英來到臺灣，與1945年時經歷日本統治的臺灣人所擁有的法律文化相遇時，雙方產生了經驗落差與衝突。 國民黨於政治案件中的形式合法性操作，從雷震案、李荊蓀案至美麗島大審，愈加熟練與完備。然而，由於1970年代以來外在國際情勢之轉變，國民黨統治正當性的宣稱產生動搖，加上此時已有一批具法律專業知識者加入政治異議者的行列，使得過去得以藉由形式合法性填補的統治正當性宣成遭到嚴厲的挑戰
Corporate Information Governance
No full text自1997年亞洲金融風暴以及美國於2001年至2002年間發生安隆（Enron）等企業舞弊案件後，世界各國逐漸思考公司治理的重要性，亦即如何透過法律的制衡管控設計，有效地監督公司的組織活動，防止經營者違法濫權並兼顧股東與其他利害關係人之權益。其中，提昇公司資訊之揭露與透明程度，使所有利害關係人均能即時、正確的取得公司資訊，亦屬核心課題。 然而，現行公司法第210條有關公司資訊之查閱與抄錄，將主體限縮至股東或公司債權人，並須具備利害關係方可申請，其客體亦限於公司章程、歷屆股東會議事錄、財務報表、股東名簿以及公司債存根簿，並未包含其他足以表彰公司當前經營狀況或有關關係企業財務、業務經營之資訊，縱使股東或公司債權人取得該等資訊，亦無法從中還原公司的營運決策或公司經營的真相。但參諸外國立法例，不難發現，股東名簿甚至是公司其他資訊實應具有一定之公開透明程度，唯有讓利害關係人能取得即時、正確的公司資訊，始能保障其權益，並可藉由資訊的流通，嚇阻經營者不為不法行為或及早發現該等舞弊情事。 其次，公司登記制度亦屬資訊揭露機制之一環，惟現行主管機關無法即時更新或更正登記資訊，現實上也存在取得公司資訊的其他管道時，不僅須重新檢討公司登記制度之功能，亦須釐清登記主管機關於公司資訊治理中所扮演之角色。 最後，於前開論述基礎上，檢視我國公司資訊權之相關規範，提出可能的修法建議與方向，以供卓參。Since the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and the surge of corporate scandals in the U.S. between 2001 and 2002, such as the collapse of Enron, have led to a renewed interest in corporate governance internationally, namely how does company law deals with mismanagement and balances the interests of stakeholders in a company by adopting a range of mechanisms that can be described as a system of checks and balances. Improving transparency and disclosure are key steps to corporate governance as they can provide stakeholders with timely and accurate disclosure on all material matters of a company. According to Article 210 of Taiwan Company Act, any shareholder and any creditor of a company may request at any time, by submitting evidentiary document(s) to show his/her interests involved and indicating the scope of interested matters, an access to inspect and to make copies of the Articles of Incorporation, the minutes of every meeting of the shareholders, the financial statements, the shareholders roster and the counterfoil of corporate bonds issued by the company. However, the scope of a company’s books and records that can be inspected and copied does not include the original date of the accounting books and records or financial and business conditions of an affiliated enterprise, which indicate the results of operations and the financial position of a company. Refer to the U.S. legislative experience, Companies Act 2006 and Hong Kong Companies Ordinance, we can find out that the shareholders roster and other corporate books and records should be transparent at a minimum level. Greater transparency in corporate books and records can give stakeholders the necessary knowledge to exercise their rights and protect their interests. What’s more, it can defer the directors or mangers of a company from wrongdoings. In addition, company registration is a key part of information disclosure regime. Whereas, the competent authority in Taiwan have no right to update or rectify the company registration records or documents, and there are still other ways to access corporate information, we need to rethink the function of company registration and to clarify the role that the competent authority should play in corporate information governance. Finally, this thesis will review the current legal mechanism of the corporate information right under Taiwan Company Act, and propose amendments base on the cases and theories discussing in previous chapters
An Empirical Study on Corporate Governance in Taiwan: Focus on Family-owned Business, Independent Director, and Audit Committee
No full text台灣的公司治理環境，相較於其他國家有其特殊之處，例如股權較為集中、且集中程度與公司營運年數之間有高度正相關、家族企業比例高、有一定比例的兼任公司等等。而於理論上，該等特殊情形均會影響相關公司治理制度的實際成效。經過本文實證分析發現，家族企業中，提高獨立董事的比例、資訊揭露品質等治理機制，確實對公司有正面影響；而在兼任公司方面，獨立董事比例則與公司營運績效脫鉤。至於審計委員會則無論無哪種情況下，對公司績效的正面影響均不顯著。 上述實證結果，可說明既有制度仍有改善的空間。透過與亞洲數十個國家進行比較後，本文揀擇與台灣治理環境較為相似的韓國，進行比較法的介紹，並特別著重於韓國近兩次的修法內容、以及強調該等法律與台灣法規的相異之處。文末並分就現行法下少數股東權行使門檻、投資人保護法第10條之一、獨立董事之職能、監察人與審計委員會之規定提出修改建議，期生拋磚引玉之效。Compared with other countries’, corporate governance in Taiwan has some distinctive features such as its high ownership concentration, high positive correlation between concentration rate and years of operation, and the common phenomenon of CEO duality, etc. Theoretically, all these factors should have an impact on the performance of corporate governance, but the actual situation can only be concluded by empirical study. As shown by the empirical result in this thesis, given that the business is family-owned, the ratio increase of independent directors and the increase of information disclosure do have positive influence on the firm’s operating performance. However, in the case of CEO duality, there is no relation between the ration of independent directors and the firm’s operating performance. In addition, in either case, the audit committee has no significant positive influence on the firm’s performance. The outcome of the above empirical study indicates that the governance regulation in Taiwan still has much room for improvement. Therefore, it is necessary to juxtapose other country’s governance framework to see if there is any experience we could learn from. After deliberately comparing the governance characters of Taiwan with many Asian countries, this thesis concludes that the governance feature in Korea is the most similar. Therefore, this thesis further introduces the regulations of Korea concerning corporate governance and its history of amendment, and emphasizes the differences between the regulation in Taiwan and the rule in Korea. In the end of this thesis, I conclude that it is imperative to amend relevant regulations to relax the minimum shareholding ratio to exercise shareholder’s rights, to modify Article 10-1 of Securities Investor and Futures Trader Protection Act, to enhance the function of independent director, and to increase the independence of auditor and audit committee