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Incentive Mechanism for Green Design with Consideration of Consumer Behaviors
No full textWe propose an incentive mechanism to increase the demand quantities of green products and present two Stackelberg models to describe two different policy instruments, i.e. a condition that the government compensates green firms with subsidy fees and a condition that the government compensates green customers with subsidy fees. Moreover, we consider two probability distributions of customers’ taste parameters in each model. We examine the results of two models with two different probability distributions to find a suitable model to predict actual demand quantities in our experiment. In the subsidy-to-customer condition, customers buying green products, called green customers, receive subsidy fees from the government. We add a behavioral parameter for non-green customers to describe a loss that they do not receive subsidy fees like green customers. In addition, we conduct a validation experiment to show that the model with the behavioral parameter captures the behaviors of customers
Closed-Loop Logistics Based on Dynamic Multi-Buffer Management
No full text傳統的供應鏈中，通常補貨模式是由推式管理的方式來運作，搭配預測，來盡量滿足客戶需求。然而需求的預測十分不精準，在原物料、商品種類過多的情況下，不適當的庫存管理和生產活動必將造成公司的損失，並且侵蝕其獲利水準。 本研究以動態庫存管理 ( Dynamic Buffer Management, DBM )為基礎，發展成多動態多庫存管理 (Dynamic Multi-Buffer Management, DMBM )，以 ABC存貨分析對不同的貨物和原物料分別管理，並給予不同的服務水準以及調整變數，再利用帝國競爭演算法求得最佳的管理變數，並搭配拉格朗日鬆弛法輔以偽梯度法 (Lagrangian Relaxation with Surrogate Sub-Gradient Method)，讓生產到存貨都獲得最佳控制。 希望能推廣DBM，讓企業了解DBM能有助於不同產業公司應對市場需求的變動，並且避免產生大量損失，提升公司應變能力，提高獲利能力。Forecasting and push system are implemented to help enterprises do the replenishment in traditional supply chain. However, the forecasting is not always accurate. Once the market trend turns down, company has to face the fact of much higher inventory which can significantly affect to profit margin. The more types of products and material the company has, the more difficult to manage. Based on the Dynamic Buffer Management (DBM), this paper tries to study another way study of Demand-Pull way, Dynamic Multi-Buffer Management (DMBM), to help enterprise to manage multi-products. With ABC classification to manage different type of products and material, Imperialist Competition Algorithm (ICA) is used to find factors of service level and adjustment factors for DMBM. Moreover, Lagrangian Relaxation with Surrogate Sub-Gradient Method is used to make inventory management and manufacturing system coordinated. The proposed method has been used in a company, and the result is satisfactory
Two-part Tariff Contract Design for Distribution Channels
No full text近年來各產業中，通路商的勢力興起，在美國，強勢通路商Wal-Mart，其擁有的影響力遠大於其供應商，而在台灣的通路商也發展興盛，如連鎖零售店7-11、全家等等，除實體通路之外，虛擬通路商如PChome也在供應鏈中扮演著領導者的角色。過往供應鏈中的文獻多著重於探討以供應商為主宰者的角色進行合約設計，而現今社會中，供應鏈中的領導權卻逐漸轉移至通路商，因此，本論文將以通路商的角度探討兩部收費合約設計。 兩部收費合約中包含對供應商的每單位營收抽成比率與固定收費，營收抽成比率的收費模式在早期的影片租借產業以及電子商務中廣為應用，而近年來，通路商的議價能力逐漸提升，越多通路商開始收取固定費用如上架費、廣告贊助費等等，而隨著固定費用項目越多、費用逐漸提升，也引起了許多爭議。而單一通路商在制定合約時，多會面對要與多家供應商簽定合約的情況，因此，本論文將考慮在兩家供應商競爭的情形下制定出雙方接受且可行的兩部收費合約。 本論文為上游雙佔、下游獨佔的賽局模型，討論通路商如何利用兩家供應商彼此競爭的關係來設計有所差別的合約，制定清楚的合約規格，並發展出可行的兩部費用合約收取方式，並討論不同的外生變數：市佔率與產品替代性對供應鏈中雙方的影響。 要能簽定一個上下游雙方均能接受的合約，需要滿足以下三項合約規格：(1) 對市占較高的供應商所收取的有效利率需小於對小供應商所收取的有效利率、(2) 要有清楚的制定固定收費的方法、(3) 供應商的利潤均不為負；由於三項合約規格互相衝突，本研究指出可以在限制內找出可行解，也因而發覺在合約規格下，無法對兩家供應商收取相同的固定費用，需要收取有所差別的固定費用。當市場競爭激烈時，使用此合約將有助於提升通路商的利潤，而當兩家廠商市占相差懸殊時，此合約則不利於通路商的利潤。Power of distributors has increased in current industries. For example, large retailers like Wal-Mart have tremendous power over their suppliers. Distributors in Taiwan are also thriving, such as 7-ELEVEN. Besides physical distributors, virtual distributors like PChome also play the leading role in the supply chain. Power has shifted from suppliers to distributors, while existing literatures in this area take more emphasis on supplier-driven contracts. Hence, this thesis will discuss two-part tariff contract design from the perspective of distributors. Two-part tariff contract includes revenue sharing percentage and fixed fee.. Recently, more distributors have started to charge fixed fee, such as slotting allowance. There is controversy surrounding the increasing charging of the fixed fee. Considering distributors often sign contracts with more than one supplier, this thesis designs feasible two-part tariff contracts for two suppliers. This research is a two echelon supply chain with one distributor and two suppliers with different market share. Taking supplier competition into account and designing different contracts from a distributor-Stackelberg game. This research design contracts by formulating feasible specifications. To design feasible contracts for supply chain partners require three specifications: (1) Charge more revenue sharing percentage to smaller supplier than bigger supplier. (2) Set a clear method to charge fixed fee. (3) Profit for suppliers shouldn’t be negative. With conflicting specifications, this research shows feasible contracts under three specifications and finds it impossible to charge same fixed fee for two suppliers
R&D Expenditure, Spillover Effect, Patent Quality and Market Value ? A Case Study of Foundries in Semiconductor Industry
No full text本研究使用具時間序列與橫斷面縱橫資料的廻歸分析方法，探討2005-2014年，在美國專利資料庫中，以美國經濟研究院NBER歸類之半導體製造的樣本公司，利用其核准專利數資料，以及利用Datastream財金資料庫之公司財務資料與產業現況資料，統計專利h指標累積變化率及考量廠商間進行研發合作的研發產出對於公司市場價值之總體影響。 本研究驗證兩項與研發費用與專利品質對於市場價值相關的假說。比較固定效果模型與隨機效果模型結果，以隨機效果模型之解釋力為佳。研究結果顯示，半導體產業中，當廠商研發費用花費的越多，其產出專利的品質越高。當廠商的研發費用與其專利品質間直接關係越強烈，也越能有效衡量其公司市場價值，加入考慮研發產出之下，公司市場價值衡量的有效性提升。In this study, an associated research using the regression analysis method of time series and cross section was to gather statistics of H index analyzed by granted patents from the value of the empirical firm returning and patent index in 2005 to 2012. The empirical companies were samples from the NBER classified semiconductor manufacturing industry and then analyzed their firm market value return with the financial data from Datastream database and the R&D outputs. This research develop two hypothesis about research and development, the quality of patent and the relationship with the market value. This study framework with panal data model verified that the optimization of the random effect model was better than the others. The empirical results indicated that the R&D outputs and h index have a comprehensive effect on market value in the semiconductor industry
Genetic Algorithm Optimized Elevator Group Control and Simulation System
No full text本研究提出一具遺傳演算優化的智慧型電梯群控系統，期能有效使用電梯資源減少乘客的等待時間。現行微電腦控制的群控系統僅具派車後便無法更改，本研究研擬一具重派車機制的群控系統，每間隔固定時間針對當下情境，以遺傳演算執行較佳的派車，降低乘客的等待時間。為比較此派車法和現有典型派車法的服務效能差異，本研究研擬一電梯運行模擬系統並實作三種派車法，並詳述整個模擬演算程序和步驟，再展示虛擬程式碼作結。而各派車法分別是最短距離派車法、粗算最短時間派車法、及精算最短時間派車法。再另研擬精算最短時間派車法搭配重派車機制成新的派車法，藉由模擬系統比較這四種派車法間的服務效能差異。本研究進一步以不同樓層數和電梯數的組合草擬各個測試範例作為標竿問題。並開發電梯模擬系統測試各派車法下的乘客等待時間平均及其他資訊。測試結果顯示具重派車的派車法在大部分組合範例中有較少的乘客等待時間
A Study on Zheng Xuan's Integration of the Three Books of Rite
No full text 東漢的鄭玄有「通儒」的美譽，於遭黨錮之禍時遍注《周禮》、《儀禮》與小戴《禮記》，並會通彼此，使其體系化而成為一有機之整體。其意圖是在廓清「周公制禮」的內容與精神，以做為統貫六經的脈絡，也為漢末衰世提供一套足資借鑒、重振綱紀的治世藍圖。 鄭玄的會通是選擇《周禮》做為取捨、統攝其他二《禮》的核心依據。他認為《周禮》是周公所定，承載了周公秉受天命與文、武兩位聖王之意而制作的「周禮」，故與《儀禮》同樣具有神聖性與合理性，彼此不存在衝突，相異處只是側重的面向不同罷了。漢人本以《儀禮》為「禮經」，鄭玄為了將《周禮》抬升至核心，就必須重新定位兩部禮書的關係。他利用天子王朝之禮與諸侯國地方之制的關係，初步賦予彼此不同的屬性，又利用「經禮、曲禮」與「吉凶賓軍嘉」五禮的架構，將「經禮」置換為《周禮》，《儀禮》則移挪至從屬的地位。 至於《禮記》，雖屬傳記，但它對鄭玄以「周禮」為目標的禮學建構，提供不少助益，也產生不少干擾。助益處在於：其中有關禮義的論述文字，可以取用來說明或賦予其他二《禮》在官制、禮典上的制作意涵；記錄虞夏商周歷朝禮制的資料，可取來做為進一步比對周禮與非周禮記錄；而大量不見載於《周禮》、《儀禮》或從不同面向來敘述的禮制儀文，可補充其他二《禮》的細節，令鄭玄所欲廓清的郁郁周文之面貌更為完整。至於帶來干擾的記文，以〈王制〉與〈月令〉為最，這兩篇記文的內容長期被漢儒視為「周禮」，甚至肯定為周公所作，這對鄭玄以《周禮》為核心所建構的體系，造成根源性的威脅。鄭玄採以經駁記的進路，動搖全篇皆是周制的權威性，又標誌其內容有虞夏殷等前王之禮，還有東周衰世之法及暴秦之制，反映的不盡然是王道，有「雜糅」的撰述特質，摧陷其神聖性。 對於《禮記》其他記文，除去違僭之禮不計，鄭玄多是以「周禮╱非周禮」來界定其屬性；此等方式，鄭玄予以規律化，成效超越了前人，因為驗核「周禮」的主要依據定在《周禮》與《儀禮》，又明定「周禮之正」唯有周公所制之禮，而非國祚八百年間的任何記錄，令標準與體系的範圍不再游移。然而，鄭玄進一步細分《禮記》內那些不屬周制的前王之禮究竟該歸於何朝何代時，判定結果依舊不完全合理或明確，因為多是從「相對的角度」舉證，故有強分或臆測之嫌。不過，這對鄭玄的禮學建構並不妨害，因為他對「非周禮」的鑑別不是為了「排除」，許多界定為「非周禮」的材料，仍然在「因革損益」的觀點之下，對「周禮」的面貌做了相當的補充。這種融通、不對立的操作方式，是鄭玄會通的一大特質。 鑑別「非周禮」的材料後，鄭玄將三《禮》其餘的紛歧，視為是「周禮」在不同面向上的書寫。他透過「互注」、「互證」來疏通彼此，在勘誤、訓詁、補充、申明，調和、以及界定屬性及關係等種種具體操作中，展現三部禮書的記錄如何在多向且反饋的作用裡，貫串為縝密的一個體系。 鄭玄又透過「禮例」與「推致」來推演與會通禮文。操作概念來自禮的有序性；若能類聚一系列相關的儀節或器物，排列並了解其次第變化的規律，紬繹隱伏在當中的邏輯，就彷彿張開了一張網絡，不僅可以將禮書間的材料一一歸位，達到會通的效果，更可據有推無，為那些不見載的禮制儀文推演出可能的、或必然的樣態。這些方法是承繼西漢經師而來，但鄭玄擺脫從《儀禮》來推求的單一進路，而在「會通」的基礎上，深掘了更多的原則與線索，擴大了推演的面向。 鄭玄亦利用讖緯來組織三《禮》在天地神祇與相關祀典等體系上的紛歧無序，以期會通彼此。得以如此操作，在於三部禮書對這類材料的書寫，除了追述西周祀典，也摻入許多戰國時期的新信仰與宇宙觀，史實與擬想交雜，而這些又一併成為日後讖緯學說與漢代官方祀典的建構來源之一。鄭玄無法明辨其間的發展歷程與差異，又囿限於漢人以緯書為內學的經學傳統，故有所應用。 最後，是檢討鄭玄會通三《禮》的得失，以及在後世三《禮》學的發展與影響。檢討得失的角度，筆者認為不該聚焦在鄭玄的詮釋是否符合西周的史實，畢竟三部禮書在撰作上已積累不同時代的制度，又經過理想化的改造，不全然是實錄；而鄭玄所處的年代，尚缺乏足夠出土文獻以辨明禮書記錄與西周史實的差距，故堅信之而據以會通，成果自然有誤。應該改以經學傳統的立場來檢討，了解鄭玄會通三《禮》成一體系的意義是在標舉一套「價值」──一套秩序井然，結構穩固、關係明確，有致太平之功的盛世禮制，因此檢討的視角應該回到體系內，觀察鄭玄操作會通的諸種方法與步驟，是否合理地疏通分歧與矛盾，令體系內的秩序穩固合宜，後續才是檢驗這些會通方法是否曲解三《禮》的本然意義，或掩蓋了禮書的哪些撰述特性。Zheng Xuan (鄭玄) of the Eastern Han Dynasty made thorough commentaries on the Three Books of Rite : Zhouli (《周禮》）, Yili (《儀禮》), and Xiao Dai Liji (小戴《禮記》). He integrated them to build a school of Ritualism of his own, with the intention to reproduce and clarify the content and the spirit of Zhou Gong’s establishment of Zhou rites and to use them as the inner context that would penetrate the Six Classics. He also aimed to provide a grand scheme that would be strong enough to rally the order in the decaying late Han period. In the Han Dynasty, which ruled the state on the foundation of Classics, in order to make his academic value and his grand scheme consistent, Zheng explained that the essence of both Zhouli and Yili followed not only the divine mandate Zhou Gong received but also the ideas of two Sage Kings, Wen of Zhou and Wu of Zhou, as well as the rituals they made. Therefore, Zhouli and Yili shared the same sacredness and legitimacy. When integrating Zhouli and Yili, Zheng Xuan used the relationship between the centralized system dictated by emperors and the local governments system based on vassal states to give the two books of rites different natures respectively. Also, by using the structure of ""Jingli Sanbai, Quli Sanqian"" (經禮三百，曲禮三千) and ""Five Ceremonies"" (五禮), he transferred the core of Ritualism and the core of the Classic system onto Zhouli, leaving Yili relatively subordinate. As for Liji, although it was just an expounder of the Classic, it had deeply affected the structure Zheng Xuan constructed based on Zhou Gong’s establishment of Zhou rites in various ways. In particular, the Han people considered the writings of “Wangzhi” (〈王制〉) and “Yueling” (〈月令〉) in Liji reflections of Zhou rites. People even believed they were done by Zhou Gong himself. Such assumptions deeply sabotaged the system Zheng Xuan built around Zhouli. In response, Zheng refuted the expounder with the Classics, in order to shake up people’s belief that its authority came from Zhou rites. He demonstrated how some of the contexts were related to the dictatorship in the Spring and Autumn Era and the Qin Dynasty, and therefore, they were not the way of a benevolent king. By doing so, he destroyed the sacredness of it. How Zheng Xuan defined things in terms of “Zhou rites/non Zhou-rites” and how he regulated his method made his work more successful than his predecessors. This is because he made Zhouli and Yili his criteria in the determination of “Zhou rite”. He also defined clearly that only the rites made by Zhou Gong are the rightful Zhou rites, not any other rituals or rites in the eight hundred year span of the Zhou Dynasty. By doing that, he gave clear guidelines to what the criteria were and made a clear compass for the system. Nevertheless, if we were to look into which dynasty the non-Zhou rites belong to, Zhen’s determination may not fully stand or even take place as such. His arguments are often based on “relative perspectives”, which risk being arbitrary and speculative. Yet he strongly believed that only Sage Kings who followed divine mandate were qualified to make rites and rituals, and only such ones possessed the value that would bring peace and harmony. Although Zheng Xuan defined the compass of “Zhou rites” in terms of their literature and concept, in the construction of the Ritualistic system, the materials that were defined as “non-Zhou rites” still added to the features of Zhou rites because the new dynasty might follow the ritual system of the previous one, and people tended to make innovation based one inheritance. In other words, when Zheng Xuan made the integrative Sanli (三《禮》) , he did not see the Zhou rites and the non-Zhou rites as opposite; instead, they were well linked up with each other. Having clarified about “non-Zhou rites”, Zheng Xuan regarded the rest of Sanli as wirings about Zhou rites from different perspectives. He then used mutual interpretation to help understand each other in order to make corrections, critical explanations, complementary notes, and harmony, as well as to define their attributes and relations. He did that to make the complex record of rites and rituals clearer and more correct and to help connect itself into an impeccable system. Zheng not only used the more systematic Zhouli to determine the contents of Yili and Liji, but also used the latter two to add or define the details of the former as well as of the attributes of the undefied rituals. He even did that in cross usage, making it multi-directional and responsive to each other. There is another purpose to the “mutial interpretation”: cross-examination. It is more than just comparing the above-mentioned “well-defined / ambiguous” materials. More importantly, it was to make dialogues with the traditional Ritualistic circle with all the integration. In other words, if Yili, which reflected Zhou rites and was based on Government schools, were thoroughly compatible with Zhouli and held clear attributes, and moreover, if Liji, which Confucian scholars chose to add to and to help explain Yili, could also work for Zhouli, then the fact that the three books of rites actually shared the same nature and were all records of Zhou rites was revealed abundantly clear. In addition to the mutual interpretation and cross-examination, Zheng Xuan also used Lili (禮例) and Tuizhi (推致) with the attempt to infer the parts and bits that were supposed to exist in the books of rites but were left unwritten, in order to make the system of Zhou rites more complete. Although he inherited the methodology from Western Han Ritualists, he lost inferring from the limited rites of Yili’s seventeen chapters. Instead, on the basis of integration, he dug more referable principles and clues, and expanded inferable aspects. Zheng Xuan also referred to Chenwei (讖緯) to ease out the contradictions and organize the chaos in the three books of rites regarding the materials on deities and related worship ceremonies. Although it is true that explaining the Classics with Chenwei went against the humanistic approach of Confucianism, Zheng still managed to do it because the knowledge and writings of the three books of rites have already gone far beyond recounting Western Zhou ceremonies. Plenty of the new beliefs and world outlook of the Warring States period were involved. There were records of historical facts as well as idealized fictitious elements, all of which became the source of construction for Chenwei texts and official Han ceremonies. Lastly, the results of Zheng Xuan’s “integration” are to be examined at three different levels. First, are there any differences from historical facts? Second, has it interpreted the original meanings of the books of rite precisely? Third, being a school of knowledge that lives in the commentaries, is it solid and meticulous enough to be free from inconsistency? Regarding the first question, comparing to the literature unearthed in modern times, Zheng’s understanding certainly does not match the historical facts. However, given that Zheng would not have been able to see these materials, examining him in such a way may seem unfair. As for the second question, the writings of the three books of rites involve materials from different periods and are reformed in an “idealized” way. Also, the reason why some ritual details appear different in different books of rites may just be results of adaptation. It may not be necessary to define them as rules or regulations of different classes or periods. And in order to integrate into one single system, it is obvious that Zheng would fail to point out such facts and even twist some of the contents. Lastly, in terms of the third question, as a Confucian scholar who attempts to build a doctrine of his own, he has clear methodology that holds value, standard, and principles of explanation, and he also does his best keeping it consistent. Even though there might be speculations, unfounded opinions, or inconsistency, generally speaking, such problems, which might just be results of his negligence, are rather few. His work still holds great value in spite of the minor demerits
Lip Optical-flow Driven Automatic Continuous Speech Syllabification in Mandarin
No full text連續語音辨識系統的訊號處理方式可分為「完整訊號辨識」及「音節辨識」兩類。其中以音節為主的辨識方法能降低雜訊干擾，針對能量集中的訊號區間進行分析。進行音節辨識的首要步驟為偵測準確的音節邊界位置，但口語語音訊號中常見的連音現象使其無法順利取得正確的音節邊界。故本研究針對連續中文語料的脣形影像進行音節邊界偵測，以不同脣形間的轉換做為偵測音節邊界的關鍵資訊。 本研究提出的方法首先以SIFT定位人臉位置，而後採用密集光流法計算相鄰影格間的脣形影像變動量，以此變動量做為偵測音節邊界的依據。在本研究錄製的影音檔中，聲音及影像兩者為同步錄製而成，因此本研究在語音層面偵測的音節邊界結果中，引入影像偵測的音節邊界以提升正確率。實驗結果顯示在語音層面無法順利切分的音節中，有過半的音節邊界能由脣形影像變動量分析取得。結合兩者的音節邊界偵測資訊將能增強系統在嘈雜環境中的穩定度，使系統適應不同噪音的現實環境。本研究另錄製以中文連續數字序列為語料的影像資料庫，做為偵測音節邊界的實驗資料。在資料庫中的受試者共有40位；影片總數為2,480部 (包含閱讀階段及自然語速階段)，此資料庫將公開於學術領域以促進中文脣語辨識的發展。Automatic speech recognition (ASR) researches with video can be split into two categories which are based on signal processing methods. One is recognizing signals thoroughly from streaming video, the other is recognizing the signals on the syllable basis. The latter approach analyzes the energy centralized region to reduce noise interference. Recognizing syllables requires detecting the syllable boundaries correctly from continuous speech signals. To achieve this goal, this study focuses on detecting syllable boundaries contained in the continuous Mandarin corpus of the lip images. The transitions between different lip shapes are the key information in detecting syllable boundaries. The algorithm proposed in this research firstly locates the face positions, then dense optical flow is adopted to calculate the lip images variance between every two neighboring video frames. It is the basis that using this variance to detect syllable boundaries via lip images in continuous video frames. Since the audio and video are simultaneously recorded in this research, it is reasonable to assume the boundaries of two adjacent syllables should be seen from image information. The experiment result shows that more than half of the syllable boundaries can be extracted with the variance of lip images when audio signals of the syllables are inseparable from their energy distribution. Using both audio and video channels not only helps raise the stability in detection syllable boundaries, but also make the system robust to resist noisy environment. Furthermore, the recorded database of this study which consists of 2,480 clips (both reading & speaking) by 40 informants will be opened for download to promote academic research in Mandarin continuous speech recognition
The Writing and Construction of Female Adherents' Image during Ming-Qing Transition
No full text明清易代之際以其牽涉人數之多、幅員之廣、時間之長，無論是在當時或今日之學界，都有極豐富的言說與討論。然無論是當時或現今學界的研究與言說，多集中於「士人」生命的斷裂與認取，忽略了易代的苦難與身分認同實是真切地體現於每一個個體身上，諸如亂離中的女子藉題壁詩文留下一己的生存過的痕跡，並成為時代動盪的見證者之一。惜這樣的聲音仍是斷續不全的。 隨著明清女性文學的受重視，正好提供我們觀看易代之際女性自我發聲的一個切入角度：作為能詩善文的主體，面臨明清易代之際的才女，或許在詩文中透露出自己親歷苦難的感受，並於其中寄寓了一己的認取──她們毋須在政治出處上直接作抉擇，卻將這份或幽微或顯著的心事，寄託於文字之中。同樣地，明清二代雖是才女輩出的時代，卻不能否認仍有很多的女性缺乏為自己發聲的能力，或是未能出版刊刻自己的作品，甚或是遺失於時間的滾滾長河之中。於此，我們仍不得不借助於她們身旁男性的書寫與記錄，從中窺看該位女子的易代認取。 基於上述種種緣由，本文將焦點鎖定於「明清易代之際女遺民形象的書寫與建構」，並擇取三個個案為例，進行觀察討論：商景蘭、王端淑皆為當時著名才女，面對遺民心志的書寫則採取了不同的角度與關懷；王華姜未曾留下文字，但透過其丈夫屈大均和友人的書寫，清晰形塑出王華姜女遺民的形象。本文便欲透過這三個同中有異的個案，觀察與探討明清易代之際，女遺民們如何自我書寫或如何被形塑而出。This thesis focuses on the writing and construction of female adherents’ image during Ming-Qing transition. This topic is discussed through three examples: Shang Jinglan (1605-1676), Wang Duanshu (1621-1709), and Wang Huajiang (1646-1670). Shang Jinglan and Wang Duanshu are famous talented-women during Ming-Qing transition, and their self-identification as adherents can be observed through their own writings. Unlike these two, Wang Huajiang does not leave any writings, but her position as an adherent can be constructed by writings of her husband Qu Dajun(1630-1696) and their friends. Through the writings of and about three female subjects, this thesis aim to represent their unique positions and concerns as adherents of Ming-Qing transition and their similar but different images/self-images
The connotation of HuaiHai Ci"" ──A delicate coordination between words and its affection""
No full text本論文定名為《淮海詞「辭情兼稱」之內蘊》，問題意識在於：究竟是什麼樣的遭遇和性情使秦觀以詞流芳百世？他的詞作又寄託了什麼樣的情懷，表達了何種用情態度，遂使後人為之觸動？在這些精巧而纖麗的文字當中，又如何引領讀者看進詞人眼中的世界，在時空流轉中體會到亙古不變之情？文學的研究總離不開對人的關懷，若能從多情詞人的筆下觀照生命的意義，這些問題也就有了探問的價值。全文共分六章，簡述如下：第一章「緒論」：整理歷來對淮海詞的重要評論及相關研究現況，以掌握當前研究重點，確立論文主題方向。並說明研究方法與文本範圍，釐清文中引用的淮海詞版本及使用材料。 第二章「秦觀生平與創作成就」：描述秦觀的人生風景，著重他身為蘇門四學士的一員，和東坡的互動以及對創作的影響。並由前人評論和各類文體代表作探討秦觀的創作風格。 第三章「文人與詞體的交會」：回顧音樂與文詞合流的演變軌跡，並就詞體的本來面貌、與音樂結合的特性、詞人情感的傳達三個方面，說明詞體的特殊性質，探討秦觀與詞體之所以契合的原因。 第四章「淮海詞深厚的情感內蘊」：就詞中情感加以分梳，期能以具體的詞例說明秦觀詞中的用情態度及動人之處。 第五章「淮海詞文辭藝術之美」：探討何謂「清麗婉約」，分析其遣詞用句的技巧，是如何營造出特有的美感，達到「淡語皆有味，淺語皆有致」。其次說明他如何構築筆下詞境，進行情與景的描述與交融。最後，在文句特色與情景安排的分析之餘，進一步探討詞中的時空意識如何呈現。 第六章「結論」：對於先前討論過的議題作整體的回顧和說明，歸納對淮海詞「辭情兼稱」之內蘊的完整看法，並提出延伸思考。This thesis focus on Qin Guan’s Huaihai Ci and examines the following questions: What kind of life experiences and personal character that contribute to Qin Guan’s work ? What kind of emotions and attitudes in his work that touch the readers? How do his written works leads the readers to see the writer’s horizon and the timeless spirits? The humanistic is inevitable when dealing with literature, which enriches the value of literature research. The first chapter offers a brief overview of recent studies of Qin Guan and Huaihai Ci, clarifying the terms and versions used in this thesis as well. By revealing the current research tendency, I then confine my discussion and focus. Chapter two gives a clear description of Qin Guan’s life experience, particularly the interaction between Qin Guan and Su Shi as they were in the same literature group. Also, I discuss his writing style based on previous criticism and his best works in every genre. In Chapter three I review the development of Ci and the reasons why Qin Guan’s character matches the genre Ci. Formed by the combination of music and lyrics, Ci has been through a evolution. The discussion will focus on three aspects: the essence of Ci, the music-combined element and the way it conveys the writer’s emotions. Chapter four and Chapter five analyzes Qin Guan’s Ci. I examine Qin Guan’s writing style and discuss that how he achieved the aesthetic value by simple words. Also, I analyze that how Qin Guan depicted the affections and the scene in his Ci and combined them. The last part of Chapter five discusses that how Qin Guan conveyed space time consciousness in Ci. As the conclusion, Chapter six reviews all the discussions in the previous chapters and gives a comprehensive view of the words in Qin Guan’s Ci and its affections. Furthermore, I raise several issues for the future research