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Chuang Tse's View of Tao, Te and Human Nature-- Focussed on the Claim that Benevolence and Righteousness Must be Abandoned
No full textThere are several major items in the Book of Chuang Tse. These items become members of the Tao-te clan. Among them, Tao (道), te (德), tien (天), ti (地), wu (物), jen (人), are the five prominent ones. They constitute a group of items for the plan strategy of the tao-te clan. Tao (道), te(德), hsing (nature) (性), hsing (bodily form) (形), constitute another group of items for the accomplishment of a being in the tao-te clan. And ch’i (氣), ming (命), ts’ai (才), ch’ing (情), hsin (心), chih (知) make up a group of itmes concerning man in the tao-te clan. This is the first point of Chuang Tse’s view as I expound in my paper.
The second point is that by observing the tao-te clan we can understand what the world is , so the view of tao-te is just Chuang Tse’s Weltanschauung. Parallel to this point is the point that he takes ‘to be’ as the aim of ‘ought to be’. Since the tao-te clan is just what is 'to be’, the tao-te clan, i. e., his Weltanschauung, is also his view of ‘ought to be’.
The third point is that three is a distinction between ‘what is from heaven’ and ‘what is from man’. From ‘what is from man’come things that are not in the tao-te clan. They are ‘ought-not-to-bes’, because they are not ‘to bes’.
The ‘ought not to be’ must be ruled out. Just as when we winnow the chaff, and the dust will get into our eyes, so when we winnow benevolence and righteousness we will cause the greatest confusion in the world. Therefore Chuang Tse maintains that kings or politicians must not winnow benevolence and righteousness. This is the fourth point as expounded in my paper.
Since the ‘ought to be’ is simply ‘to be’ one needs no virtues to cultivate oneself. Chuang Tse’s view of Tao-te as morality is a view of morality without virtues. However, he does not go so far as to deny good, for the tao-te clan is good by itself. To abandon benevolence and righteousness does not, therefore, mean to abandon morality, it means only to abandon virtues. And his teaching of human nature is that human nature must be kept as what it is. While one needs no cultivation through virtues, still human nature is good, because it is originally in the originally in the tao-te clan. This is the fifth point.
How can we keep our nature (性) within the tao-te clan and not let it go beyond the latter? The answer is that we must maintain intactly what comes from heaven (全天) and keep our original selves (守人). This is the sixth point expounded in my paper
John Dewey's Empirical Naturalism
No full textThis paper is an attempt to expound and clarify the main points of Dewey’s naturalistic metaphysics. Section one deals with Dewey’s definition of metaphysics as a study of the generic traits of existence and takes issue with Hook's and Rorty’s negative view concerning Dewey’s enterprise. Section two deals with Dewey’s empirical method, in which such key concepts as “primary experience” and “selective emphasis” are examined. Section three deals with Dewey’s substantive metaphysical theories, using his treatment of the mind-body problem as a typical example. Section four deals with four generic traits of nature found or implied in Dewey’s metaphysical works: change, quality, interaction and continuity. Section five defends Dewey’s position against some criticisms raised by Santayana, Cohen and others, while at the same time points out that Dewey’s concept of “primary experience” is ambiguous and that his purely functional approach to natural existences is one-sided
An Analysis on the Orientation of the Control Yuan's Powers in Future
No full text本文旨在探討我國監察權的演變與析論其未來的發展方向。首先，以歷史的研究途徑，究明我國憲法上監察權的淵源，包括傳統中國的監察制度、歐美的彈劾權，以及孫中山先生的主張。其次，從制度的研究途徑，歸納各國監察制度的類型－國會監察、監察使、行政監察和獨立的監察機關，並據以研判我國監察制度的屬性。接著，檢視憲改後我國監察權的變化，例如取消同意權和民代特權、提案彈劾的門檻提高、增列彈劾權行使的對象，以及不再單獨享有調查權等。最後，試擬各項監察院改革的方案，綜論我國監察權未來的發展方向。The provisions of Articles 95, 96, and 97 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, and Article 7 of the Additional Articles of the Republic of China provide the Control Yuan with the powers of impeachment, censure, investigation, audit and proposing corrective measures. According to the Control Law, the Control Yuan and its members may accept petitions from the people, and its members may also make circuit supervision and inspections in different areas. This paper aims to explore how the Control Yuan systems work effectively and analysis on the orientation of the Control Yuan's Powers in Future. At first, making use of historic approach, the author briefly elucidates the historical background affecting the control powers of ROC's constitution. It has patterned some of its ideas from the traditional Chinese supervision or impeachment, the Western parliamentary or congressional impeachment, and The Power of Control by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Likewise, dealing with the institutional approach, the writer inducts the types of supervise systems in various countries, included congressional superintendence, Ombudsman institution, administrative control system and independent organization of control and investigate the attribute of the powers of control, one of the five powers of the government specified in the Constitution of the ROC. Moreover, the author examines the variations and differences that prior to the proclamation on the revised constitution, such as nullifying endorsement and privileges of representative, putting to a higher threshold of the impeachment motion, adding the objects of applying impeachment, and having investigation solely responsible no more. Thus, the writer intents to provide four choices for the reform of the Control Yuan: (1) Shall be the highest control organ of the state; (2) Subordinate to the legislative system; (3) Be attached to administrative organization; (4) Abolish the Control Yuan. Some scholars believe, and institution reform experiences in many countries have demonstrated, that gradual reforms have a better chance of success. The control institution rooted in ancient Chinese history, the Western impeachment and Dr. Sun Yat-sen's unprecedented theory and created and empowered by our nation's Constitution as an integral part of Government. To effectively exercise control powers, the control institution will be creative in its work. The orientation and reform of control powers may have held the power of sanction or chastisement that reformers desire
Does the Central Bank of Taiwan Intervene in the Foreign Exchange Market Asymmetrically?
No full text本文的目的在於檢視台灣中央銀行是否在外匯市場執行不對稱干預政策。我們先以結構性自我向量迴歸(SVAR)模型認定出外生的結構性匯率衝擊(structural exchange rate shock),然後將其分解成升值衝擊(appreciation shock)與貶值衝擊 (depreciation shock),藉以進一步探討央行是否在外匯市場上採用不對稱的匯率干預政策。透過檢視 1989:M5-2012:M2的月資料,實證結果發現,如果匯率干預政策是為了因應實質匯率衝擊,央行在1998年3月前後的匯率干預政策有很大的不同。在1989年5月到1998年2月之間,央行對於外匯市場的干預較小。反之,證據顯示在1998年3月之後,央行對於實質匯率確有顯著的「阻升不阻貶」之行為。而以全樣本期間1989:M5-2012M2的資料來看,整體而言我們亦發現央行「阻升不阻貶」的實證證據。此外,如果匯率干預政策是為了因應名目匯率衝擊,我們發現實證結論不變,央行在1998年3月前後的匯率干預政策有顯著不同:1998年3月之前, 無顯著干預匯市證據,1998年3月之後,證據顯示央行執行「阻升不阻貶」 政策。This paper investigates whether the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) intervenes in the foreign exchange market asymmetrically. After identifying the structural exchange rate shocks using a structural VAR model, we decompose the exchange rate shocks into positive shocks (depreciation shocks) and negative shocks (appreciation shocks). We then examine whether depreciation and appreciation shocks have asymmetric effects on official intervention in the foreign exchange market. We confirm the existence of an asymmetry in central bank foreign exchange intervention responses to currency appreciations versus depreciations in Taiwan
The Intertemporal Relationship between Risk and Return: A Panel Quantile Regression Approach
No full text本文根據 Merton (1973) 跨期資本資產定價模型 (Intertemporal Capitial Asset Pricing Model, ICAPM)加以計量方法與實際資料探討台灣股票市場預期報酬與風險的跨期關係, 並試圖解釋為何實證文獻對於是否存在高風險高預期報酬的跨期關係眾說紛揉。在 Merton ICAPM 理論模型及其所對應的條件期望值架構下, 風險趨避係數應為正; 我們將檢驗 ICAPM 在台灣股票市場的適用性。我們先使用動態條件相關模型(Dynamic Conditional Correlation Models)估計動態條件共變異數作為解釋變數, 再由各成份股預期報酬作為被解變數以追蹤資料分量迴歸(Panel Quantile Regression) 得出相對風險趨避係數估計值。實證結果顯示, 在預期報酬條件期望值及中位數上, 風險趨避係數皆顯著為正。我們也另外使用兩種在條件期望值的架構下並考慮序列相關及橫斷面相依特性的計量模型, 所估計出的風險趨避係數也皆顯著為正。強韌性檢驗 (robustness checks) 顯示本文的估計結果並不會因解釋變數不同、風險替代變數相異及使用計量方法不一而有太大的差異。This paper explores intertemporal relationship between risk and expected returns in the Taiwan stock market in the context of the Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model. We first estimate the time-varying conditional covariances by dynamic conditional correlations models, and then treat the estimates as explanatory variables in a second-stage panel quantile regression to explore the shape of the conditional distribution of excess returns. A significant positive intertemporal relation between risk and return is identified at the conditional mean and median of the expected return distribution. This positive risk-return relation coincides with the result implied by interactive-effects panel data models and fits into the conditional expectation framework of the ICAPM allowing for cross-sectional dependence. Robustness checks indicate that our empirical results are robust to the choice of proxies of risk, explanatory variables, and econometric methodologies
The Physical Design and Neighbourhood Relationship in the Highrise Public Housing-A Case Study of the Kuo-Kuang Public Housing
No full text隨著人口成長與經濟活動的轉變，都市的土地利用日趨於有限，建築大都朝向高層發展。目前國宅的規劃設計，其特點即?趨向高樓化、超大街廓、標準化設計等。因此，此種高層國宅是否能夠適合低所得居民的生活習慣和需求，而居民原住地一向較親密的鄰里社交網絡能否在這種新的居住型態中維持抑或得到進一步發展，就是實質規劃設計者的一個很重要的課題。本文即就實質環境與?里關係予以闡述人，並以箇案研究方式對高層中宅之空間設計與鄰里關係做一描述與分析。Follow the rapid population growth and the change of economic activities, the urban useful land has become limited and the building has tended to be high-rised Now the characteristics of the planning and design of public housing are high rise design, superblock planning, and standardization of architectural design So that whether the high rise public housing can be suited to the low income's habit and need and whether the close neighbourhood social network in the slum can be maintained or have more development are the major issues of physical planning and aesign En this article, the physical environment and the neighbourhood relation ship will be discussed, and the physical design and the neighbourhood relationship of the high rise public housing will be described and analysed in the case study of the Kuo-Kuang Public Housin