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Aspects of Digestive Anatomy, Feed Intake and Digestion in the Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pentadactyla) at Taipei Zoo
No full textPangolins are considered difficult to maintain in zoos, often attributed to problems in feeding management. Taipei Zoo’s
designation as a wildlife rescue center for Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla) has resulted in long term feeding
experience with development of diets that support recovery, maintenance, and reproduction, as well as experimental
opportunities to further understand digestive physiology to optimize nutrition. Opportunistic dissection of 10 animals
revealed details of the tongue, salivary glands, stomach and gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including confirmation of anatomical
differences between Asian and African pangolin species. Length of the total GIT relative to body length ( 9:1) was greater
than found in domestic carnivores, more similar to omnivorous species. Intake and digestion trials conducted with 4 animals
demonstrated that pangolins maintained body weights (BW; 6–9 kg) consuming diets containing 32–40% crude protein,
20–25% crude fat, and 13–28% crude fiber (DM basis). DailyDMintakes ranged from40 to 70 g per animal, with digestible
energy intake 51.5–87.5 kcal /kg BW0.75/day; pangolins consumed 9.4–15.2 g DM/kg BW0.75/day. Dietary energy data
support observations of low metabolism and maintenance requirements for this species, similar to values reported for other
myrmecophageous species. Addition of 5% ground chitin to diets improved fecal consistency, and decreased digestibility
of DM, protein, and energy; addition of chitosan (chitin treated with NaOH) resulted in diet rejection. This information
may assist in enhancement of captive diets, as well as in controlling obesity in pangolins
Newly discovered native orchids of Taiwan (X)
No full textThis report presents three new orchids of Taiwan, i.e., Habenaria alishanensis T.P. Lin & D.M. Huang, Neottia cinsbuensis T.P. Lin & D.M. Huang, and Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum Blume
Mating behavior and effects of light on the fairy shrimp Branchinella kugenumaensis (Ishikawa, 1895): vision dominated mating system
No full textLarge branchiopods face time constraints in reproduction efficiency due to their living in temporary environments. Efficiency on mate locating is especially important for their population sustaining. Light has been demonstrated as an important factor influencing mating success for anostracans, but detailed information is lacking. Branchinella kugenumaensis tends to aggregate at water surface. We hypothesized that this tendency is related to a necessity of light for mating. We observed Branchinella kugenumaensis mating behavior, which contained 6 elements: orientation, station taking, amplexus, intromission, copulation and disengagement. In addition, we compared the first 3 elements of behavioral responses of focal males toward three types of potential mates (receptive females, non-receptive females, and other males) in both light and dark conditions. We found that light effects were significant in all 3 behavioral elements, regardless of potential mate types. Therefore, we suggest that male B. kugenumaensis relies on vision to assess potential mates
Recruitment dynamics mediated by ungulate herbivory can affect species coexistence for tree seedling assemblages
No full textThe best-known mechanism that herbivory affects species coexistence of tree seedlings is negative density-dependency driven by specialist natural enemies. However, in a forest with intense herbivory by non-specialists, what causes a diversifying seedling bank if rare species do not benefit from negative density-dependency in dominant species? We hypothesize that generalist herbivores can cause unevenly distributed species-specific mortality, which mediates recruitment dynamics and therefore affects species coexistence. To answer this question, we conducted a fence-control experiment in a montane cloud forest, Taiwan, and found that herbivorous damages were mainly caused by ungulates, which are generalists. We explored ungulate herbivory effects on recruitment dynamics by censusing tree seedling dynamics for three years. We found that herbivorous damages by ungulates significantly cause seedling death, mostly at their early stage of establishment. The percentage of death caused by herbivory varied among species. In particular, nurse plants and seedling initial height help shade-tolerant species to persist under such intense herbivory. Whereas, deaths caused by other factors occurred more often in older seedlings, with a consistent low percentage among species. We then tested species coexistence maintenance by dynamic modelling under different scenarios of ungulate herbivory. Raising percentages of death by herbivory changes relative species abundances by suppressing light-demanding species and increasing shade-tolerant species. Density-dependent mortality immediately after bursts of recruitments can suppress dominance of abundant species. With ungulate herbivory, fluctuating recruitment further prevent rare species from apparent competition induced by abundant species. Such bio-processes can interact with ungulate herbivory so that long-term coexistence can be facilitated
Constitutional Jurisprudence and Institutional Resilience of Taiwanese Semi-Presidentialism
No full text半總統制表面上是一個具有彈性的制度，因為它可以在總統制與議會內閣制間擺盪換軌，故半總統制的制度韌性似乎應該比其他兩制都強。但也正是因其制度彈性所留下的解釋空間，更容易引發爭議。違憲審查制度因為可以化解解釋爭議，所以也就能強化制度韌性。我國違憲審查制度已經運作近70年，但自1997年我國進入半總統制後，其逐漸失去化解爭議，強化制度韌性的功能。本文嘗試分析其原因，並提出改革建議。On the surface, semi-presidentialism creates a more flexible regime as it
may switch between presidentialism and parliamentarism whenever it deems
necessary. It seems that the institutional resilience of semi-presidentialial
system is better than that of other political layouts. However, institutional
flexibility of semi-presidentialism could also create rooms for controversy.
Fortunately, constitutional judicial review, in general, could strengthen the
resilience of semi-presidentialism by performing its function of textual
interpretation to solve political conflicts. Nonetheless, after being in place for
nearly seventy years and particularly after the constitutional reform in 1997,
the constitutional judicial review in the ROC has lost bit by bit its function of
resolving political conflicts . The aim of this article is to analyze the reasons of
its decline and to put forward some proposals for future reform
“A Philosophy of Toys”: Manet’s Child Play and Domestic Spaces
No full text法國畫家愛德華．馬內（Edouard Manet，1832—1883）的兒童形象涵蓋各種年齡與社會階層，經常出現遊戲的場景，大多以簡單的動態或玩具點出遊戲的進行或停歇，而他的兒童獨處遊戲常與花園和家政連結。兒童遊戲是啟蒙思想的主軸，延續到浪漫主義思潮，特別強調人與自然的關係。十九世紀中期的巴黎作家頗重視兒童遊戲的創造性以及社會意涵，波特萊爾與馬內的童年觀念如何互動更是現代藝術的重大課題。本文以馬內的兒童獨處遊戲為主軸，參照當代兒童教養的文化脈絡，以及印象主義的相關題材，指出這些作品凸顯兒童身心發展，以及資產階級居家空間的轉變。French artist ?douard Manet’s (1832-1993) child images featured figures of different ages and social classes. His works also displayed venues for playing. Many of those works implemented simple movement or toys to indicate play in progress or at rest. Children playing alone were often associated with gardens and domesticity. Within Enlightenment thinking, child play was a central focal point and continued to be so later for Romanticism, which emphasized the relationship between people and nature. Parisian writers in the mid-nineteenth century stressed the creativity derived from playing as well as its social meanings. The ways in which Charles Baudelaire and Manet’s understanding of childhood influenced each other is a significant topic within modern art studies. This essay takes Manet’s solitary child play as its main line of inquiry. It also makes reference to the cultural context of childrearing at the time along with relevant Impressionist works. These works highlighted the bodily and emotional development within children and changes seen in bourgeois domestic spaces
On Goblet Words: Coexistence and Writing in the Zhuangzi
No full text本文嘗試重塑有關《莊子》巵言之研究。近年來，學界大多將巵言視為《莊子》中特殊文體形式，如兩難問題及悖論。本文對於是否能輕易地將這些形式視為巵言存疑，進而試圖論證巵言基本上是簡單形式的言辭，其特色為明確但暫時性的，作用於日常互動與共存上。於此層面，特殊文體形式可謂無用武之地；然而，於探討並進而提倡巵言之時，特殊文體形式便成為不可或缺的一環。正是於此後設之層次─就《莊子》而言，則是寫作之層次─我們發現特殊文體形式之運用。基於結構上之相似度，我們或能將此等文體稱為「巵言」，但同時不應忘記，其乃從屬於與他者共存時所運用之語言。This article attempts to reframe the state of research on the notion of goblet words (zhiyan) in the Zhuangzi. Recent studies predominantly view the notion of zhiyan as referring to peculiar stylistic forms exhibited in the Zhuangzi—forms such as dilemmatic questions and paradoxes. In this article, I question the quick identification of these forms as zhiyan. I argue that zhiyan are essentially definite yet provisional simple-form utterances located on the level of everyday interaction and coexistence. On this level, the peculiar stylistic forms do not play their part. However, such stylistic forms do become indispensable in discussing and recommending zhiyan. It is on this meta-level—for the Zhuangzi, the level of writing—that we find these forms employed. Based on structural similarities, we may stretch the label ‘zhiyan’ to include such forms but should keep in mind that any such extension is secondary to the use of language in coexisting with others
Mind-with-Ti-Yong: the Structure of Zhu Xi’s Learning of Mind-and-Heart
No full text本文旨在說明朱子（朱熹，1130-1200）的道學，或前輩學者所指的全體大用之學，實為一種以體用為構成與運作方式的心學。稱其為心學，意指朱子自有一套修練與窮研心體的學問，而不必與理學對言。研究發現，朱子通過重新詮釋「未發已發」和「心統性情」，提出了「心有體用」的心學結構。氣化而具有主宰能力的心體既以體用為基本結構，其追求終極境界的方式自然不可離乎體用。本文又試圖指出，作為心學的全體大用之學，乃專為學者所設的學聖人之學。由於聖人所至即是，實不必以體用言。為求成聖法天，朱子認為修練工夫必該貫一心之體用與動靜，心體方能相契於道體。在此種理想境界之中，學者必須兼明理氣，從而痌瘝在抱地理會眾生萬物，同時顧及群己物我間的分際。This article argues that Zhu Xi 朱熹was inclined to cultivate himself and conceive of the world through the lens of ti-yong. Some modern scholars even claim that Zhu Xi’s Daoxue should be construed as the learning of Quan-ti Da-yong. In order to develop this argument, this article maintains that Zhu Xi’s learning of Quan-ti Da-yong, a learning of mind-and-heart 心學, entails a structure called mind-with-ti-yong 心有體用. Through enduring meditation on the concept of zhong-he 中和 and of “mind-and-heart governs xing and qing 心統性情,” the latter of which was proposed by Zhang Zai 張載, Zhu Xi finally established the structure of mind-with-ti-yong, the core of his learning of Quan-ti Da-yong. This structure signifies that the way in which mind-and-heart works should align with the mode of ti-yong. Zhu Xi also stressed that ti-yong, as a mode of self-cultivation, was intended for ordinary people, for sages are born to be perfect and have no need for them to cultivate themselves. Despite the differences between ordinary people and sages, ordinary people can still, by illuminating their own mind-and-heart, reach the ultimate mental state of everything-is-one, as same as the sages born to be
Cai Qian Pirate Invasion and the Changes in the Tainan Prefecture Society during the Jiaqing Period of the Qing
No full text清嘉慶年間，臺灣府城的文武要員面對前所未有、從海洋來襲的海盜蔡牽集團侵擾時，積極動員位居城外西側海岸、以商業貿易為主之區域的人力、船隻以及資金，來協助府城的防衛。雖然因為商貿而富裕、卻因位處城外而長期被城內官紳視為身份低下的海口郊民們，藉趁著軍事緊急說服官府，讓他們在很短的時間內修築了一座木城，使得原處城外海口空間得以在形式上納入新的大府城範圍之內。這不只是清代府城空間概念的一次大轉變，也是原本的海口以及新的府城社會整合的開始。影響深遠的還有，郊商面對外在軍事威脅以及築城時的社會動員與經費攤派，在事件平定之後成為社會慣習，這強化了「三郊」的社會整合以及經濟力量。For civil and military officials in Tainan Prefecture, the Jiaqing period of the Qing was unusual. In response to the invasion of Tainan by Cai Qian pirate gang, these officials mobilized manpower, vessels, and funds from Tainan, especially from the wealthy guild merchants inhabited along the coast outside the west side of Tainan city wall. Although these guild merchants had accumulated considerable wealth, their economic strength did not accord with their social status as they were despised by the officials and gentry in the Tainan city. Cai Qian’s invasion created an excellent opportunity for these guild merchants to become city dwellers. In order to defend the pirates, with the official permission, they expanded the city wall to enclose their habitations. This expansion of city area signified a conceptual change in space—the scope of walled area of Tainan prefecture, and also suggested the re-delimitation between the walled and coastal area of Tainan. In addition, these guild merchants’ economic strength increased and thus they became more powerful in the process of social integration after Cai Qian’s invasion. This is because these guild merchants had the legitimacy to mobilize resources from the local society in response to the threat imposed by the pirates, and this practice persisted even after Cai’s invasion. Hence, these guild merchants were empowered