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都市農園蔬菜栽培之適用介質配方
No full text本研究篩選同時適合蔬菜苗期及生長期生長且成本較低的介質配方。以泥炭土(PM)、不同顆粒大小蛭石(V#2&V#3)和真珠石(P#2&P#3)，分別調配成1:1:1、3:1:1四種配方，栽培蕹菜(Ipomoea aquaticaForsk.)、莧菜(Amaranthus mangostanusL.)和葉萵苣(Lactuca sativa L.)三種蔬菜。結果顯示苗期莧菜和生長期蕹菜於介質配方PM:V#2:P#2=3:1:1和PM:V#3:P#3=3:1:1生長表現較佳。因介質比例3:1:1 之EC值和容器容水量高於介質比例1:1:1者，可能較適合生長快速且需水性高的葉菜類，故栽培於介質比例3:1:1之植株表現普遍優於1:1:1，加上介質比例3:1:1成本較低，因此適合作為推廣都市農園建議使用之介質配方
PHO2-dependent degradation of PHO1 modulates phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis
No full textThe Arabidopsis thaliana pho2 mutant, which is defective in a ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme, displays inorganic phosphate
(Pi) toxicity as a result of enhanced uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Pi. To elucidate downstream components of the
PHO2-dependent regulatory pathway, we identified two pho2 suppressors as carrying missense mutations in PHO1, which
has been implicated in Pi loading to the xylem. In support of the genetic interaction between PHO1 and PHO2, we found that
the protein level of PHO1 is increased in pho2, whereas such accumulation is ameliorated in both pho2 suppressors. Results
from cycloheximide and endosomal Cys protease inhibitor E-64d treatments further suggest that PHO1 degradation is PHO2
dependent and involves multivesicular body–mediated vacuolar proteolysis. Using the transient expression system of
tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves, we demonstrated that PHO1 and PHO2 are partially colocalized and physically interact
in the endomembranes, where the ubiquitin conjugase activity of PHO2 is required for PHO1 degradation. In addition, reduced
PHO1 expression caused by PHO1 mutations impede Pi uptake, indicating a functional association between xylem loading
and acquisition of Pi. Together, our findings uncover a pivotal molecular mechanism by which PHO2 modulates the
degradation of PHO1 in the endomembranes to maintain Pi homeostasis in plants
樹木葉片營養成分對臺灣山羌攝食選擇的影響
No full text臺灣山羌廣泛分布於全島平地至高海拔山區，但我們對野生山羌的食物選擇機制瞭解不多。本研究於福山試驗林野生山羌活動頻繁區域，採行投食試驗方式，記錄山羌對35種原生樹木葉片的取食偏好，並經由葉片營養成分分析，探討山羌對不同樹木葉片營養成分的喜好與忌避。福山地區野生山羌喜食非纖維性碳水化合物含量高的葉片，不喜食中洗纖維含量高的葉片，尤其是忌避木質素含量高的樹木葉片。然而少部分低木質素、高非纖維性碳水化合物含量的葉片(例如山豬肝、柏拉木)山羌也完全不取食。葉片投食試驗中有5種殼斗科的葉片，山羌全數不取食，8種樟科葉片
中有6種山羌全數不取食，另2種為少量取食，推測山羌可能不喜食質地堅硬的葉片(例如殼斗科植物)
及富含揮發性精油的葉片(例如樟科植物)。除了葉片營養成分是否容易消化、吸收外，葉片的物理性狀，以及與礦物質、氣味、毒性有關的化學成分，都可能影響山羌對樹木葉片的選擇
When Muskets Join Forces with Katanas: Revisiting the Politics of Hybridity and Female Subjectivity in Pride and Prejudice and Zombies
No full text本文以賽斯‧葛雷恩－史密斯（Seth Grahame-Smith）的混搭小說《傲慢與偏見與殭屍》為出發探討當今西方流行文化對於女性主體所採取的新規訓策略。相較於自由人本主義將自我與它者清楚區分的主體建構模式，當今女性主體建構則以雜揉化為基礎悅納異己，並以此形構自我主體。然而，從後殖民和性別政治的角度來看，以悅納異己作為女性主體培力的策略仍指向了許多問題：如此以西方、白人、中產階級、異性戀價值為中心的雜揉女性主體在尋求培力的過程中是否犧牲了怪物和亞洲它者？該雜揉女性主體成功吸納它者的機制為何？這些它者又是如何被選擇、吸併、以及代現？而這是否指向了一種以「文化雜揉」而非「文化純種性」為中心的新形態規訓策略？本文擬以《傲慢與偏見與殭屍》為出發進一步深化上述問題。文章分為兩部分。第一部份探討好萊塢化、雜揉、與女性主體之間複雜的關聯性與張力。第二部分則藉由探討小說中身體疆界、怪物
化、以及亞洲因素來凸顯雜揉主體政治的限制。This paper takes Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, a mash-up novel by Seth Grahame-Smith, as a point of departure to discuss a new disciplinary mechanism of contemporary female subjectivity in Western popular culture. Contrary to the liberal humanist model of subjectivity constructed by a clear-cut boundary between Self and Other, this new model of female subjectivity adopts the strategy of hybridization that incorporates the Other into its constitution. At first sight, this strategy seems to be subversive of the liberal humanist conception of subjectivity. However, the attempt to adopt hybridization as a strategy for female empowerment still begs the question as to
the political efficacy in terms of gender and postcolonial politics: to what extent is this paradigm of hybrid femininity empowering women, here defined as Western, white,
middle-class, and heterosexual, at the expense of the monstrous and Asian Others? What kind of mechanism is there for this hybrid femininity to successfully incorporate
these Others? And how, exactly, are these Others selected, incorporated, and represented? Does this inclusion point to a new form of domination and cultural imperialism based on “cultural hybridity” instead of “cultural purity”? This paper aims to explore
the above questions by analyzing Seth Grahame-Smith’s Pride and Prejudice
and Zombies. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part explores the vexed
relationship between Hollywoodization, hybridity, and female subjectivity. The second part follows the theoretical discussion and analyzes the limitation of “hybridity” by looking at the interlocking of body boundary, monsterization, and the Asia factor in the novel
An Analysis on Ta-tsu Rights
No full text清國統治時期, 台灣盛行 「一田兩主」 制度,一塊土地同時有大租戶與小租戶兩位地主。文獻上普遍認為, 在大小租制度下, 土地所有權不明確。財產權制度是市場經濟的基礎,若大小租使財產權不明確, 農民投資土地的誘因會下降。本文說明大租的起源, 解釋台灣為何盛行大小租制度,並推論大租比率高的地區是台灣較早開發之地。本文的實証結果發現, 至少在日治初期之前,大租權存在對於財產權之負面影響並不大,並對此一結果提出解釋。During Ch'ing rule, much of Taiwan's land had two owners, ta-tsu (large rent right owners) and hsiao-tsu (small rent right owners). Property rights are essential for economic development, and it is often argued that a land with ta-tsu would be less well-protected. This study explains the origin of Taiwan's ta-tsu rights system, and why it was widespread in Taiwan. We argue that an area with a larger ta-tsu ratio was cultivated earlier. Did the ta-tsu system have a negative effect on agricultural investment? Our analysis shows that the negative effect, if any, was relatively minor. We also propose an explanation for the result
From Making Amends to Making Amendments: The Economy of Re/Degeneration, Vitalism, and Suffrage in Votes for Women!
No full text本文關注 《女性要投票》中 「新女性」對抗維多利亞父權政治層面外，易被忽略的愛德華時代新經濟轉向。 以十九世紀末的偽科學: 衰落論與生機論為切入點， 探討家庭作為維多利亞社會之核心價值， 女性做為 「家中天使」捍衛血親免受 「家道中落」 汙染之形象， 如何終不敵愛德華時期女性作為家中勞動者貢獻核心經濟生產之真相。 除了爭取從齊家到治國的參政權，此劇亦從經濟角度, 探究女主角如何捐棄維多利亞舊時代的通俗劇復仇劇碼，以協商的新經濟計算， 換取不計個人恩怨， 但求群體女性投票權福祉的利益交換。 結論為超越個人彌補，朝向集體法律修正案的正向轉折，突顯新女性藉由生機論振奮而起的新精神，突破父權重重物質宰制，成功爭取生氣與重生。Votes for Women! (1907) by Elizabeth Robins has been known as a stridently political play agitating for women’s suffrage in Edwardian Britain in the early twentieth century. Looking beyond its propagandist aspects, the paper examines the discursive formations of re/degeneration and vitalism, theories which were once influential, but now discredited as pseudo-sciences, hidden beneath the rallying cry and public outcry over whether women should be granted the right to vote, in a bid to explore the new Edwardian turn to economics over the old Victorian politics: how home formerly conceived as a regenerative core of procreation to deter degeneration is actually a center of domestic economic production by woman laborers, rather than angels, in the house; how the Victorian melodrama of a fallen woman’s personal agonies can be transcended and converted, spiritually and economically, into a new reconciliation based on altruistic common good. The transformation of the old to the new is based on an Edwardian economic paradigm of currency and conversion, which helps convert an enormous inheritance fortune into a lasting legacy for the unfortunate, potential wronged woman’s revenge tragedy into conciliatory comedy of alliance and union, and making amends to right old wrongs into making amendments for new rights, all these activated by the vitalist New Spirit of the New Woman from the “ferment of feminism” to “political dynamite,” to battle the bastion of patriarchy
Verifying the Renminbi Exchange Rate Regime
No full text本文使用「狀態空間模型」(State Space Model) 並完整納入中國人民銀行行長周小川揭露的11 種貨幣，研究中國實施匯率機制改革以後的人民幣匯率機制。不論是使用月資料或是日資料，使用瑞士法郎、美元或是特別提款權作為計價標準，使用固定係數模型或是狀態空間模型，本文分析結果都顯示，人民幣通貨籃內的貨幣基本上只有美元。基於此一發現，加上匯改以來，人民幣對美元匯率在多數時間是以緩慢但不一致的速度爬升，而且人民幣對美元匯率的浮動程度一直相當低，我們推論中國實施的其實是「權衡式的爬行釘住美元」 (Discretionary Crawling Peg to the US Dollar) 機制。換言之，中國是以參考一籃子貨幣為名，行人民幣釘住美元之實。就中國面臨的經濟情勢來看，「權衡式的爬行釘住美元」機制應該是最佳選擇。基於中國經濟改革長期以來所遵循的漸進主義精神，可以預見中國實施自由浮動匯率機制，或只是實施有實質意涵的管理浮動匯率制度，應該還需要相當時間。This paper uses state space modeling to investigate the evolution of China’s exchange rate regime after the announced shift to a managed floating exchange rate regime with reference to a basket of currencies in July 2005, considering all the 11 currencies disclosed by Governor Zhou Xiaochuan of the People’s Bank of China as component currencies of the RMB basket. Invariant to the choices of the numeraire and the frequency of data used for investigation, we find that the RMB basket is essentially a one currency basket of the US dollar. In view of this finding and the facts that the exchange rate of USD/RMB has been crawling upward in an on-and-off manner and at a slow yet erratic rate after the regime shift, China’s new exchange rate regime can best be characterized as a discretionary crawling peg to the US dollar. This regime seems to be the optimal and logical choice for China. Since China has been generally following a gradualist approach in economic reform, and the RMB exchange rate regime greatly affects China’s macroeconomic stability, economic growth, and employment; China probably will not soon adopt a managed floating exchange rate
regime, let alone a freely floating exchange rate regime
The Association between Free Cash Flows and Investment Decisions of Family Firms in Taiwan
No full text本文以1998 年至2008 年台灣上市櫃公司為研究對象，探討家族企業對於自由現金流量與投資決策關聯性之影響。大部分實證結果顯示，相較於非家族企業，家族企業的自由現金流量為正時，過度投資現象較小，但當自由現金流量為負時，家族企業投資不足情形則較為嚴重。與過去文獻不同，本文發現當控制權與現金流量權偏離較嚴重時，相較於非家族企業，家族企業的自由現金流量為正時，過度投資現象較小。前述結果也許暗示，就籌措資金的觀點而言，控制權與現金流量權偏離程度可能代表家族企業之融資選擇，而非彰顯控制股東與少數股東利益衝突的嚴重性。This paper investigates how family and non-family firms affect the relation between a firm’s investment decisions and free cash flows. Based on a sample of publicly-traded firms in Taiwan from 1998 to 2008, this paper demonstrates that, compared to non-family firms, family firms show smaller over-investment amount when they have positive free cash flows. However, in the case of negative free cash flows, partial results show that family firms under-invest more, compared to non-family firms. Different from those in prior literature, findings in our study show that, when family firms have positive free cash flows and higher levels of deviation of control rights from cash flow rights, family firms’ over-investment amount is smaller than non-family firms’. Our results imply that the deviation of control rights from cash flow rights may be an indication of a family firm’s funding choice, which in turn affects investment decisions