Scientific publications of the Saarland University
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Sex-Specific Differences in the Revascularization of Grafted Pancreatic Islets
Get PDFIslet transplantation can improve glycemic control in a subset of patients with type 1 dia betes mellitus (T1DM). This therapeutic approach is often limited by scarcity of adequate
donor islets and an insufficient revascularization capacity of grafted islets. Recent findings
reveal that sex is an important determinant for the outcome of islet transplantation. How ever, it is still unknown how the biological sex of islet donors and recipients affects the
revascularization of the grafts during the initial ischemic post-transplantation phase. In this
study, we observed in a mouse dorsal skinfold chamber model a higher revascularization
capacity of female islets transplanted in female or male recipient mice when compared to
male islets transplanted in female or male recipients. To mimic the ischemic in vivo condi tions ex vivo, we subjected isolated female and male islets to oxygen-glucose deprivation.
Under these conditions female islets expressed and secreted significantly more glucagon
(GCG). By a panel of functional angiogenesis assays, we could further demonstrate that
GCG exhibits a strong pro-angiogenic function. This effect was pronounced in blood vessels
as well as endothelial cells and pericytes of female origin due to a higher expression of
GCG receptor. Taken together, these results not only confirm the clinical observation that
transplantation of female islets improves the outcome of islet transplantation but also
indicate that this is mediated by an accelerated GCG-driven islet engraftment
Optimal number of agents in a collective search and when to launch them
Get PDFSearch processes often involve multiple agents that collectively search a randomly located target. While
increasing the number of agents usually decreases the time at which the first agent finds the target, it also
requires resources to create and sustain more agents. In this paper, we raise the question of the optimal timing
for launching multiple agents in a search in order to reach the best compromise between minimizing the
overall search time and minimizing the costs associated with launching and sustaining agents. After introducing
a general formalism for independent agents in which we allow them to be launched at arbitrary times, we
investigate by means of analytical calculations and numerical optimization the optimal launch strategies to
optimize the quantiles of the search cost and its mean. Finally, we compare our results with the case of stochastic
resetting and study the conditions under which it is preferable to launch new searchers rather than resetting the
first one to its initial position
Gait analysis with smart insoles can identify patients at risk of tibial shaft fracture nonunion as early as six weeks after surgery: longitudinal and cross-sectional study
Get PDFBackground: Nonunion, a common and detrimental complication of tibial shaft
fractures, is usually diagnosed via X-ray-based imaging. Unfortunately, it often
takes months of observation until the indication for revision surgery or other
interventions is given, which is why additional methods are desirable to enhance
the ability to predict and prevent nonunion earlier.
Objective: As gait patterns and subjective outcomes obtained by questionnaires
improved during regular fracture healing, the aim of this study was to determine
whether gait analyses with instrumented insoles and patient-reported outcome
measurement information system (PROMIS) questionnaires could be used to
detect patients at risk of developing nonunion during the healing phase after tibial
shaft fracture.
Methods: Data were collected from a longitudinal and a cross-sectional tibial
fracture cohort via gait analysis with instrumented insoles (OpenGO, Moticon
GmbH, Munich, Germany) and in addition via PROMIS questionnaires. The gait
parameters included pressure, temporal, angular velocity and acceleration related parameters. The PROMIS covered the global health, physical function
and pain questionnaires. Comparisons between patients with and without union
were performed at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery.
Results: Six-month postoperative radiographs revealed nonunion in seven of
18 longitudinally assessed patients and in four patients who underwent a single
assessment after nonunion diagnosis. Overall gait patterns, primarily reflected by
temporal and pressure distribution parameters, differed significantly between
patients with and without union from 6 weeks onward. These differences
between union and nonunion patients were detected via gait patterns
significantly earlier than by radiographs or PROMIS questionnaires. In detail,
6 weeks after surgery, 16 out of the 33 gait parameters were significantly
different between the longitudinal union and longitudinal nonunion groups.
Three months after surgery, the center of pressure width (p = 0.022), stride time (p = 0.035), stride frequency (p = 0.008), maximal angular velocity (p = 0.014),
and asymmetry of the maximal angular velocity (p = 0.035) differed significantly
between the longitudinal union and longitudinal nonunion groups.
Conclusion: Gait analysis with instrumented insoles can be used to detect patients
at high risk of developing nonunion of a tibial shaft fracture already 6 weeks
postoperative
Prävalenz und Verteilungsmuster der KIG-Befunde U4, S4 und S5 in einer kieferorthopädischen Fachpraxis aus Tönisvorst / Nordrhein Prevalence and Distribution Patterns of KIG Findings U4, S4 and S5 in an Orthodontic Practice in Toenisvorst / North Rhine
Get PDFHintergrund und Ziel:
Diese retrospektive Studie untersucht die Häufigkeit und geschlechtsspezifische Verteilung von Zahnaplasien, -retentionen und -verlagerungen in einer kieferorthopädischen Praxis aus Tönisvorst, Kreis Viersen, Kammerbezirk Nordrhein. Ziel war es, die Prävalenz der behandlungsbedürftigen Kieferorthopädischen Indikationsgruppen (KIG)-Befunde U4, S4 und S5 über einen langjährigen Zeitraum zu bestimmen sowie die Verteilung in den Kiefern bzw. in den Quadranten und geschlechtsspezifische Besonderheiten zu evaluieren. Zusätzlich sollte ein Fokus auf den jeweiligen Altersgipfel gelegt werden, an dem die PatientInnen zur Erstberatung in die kieferorthopädische Facharztpraxis kamen. Im Vergleich mit der allgemeinen Studienlage soll diskutiert werden, ob die Daten der vorliegenden Studie als repräsentativ gewertet werden können oder spezifische Besonderheiten aufweisen.
Methoden:
In die Studie eingeschlossen wurden 387 gesetzlich versicherte PatientInnen im Alter von 8,34 bis 17,96 Jahren. Diagnostische Grundlage bildeten Orthopantomogramme (OPG), die hinsichtlich der Anomalien überprüft und klassifiziert wurden. Die Daten lagen für U4 über 20 Jahre (Zeitraum 2002-2021) sowie für S4 und S5 über 10 Jahre (Zeitraum 2012-2021) vor und wurden zur Geschlechts- und Altersverteilung statistisch ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse:
KIG U4: Insgesamt wurden bei 181 PatientInnen 225 Aplasien im Oberkiefer und 148 Aplasien im Unterkiefer befundet, wobei bei den meisten ein Zahn (70 PatientInnen) oder zwei Zähne (71 PatientInnen) nicht angelegt waren. Bei den weiblichen Patientinnen war die Anzahl mit einer Nichtanlage gegenüber zwei Nichtanlagen geringfügig größer, bei den männlichen Patienten dagegen etwas geringer. Bei beiden Geschlechtern war die Prävalenz von Aplasien im Oberkiefer größer als im Unterkiefer und isoliert betrachtet im 1. Quadranten größer als im 2. Quadranten, wobei die zahlenmäßigen Unterschiede zwischen den Kiefern bei den weiblichen Patientinnen besonders ausgeprägt sind. Bei den männlichen Patienten hingegen war die Verteilung zwischen den Quadranten ausgewogener. Bei allen PatientInnen und bei beiden Geschlechtern einzeln betrachtet ist die häufigste Aplasie die des seitlichen Schneidezahnes im Oberkiefer, gefolgt von den zweiten Prämolaren des Unterkiefers und den oberen zweiten Prämolaren.
KIG S4 und S5: Über denselben 10-Jahres-Zeitraum war die Prävalenz von Verlagerungen (n=191 bei 130 PatientInnen) deutlich höher als die der Retentionen (bei n=146 bei 76 PatientInnen). Dabei zeigen sich geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede: Retentionen (S4) traten häufiger bei männlichen Patienten auf (m: 55,26%, w: 44,74%), Verlagerungen (S5) wurden hingegen häufiger bei weiblichen Patientinnen (w: 56,15%, m: 43,85%) diagnostiziert. Bei beiden Formen der Durchbruchsstörungen sind die Eckzähne des Oberkiefers am häufigsten betroffen, gefolgt von den zweiten Prämolaren des Oberkiefers und den zweiten Prämolaren des Unterkiefers. Bei der Häufigkeit pro PatientIn (die überwiegende Mehrzahl haben eine Retention bzw. Verlagerung) und dem Verteilungsmuster (Oberkiefer wesentlich öfter betroffen als Unterkiefer) entsprechen sich die Ergebnisse, wobei Retentionen öfter im 1. Quadranten und Verlagerungen öfter im 2. Quadranten befundet wurden. Auffallend ist der Unterschied beim Auftreten von Retentionen der zweiten Molaren: die weiblichen Patientinnen sind nur einmal betroffen, die männlichen Patienten dagegen 13-mal bei gleichmäßiger Quadrantenverteilung.
Insgesamt betrachtet treten Nichtanlagen, Retentionen und Verlagerungen topographisch in überwiegender Mehrzahl an den Übergängen von der primären zu der sekundären sowie von der sekundären zu der tertiären Zahnleiste auf. Die meisten PatientInnen wurden im Alter zwischen 10 und 13 Jahren und somit rechtzeitig zur Erstberatung in der kieferorthopädischen Praxis vorstellig.
Schlussfolgerung:
Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse dieser Praxisstudie mit den bisher in der Literatur beschriebenen Daten verdeutlicht sowohl Übereinstimmungen als auch interessante Besonderheiten hinsichtlich der lokalen Prävalenz und Geschlechtsverteilung von Aplasien, Retentionen und Verlagerungen. Diese Erkenntnisse unterstützen die Notwendigkeit einer frühzeitigen Diagnostik und differenzierten Therapieplanung.Background and Objective:
This retrospective study examines the frequency and gender-specific distribution of tooth aplasia, impaction, and displacement in an orthodontic practice in Tönisvorst, Viersen district, within the North Rhine Chamber jurisdiction. The aim was to determine the prevalence of the orthodontic indication groups (KIG) requiring treatment, specifically U4, S4, and S5, over an extended period, to evaluate their distribution in the jaws and quadrants, and to analyze gender-specific characteristics. Additionally, special attention was given to the peak age at which patients presented for their initial consultation at the orthodontic practice. By comparing the findings with the existing literature, this study aims to assess whether the collected data can be considered representative or if they reveal specific particularities.
Methods:
The study included 387 patients covered by statutory health insurance, aged between 8.34 and 17.96 years. The diagnostic basis consisted of orthopantomograms (OPGs), which were analyzed and classified for anomalies. Data for U4 were collected over a 20-year period (2002–2021), while data for S4 and S5 were available over a 10-year period (2012–2021). The data were statistically evaluated in terms of gender and age distribution.
Results:
KIG U4: A total of 225 cases of aplasia in the maxilla and 148 in the mandible were diagnosed in 181 patients, with most cases involving the absence of either one (70 patients) or two teeth (71 patients). Among female patients, the number of cases with a single missing tooth was slightly higher than those with two missing teeth, whereas among male patients, the opposite trend was observed. In both genders, the prevalence of aplasia was higher in the maxilla than in the mandible, with the first quadrant being more affected than the second quadrant. The numerical differences between the jaws were particularly pronounced in female patients, whereas in male patients, the distribution between quadrants was more balanced. Across all patients and within each gender subgroup, the most common form of aplasia was the absence of the maxillary lateral incisor, followed by the second premolars of the mandible and the second premolars of the maxilla.
KIG S4 and S5: Over the same 10-year period, the prevalence of displacement (n=191 in 130 patients) was significantly higher than that of impaction (n=146 in 76 patients). Gender differences were evident: impactions (S4) were more frequently observed in male patients (m: 55.26%, f: 44.74%), whereas displacements (S5) were more common in female patients (f: 56.15%, m: 43.85%). In both types of eruption disturbances, the maxillary canines were the most frequently affected teeth, followed by the second premolars of the maxilla and the second premolars of the mandible. In terms of frequency per patient (the majority of patients had either an impaction or displacement) and distribution pattern (maxilla significantly more affected than mandible), the findings were consistent. However, impactions were more frequently observed in the first quadrant, whereas displacements were more often found in the second quadrant. A notable difference was observed in the occurrence of impactions of the second molars: female patients were affected only once, while male patients exhibited this anomaly 13 times, with an even distribution across the quadrants.
Overall, agenesis, impactions, and displacements predominantly occurred at the transition zones between the primary and secondary as well as between the secondary and tertiary dental laminae. Most patients presented for their initial orthodontic consultation between the ages of 10 and 13, ensuring timely assessment and intervention.
Conclusion:
The comparison of the results from this practice-based study with previously published data highlights both similarities and noteworthy differences in terms of local prevalence and gender distribution of aplasia, impaction, and displacement. These findings underscore the importance of early diagnosis and individualized treatment planning
A quasi-experimental eye-tracking study investigating the relationship between professional vision and the dispositions for inclusive teaching
Get PDFInclusive education aims to provide equal learning opportunities for all students by addressing their diverse needs. Teachers must identify and respond to the physical and psychological requirements of individual learners to deliver adaptive and differentiated instruction. Professional vision plays a critical role in managing inclusive classrooms, which demands more nuanced approaches than homogeneous groups. This study explores key factors that influence professional vision for inclusive teaching, focusing on pedagogical knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy. Attitudes toward inclusive education influence a teacher's willingness to implement inclusive practices, while self-efficacy reflects confidence in managing diverse classrooms. The study analyzed professional vision among 80 pre-service teachers using eye-tracking technology. Participants were presented with four teaching video vignettes designed to assess student orientation (fixation count and duration), and verbal recognition performance of inclusive events. Predictors included pedagogical knowledge, attitudes toward inclusive education, and self-efficacy beliefs on adaptive teaching. The results showed that attitudes, self-efficacy, and pedagogical knowledge could not significantly predict total fixation duration or fixation count. Similarly, these predictors were unrelated to the verbal recognition performance of critical incidents, even when analyzed at the video level. The study emphasizes the need to enhance teacher training to prepare pre-service teachers to identify critical classroom situations. Such improvements aim to foster professional vision and adaptive teaching strategies in inclusive education
Exploring pantothenate energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporters as a novel antibiotic target
Get PDFAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, largely driven by the misuse of antibiotics. To combat multidrug-resistant pathogens, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. One emerging approach is to target bacterial nutrient acquisition systems, particularly energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporters responsible for vitamin uptake. This study focuses on ECF-FolT2 and ECF-PanT, which mediate folate and pantothenate import, respectively. We identified a selective inhibitor, hit 1, that impairs bacterial growth by blocking these transporters without affecting human cells or unrelated ABC transporters. Biochemical assays, mutagenesis, as well as in vivo and in vitro assays confirmed its specificity and mechanism of action. Inhibition of pantothenate uptake was especially effective in Streptococcus pneumoniae, which depends on external sources for this vitamin. These findings highlight the vulnerability of bacterial vitamin dependency and suggest ECF transporters as promising drug targets. By disrupting nutrient import, this work introduces a novel antimicrobial concept. Such strategies may play a crucial role in overcoming antibiotic resistance.Die antimikrobielle Resistenz ist eine bedeutende globale Gesundheitsbedrohung, die durch den übermäßigen und unsachgemäßen Einsatz von antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffen begünstigt wird. Einsatz von Antibiotika in klinischen und landwirtschaftlichen Bereichen vorangetrieben wird. Resistente Bakterien umgehen Antibiotika durch verschiedene Mechanismen, darunter enzymatischer Abbau, strukturelle Modifikationen, Effluxpumpen und verringerte Membranpermeabilität. Das Aufkommen multiresistenter Erreger wie Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae und Acinetobacter baumannii erfordert neue therapeutische Strategien, darunter ein umsichtiges Antibiotikamanagement, alternative Behandlungen und fortschrittliche Diagnosetools. Vitamine spielen eine entscheidende Rolle sowohl für die menschliche Gesundheit als auch für das Überleben von Bakterien. Bakterien, ähnlich wie der Mensch, synthetisieren entweder Vitamine oder nehmen sie aus ihrer Umgebung auf. Die ATP-bindenden Kassettentransporter (ABC) und die energiegekoppelten Faktortransporter (ECF) erleichtern die Vitaminaufnahme in Bakterien, wobei ECF-FolT2 und ECF-PanT speziell Folat bzw. Pantothenat transportieren. Das Verständnis dieser Transportmechanismen bietet Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung antimikrobieller Wirkstoffe, die auf die Vitaminabhängigkeit von Bakterien abzielen. Diese Studie untersucht die biochemischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften von ECF-Transportern, ihre Rolle im bakteriellen Stoffwechsel und ihr Potenzial als medikamentöse Zielstrukturen. Durch die Aufklärung der molekularen Mechanismen des Vitamintransports trägt diese Forschung zur Entwicklung innovativer therapeutischer Strategien zur Bekämpfung der Antimikrobielle Resistenz bei
Is Hydra Axis Definition a Fluctuation-Based Process Picking Up External Cues?
Get PDFAxis definition plays a key role in the establishment of animal body plans, both in normal
development and regeneration. The cnidarian Hydra can re-establish its simple body plan
when regenerating from a random cell aggregate or a sufficiently small tissue fragment.
At the beginning of regeneration, a hollow cellular spheroid forms, which then undergoes
symmetry breaking and de novo body axis definition. In the past, we have published related
work in a physics journal, which is difficult to read for scientists from other disciplines.
Here, we review our work for readers not so familiar with this type of approach at a level
that requires very little knowledge in mathematics. At the same time, we present a few
aspects of Hydra biology that we believe to be linked to our work. These biological aspects
may be of interest to physicists or members of related disciplines to better understand our
approach. The proposed theoretical model is based on fluctuations of gene expression
that are triggered by mechanical signaling, leading to increasingly large groups of cells
acting in sync. With a single free parameter, the model quantitatively reproduces the
experimentally observed expression pattern of the gene ks1, a marker for ‘head forming
potential’. We observed that Hydra positions its axis as a function of a weak temperature
gradient, but in a non-intuitive way. Supposing that a large fluctuation including ks1
expression is locked to define the head position, the model reproduces this behavior as
well—without further changes. We explain why we believe that the proposed fluctuation based symmetry breaking process agrees well with recent experimental findings where
actin filament organization or anisotropic mechanical stimulation act as axis-positioning
events. The model suggests that the Hydra spheroid exhibits huge sensitivity to external
perturbations that will eventually position the axis
Methods for PDE-based image reconstruction
No full textThis thesis addresses scattered data interpolation and image approximation, focusing on reconstructions via partial differential equations (PDEs). While classical methods like JPEG and JPEG2000 are widely used, PDE-based inpainting often yields better results for images with low to medium texture content. We extend PDE-based approaches by incorporating diverse features - colours, derivatives, and local integrals - into the reconstruction process. Experiments show that these features can reduce the MSE by more than 60% without increasing the data budget. The framework also supports nonlinear operators and features. Since PDE-based methods are computationally demanding, we develop fast inpainting techniques using adaptive finite elements on the CPU, and multigrid solvers on the GPU. The latter enables real-time inpainting of 4K images. Beyond efficiency, we tackle data selection for low-error reconstructions through spatial and tonal optimisation. We propose greedy algorithms for spatial selection and fast solvers for large-scale tonal optimisation problems. We also explore the link between denoising and inpainting, showing their connection through probabilistic theory. Finally, we present perceptual optimisation techniques for Monte Carlo rendering, aiming for blue-noise error distributions that decay under low-pass filtering.Diese Arbeit behandelt die Scattered Data Interpolation und Bildapproximation mit partiellen Differentialgleichungen (PDEs). Klassische Verfahren wie JPEG und JPEG2000 sind verbreitet, doch PDE-basiertes Inpainting liefert oft bessere Ergebnisse bei Bildern mit geringer bis mittlerer Textur. Wir erweitern PDE-Ansätze durch Einbindung von Farben, Ableitungen und lokalen Integralen. Experimente zeigen, dass diese Merkmale den mittleren quadratischen Fehler (MSE) um mehr als 60% senken können – ohne zusätzlichen Datenbedarf. Unser Ansatz unterstützt auch nichtlineare Operatoren. Da PDE-Methoden rechenintensiv sind, entwickeln wir schnelle Inpainting-Techniken mit adaptiven finiten Elementen (CPU) und Mehrgitterlösern für Grafikprozessoren (GPUs). So wird Echtzeit-Inpainting von 4K-Bildern möglich. Zur Fehlerreduktion optimieren wir die Datenauswahl räumlich und tonal. Wir schlagen Greedy-Algorithmen für die räumliche Auswahl und schnelle Löser für große tonale Optimierungsprobleme vor. Zudem etablieren wir einen Zusammenhang zwischen Entrauschen und Inpainting, der auf einer wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Beziehung basiert. Abschließend präsentieren wir perzeptuelle Optimierungstechniken für Monte-Carlo-Rendering mit blauem Rauschen, das unter Tiefpassfilterung abklingt
Retrospective study of the change in age and gender structure of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma using the Saarland Cancer Registry from 1978 to 2017
No full textDas saarländische Krebsregister wurde 1967 gegründet und diente, als eines der ältesten
geführten Krebsregister in Deutschland, lange Zeit als Basis zur epidemiologischen
Beurteilung des Krebsgeschehens. Die der Studie zur Verfügung gestellten Daten stammen
aus dem saarländische Krebsregister. Es wurden alle neu diagnostizierten
Plattenepithelkarzinome der Mundhöhle und des Oropharynx aus den Jahren 1978 bis 2017
erfasst. Es wurde untersucht, ob in Bezug auf die Inzidenz und die
Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit Unterschiede vorlagen abhängig von Entität, Geschlecht,
Altersgruppen, Lokalisation und Tumorstadien. 5266 Fälle konnten in die Studie
eingeschlossen werden.
Männer waren dreimal häufiger von bösartigen Neubildungen betroffen als Frauen. Die
Inzidenz für Mundhöhlen- und Oropharynxkarzinome war im Saarland steigend
(Mundhöhlenkarzinome Regressionskoeffizient 0,181; p<0,001, Oropharynxkarzinome
Regressionskoeffizient 0,174; p<0,001). Die Inzidenzzunahme konnte sowohl für Männer
(Regressionskoeffizient 0,423; p<0,001) als auch Frauen (Regressionskoeffizient 0,314;
p<0,001) beobachtet werden.
Die Inzidenz für junge Erwachsene (18-44-Jahre) war sinkend (Regressionskoeffizient -0,052,
p<0,001). Junge männliche Erwachsene hatten eine Inzidenzabnahme für Mundhöhlen-
(Regressionskoeffizient -0,04; p = 0,011) und Oropharynxkarzinome (Regressionskoeffizient
-0,074; p<0,001) über den Untersuchungszeitraum. Bei jungen Frauen war eine signifikant
steigende Inzidenz der Zungenkarzinome (Regressionskoeffizient 0,009; p = 0,025) von 1978
bis 2017 zu beobachten.
In der größten Altersgruppe der 45-74-Jährigen war eine zunehmende Inzidenz für
Mundhöhlen- (Regressionskoeffizient 0,234; p<0,001) und Oropharynxkarzinome
(Regressionskoeffizient 0,308; p<0,001) zu beobachten. Der Aufwärtstrend wurde für beide
Geschlechter nachgewiesen (Mundhöhlenkarzinome Frauen: Regressionskoeffizient 0,25;
p<0,001, Männer: Regressionskoeffizient 0,17; p = 0,011, Oropharynxkarzinome Frauen:
Regressionskoeffizient 0,22; p<0,001, Männer: Regressionskoeffizient 0,367; p<0,001).
Alter (HR = 1,027, 95 %-KI 1,022-1,031, p<0,001), männliches Geschlecht (HR = 1,373, 95
%-KI 1,234-1,528, p<0,001), Tumorgröße (HR = 1,29, 95 %-KI 1,24-1,342, p<0,001),
Lymphknotenstatus (HR = 1,558, 95 %-KI 1,412-1,719, p<0,001) und Fernmetastasen (HR =
2,553, 95 %-KI 2,058-3,167, p<0,001) hatten eine negative Auswirkung auf das Überleben.
Patienten mit einem Mundhöhlenkarzinom hatten eine höhere Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit
als Patienten mit einem Oropharynxkarzinom (Log-Rank-Test p<0,001). Die steigende Inzidenz der Mundhöhlen- und Oropharynxkarzinome kann durch den
demografischen Wandel und die gute medizinische Versorgung erklärt werden. Die
Bevölkerung in Deutschland altert weiterhin und es ist damit zu rechnen, dass die Inzidenz
zunehmen wird. Zudem ist der Tabak- und Alkoholkonsum in Deutschland im internationalen
Vergleich hoch.
Das Einbeziehen des HPV-Status im Rahmen der Meldung an das Krebsregister wird als
sinnvoll erachtet, um die Inzidenztrends bei jungen Patienten besser einordnen zu können und
um künftig etwaige Vorsorgeuntersuchungen und HPV-Impfkampagnen in die medizinische
Versorgung zu implementieren.The Cancer Registry of Saarland was founded in 1967 and, as one of the oldest cancer
registries in Germany, has for a long time served as the basis for the epidemiological
evaluation of cancer. The provided data for the study came from the Saarland Cancer Registry.
In the period from 1978 to 2017 all newly diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC)
and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) were recorded.
It was investigated whether there were differences in terms of incidence and survival
depending on gender, age group, location and stage. 5266 cases were included in the study.
Men were affected three times more frequently than women. The incidence of squamous cell
carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx were rising in Saarland (OSCC Regression
coefficient 0,181; p<0,001, OPSCC Regression coefficient 0,174; p<0,001). The increase in
incidence was observed for both men (Regression coefficient 0,423; p<0,001) and women
(Regression coefficient 0,314; p<0,001).
The incidence for young adults (18-44 years) was decreasing (Regression coefficient -0,052,
p<0,001). Young male adults had a decrease in incidence for OSCC (Regression coefficient
-0,05; p = 0,011) and OPSCC (Regression coefficient -0,074; p<0,001) over the 40 years. In
young women, there was a significant increase in the incidence of tongue cancer (Regression
coefficient 0,009; p = 0,025) from 1978 to 2017.
An increasing incidence of OSCC (Regression coefficient 0,234; p<0,001) and OPSCC
(Regression coefficient 0,308; p<0,001) was observed in the largest age group of 45-74-year-
olds. The upward trend was demonstrated for both genders (OSCC women: Regression
coefficient 0,25; p<0,001, men: Regression coefficient 0,17; p = 0,011, OPSCC women:
Regression coefficient 0,22; p<0,001, men: Regression coefficient 0,367; p<0,001).
Age (HR = 1,027, 95 %-CI 1,022-1,031, p<0,001), male gender (HR = 1,373, 95 %-CI 1,234-
1,528, p<0,001), tumor size (HR = 1,29, 95 %-CI 1,24-1,342, p<0,001), positive lymph nodes
(HR = 1,558, 95 %-CI 1,412-1,719, p<0,001) and distant metastases (HR = 2,553, 95 %-CI
2,058-3,167, p<0,001) had a negative effect on survival.
Patients with OSCC had a better survival than patients with OPSCC, which can be explained
by the better clinical accessibility (Log-Rank-Test p<0,001).
The rising incidence of OSCC and OPSCC can be explained by demographic change and
relatively good medical care. The population in Germany continues to age and the incidence is expected to increase even more. In addition, tobacco and alcohol consumption in Germany
is high by international comparison.
Including HPV status as part of the cancer registry is considered useful in order to better
classify incidence trends in young patients and to implement any future screening and HPV
vaccination campaigns in medical care
Girls are disciplined and boys rebellious. The influence of implicit gender associations on noticing of disruptive student behavior: an eye-tracking study
Get PDFProfessional vision is an important situation-specific competence for teachers. Particularly for classroom management, a good learning environment requires early recognition of potential disruptions, the correct interpretation of such situations, and fair, appropriate consequences. Group associations can influence perceptual processes and, especially in complex, dynamic situations, (pre-service) teachers risk misinterpreting behavior by following implicit associations rather than actual behaviors. The connection between associations and perceptual processes in the context of professional vision has rarely been investigated. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the implicit gender-specific associations of pre-service teachers and their noticing of disruptions from a female versus a male student. We conducted a randomized repeated measures experiment with N = 62 pre-service teachers, who observed four video vignettes of a virtual classroom with either a female or a male student exhibiting disruptive behavior. Implicit associations were assessed using the implicit association test, while gaze behavior was measured using the eye-tracking method. The results indicated a higher attentional focus on the female student, however, there was no deeper cognitive processing for the female student, which was expected for more inconsistent information according to the continuum model of impression formation. The findings did not demonstrate a direct connection between implicit associations and noticing. In the discussion, we underscore the importance of valid stimulus material and suitable methods for measuring implicit associations, thus providing valuable insights for future research