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Reliable Privacy Risk Testing for AI Systems
No full textThe field of AI systems is quickly evolving. There have been a number of important discoveries and improvements over the last couple of years. One area that has become increasingly important is that of AI risk assessment and testing. Understanding how data leaks from a machine learning model and what can be done to prevent leakage is important for AI systems to comply with regulations such as GDPR. In this thesis, model leakage is assessed using two Membership Inference Attacks: the Likelihood Ratio Attack and the Robust Membership Inference Attack. Robustness for machine learning models can be proven empirically with confidence bands created using these attacks. The primary aim of this work is to investigate cost-effective methods for estimating model robustness, and to examine how assumptions influence the resulting confidence bands. Three methods for creating the confidence bands were tested: Brute Force, Leave-One-Out, and Bootstrapping. The Brute Force method served as a baseline for evaluating the estimations produced by the Leave-One-Out and Bootstrapping methods. When making these estimations certain assumptions about their parameters were made. An analysis was conducted on the impact that the number of shadow models, the size of the model pool, and the inclusion of augmented queries had on the resulting confidence bands. The results suggest that the robustness of both attacks can be estimated fairly accurately, the Likelihood Ratio Attack using Leave-One-Out and the Robust Membership Inference Attack using Bootstrapping. When using Bootstrapping, the model pool should contain approximately three times as many models as those used in the membership attack to achieve optimal results. These findings are preliminary. Several assumptions remain that require further examination, along with potential improvements to the techniques used in this work
XXXV Konferencja z Historii Matematyki, Będlewo 2024 : [XXXV Conference on the History of Mathematics, Będlewo 2024]
No full textPoniższy tekst zawiera informacje o jubileuszowej XXXV Konferencji z Historii Matematyki, która odbyła się w Będlewie w dniach 19–23 maja 2024 roku.This text contains information about XXXV Conferenceon the History of Mathematics, which took place in The MathematicalResearch and Conference Center of the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Będlewo on 19–23 May 2024. Godkänd;2025;Nivå 0;2025-08-06 (u8);Full text license: CC BY</p
All's Eco-Friendly That Ends Eco-Friendly (If Remembered as Such): Memory Processes in Retrospective Judgment of Environmentally Significant Sequences
No full textRetrospective judgments of environmentally significant sequences are biased by recency: sequences ending with an environmentally friendly item are rated as more eco-friendly than otherwise identical sequences with the same item earlier in the list. A corresponding primacy effect is typically absent. This may have applied consequences for how consumers perceive the environmental friendliness of their purchase decisions, for example. The aim of the present investigation was to reach a better understanding of why the recency but not the primacy effect manifests in eco-judgments. We found that the recency effect is just as large when continual distraction takes place between item presentations as when it does not. Moreover, memory for recently presented items was better than that for older items, but a filled retention interval reduced the recency effect in both memory and retrospective judgments. These findings support a memory-based explanation of the recency effect in retrospective judgments and suggest that poor memory of items early in the sequence is the reason why the primacy effect in judgments does not manifest.Validerad;2025;Nivå 2;2025-08-14 (u5);Full text license: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0;</p
Conceptual Modeling of Destress Blasting for a Drift Excavation in Varying Rock Mass Conditions
No full textDeep underground mining increases stress levels around excavations, leading to risks such as rockbursts, sudden, violent rock failures. Predicting rockbursts is still difficult despite technological advances. Destress blasting, used to alleviate these stresses and reduce rockburst damage, can also potentially destabilize mines further. This technique is widely used globally, and therefore, is considered by Swedish mining companies like LKAB, Boliden, and Zinkgruven Mining to manage excavation instability in highly stressed areas. However, the effectiveness of destress blasting remains uncertain, necessitating further research. The objectives of this research are to improve understanding of how destress blasting affects the burst-proneness of excavations, to assess the mechanisms of destress blasting compared to conventional excavation techniques, to evaluate the effectiveness of destress blasting across different rock strength properties, to provide design recommendations for face destress blasting through practical field tests. This study used 3DEC, a three-dimensional distinct element code, to evaluate the effectiveness of destress blasting at a drift face in a deep underground mine. The study first created a numerical model to validate the dynamic loading method designed to simulate blasting. The simulation involved a single borehole model where a sine wave velocity was applied, reached a peak of 5 m/s, and then stabilized. The waveforms around the borehole were consistent and symmetrical, indicating effective application of the dynamic loading. Additionally, the detonation pattern along the borehole axis and the attenuation of velocity waves from the borehole axis were observed, indicating the dynamic loading could be well simulated. This study later created 3DEC models to analyze the effects of destress blasting in an underground drift, focusing on stress changes under varying rock mass conditions. The process began with a static analysis to replicate the in-situ stress conditions of the mine. Following this, destress blasting was dynamically modeled by applying a simplified dynamic load at a crushed zone boundary of simulated blastholes using the FISH coding language. To provide a more accurate representation of the post-peak mechanical responses of rocks, a strain-softening constitutive model was adopted. By adjusting residual strength of rock mass and velocity magnitudes from blasting, it examined the effectiveness of the destress blasting technique. Four distinct models were included, each representing a specific scenario in drift development: where Model 1 simulated conventional excavation without destress blasting, serving as a baseline to understand natural stress redistribution around an unsupported drift; Model 2 incorporated strategically drilled boreholes along the drift face intended to passively release high-stress concentrations without dynamic loading or blasting; Model 3 featured destress blasting simulated with a dynamic loading velocity of 10 m/s; and Model 4 used a higher dynamic loading velocity of 20 m/s to simulate a more intense destress blast. The numerical models effectively simulated destress blasting, providing deep insights into stress redistribution by modeling yielded zones and stress behaviour. This detailed simulation aided in accurately predicting destress blasting outcomes, enhancing mining safety and efficiency. The study confirms that destress blasting is partially effective in redistributing stress and expanding yielded zones around excavation faces, though its impact is highly dependent on rock mass properties and dynamic loading intensity. Conventional excavation could generate stress concentration zones around the excavation face, potentially causing rockbursts, while destress blasting mitigated these risks by using controlled fracturing to redistribute stress more evenly. The effectiveness of destress blasting was evaluated by the size of yielded zones it created, crucial for reducing stress concentrations, with dynamic loading essential for effective stress redistribution around boreholes. The destressing effect of blasting was mostly confined to the central drift area with limited impact beyond the borehole, failing to broadly redistribute stress and leaving boundary zones vulnerable. High stresses near destressed zones could also increase the risk of rockbursts and stability issues. Vertical stress reductions in the roof were notable; however, destress blasting did not iv alleviate horizontal stresses significantly across all models. This indicated its effectiveness in redistributing vertical stresses but not horizontal ones, highlighting a significant limitation of destress drilling as a comprehensive stress management solution. The dynamic load and the brittleness of the rock mass directly affected the size and connectivity of yielded zones, enhancing the scope of destressed areas. To optimize destress blasting, it's critical to monitor yielded zones, and assess stress distribution across the excavation and surrounding rock mass, including vertical and principal stresses. Tailoring blasting techniques to site-specific conditions like rock type, stress levels, and borehole placement is essential for effectiveness. Additionally, placing boreholes strategically, validating models with real-life data, and using 3DEC modeling for its discrete element approach can improve the management of stress concentrations and overall stability in rock excavations.
Grafisk Design som proaktivt hjälpmedel mot Talskräck : En visuell utforskning av hjälpande appar
No full textI följande studie undersöks ämnet talskräck hos unga med särskild inriktning på färgpsykologi och grafisk design. Studien baseras sig på två huvudsakliga frågeställningar: “Vilka visuella medel kan användas för att potentiellt dämpa den ångest högstadieungdomar känner kring talskräck?” samt “Skulle en interaktiv artefakt för åldern 11-12 år med grund i grafisk design och färgpsykolgi eventuellt kunna förebygga utvecklingen av talskräck hos unga?” En workshop genomfördes med elever i femte och sjätte klass, där de ombads fritt rita känslor med valfria färgpennor. En analys av dagens välmåendecentrerade appar utfördes för att identifiera genomgående mönster och designval. Slutligen utfördes även en djupgående litteraturstudie på ämnet. Resultaten från workshopen visade att unga ansåg att kombinationen rosa-gul-lila var den mest roliga och grön-blå den vänligaste. Studier visade att ungdomarna själva efterfrågade en minimalistisk, mörk och mindre skolorienterad app. Detta ledde till utvecklingen av en proaktiv spelapp som kombinerar talövningar med färginteraktioner som positiv feedback. Slutsatsen är att det finns ett behov av vidare forskning gällande kampen mot talskräck hos unga, men att grafisk design och färgpsykologi har en möjlig potential att agera som väsentlig del i ett proaktivt hjälpmedel
CFD Modelling of Gas Cooling for Sustainable Heat Treatment for Drivetrain Components
No full textThis thesis investigates the gas cooling process in low-pressure carburizing (LPC) heat treatment for drivetrain components, with a focus on improving simulation accuracy and process efficiency. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent to analyse gas flow and temperature distribution inside an industrial LPC furnace. Both 2D and 3D models of the heat exchanger were evaluated to determine the most efficient and reliable approach. Validation experiments using velocity and temperature sensors were conducted to support and refine the simulation results. The study found that a 3D heat exchanger model, when calibrated with experimental data, provides a good balance between computational efficiency and accuracy for predicting chamber flow. Detailed analysis of chamber flow, including mesh sensitivity and porous media modelling of structural trays, revealed that localized flow patterns, especially turbulence near chamber doors and support trays which strongly influence cooling rates and temperature uniformity. Thermal simulations showed that flow separation and transient turbulence can cause significant temperature differences between components, raising the risk of deformation. The results demonstrate that careful adjustment of gas flow profiles and quenching duration can enhance temperature uniformity and minimize thermal stresses. Overall, this work provides practical insights for optimizing gas quenching processes, reducing energy use, and improving the dimensional stability of drivetrain components.
Yin & Yang : Filosofiska perspektiv som stöder kompositionella och improvisatoriska praktiker
No full textIntroduction Throughout music history, composers have drawn inspiration from their cultural and spiritual contexts, from Bach's Christian faith to Eastern musicians' reliance on philosophical traditions. This lecture recital explores how the ancient Chinese philosophy of Yin and Yang can enrich both compositional and improvisational practices. The core objective is to enhance artistic expressiveness by utilizing this framework as a lens for musical exploration. The philosophy of Yin and Yang will be applied in two ways during this presentation: firstly, in the compositional process of the selected pieces for the recital, and secondly, through improvisation in the "improvised intermezzos" that bridge the gaps between these pieces. This extended abstract will first delve into the fundamental principles of Yin and Yang, then present the artistic research, and finally, demonstrate how these philosophical concepts are manifested in musical elements. Yin & Yang: Core Principles Yin and Yang describe the interconnected and interdependent nature of seemingly opposite forces in the universe (Yang, 2012). It's a dynamic balance where each aspect contains a seed of the other, illustrating that nothing is purely one or the other. As Fang (2005-2006) notes, these forces "cannot survive without each other, and they complement each other, depend on each other, exist in each other, give birth to each other, and succeed each other at different points in time." This can be likened to the two sides of a coin, distinct yet inseparable. Similarly, sound cannot exist without the contrasting presence of silence. The core principles of Yin and Yang include: - Intermixture: each aspect of Yin contains a seed of Yang, and vice versa, symbolizing the inherent presence of the opposite within every element. - Mutual consuming and supporting: Yin and Yang are in constant flux, increasing and decreasing in relation to each other, yet simultaneously providing mutual support (e.g., activity requires rest). - Transformation: Yin can transform into Yang, and Yang into Yin, reflecting constant change and progression, like the cycle of day and night. - Wholeness and harmony: the ultimate goal is achieving a state of balance and equilibrium between these forces, leading to a natural and healthy state. Philosophically, this concept suggests that there is always something after an end and before a beginning, emphasizing the cyclical and interconnected nature of existence. Artistic research and musical application My artistic research focuses on four piano works: my original composition, "Nocturne Mélancolique, Op. 12," and three transcriptions—Chopin’s Prélude Op. 28, No. 15 ("Raindrop Prélude"), Liszt’s Resignazione S. 187, and Nuages Gris, S. 199. These pieces, performed in the order listed, serve as a canvas for exploring Yin and Yang. The methodological approach involved: Gathering empirical data.Selecting and practicing existing pieces.Creating transcriptions highlighting Yin and Yang aspects.Experimenting with improvising intermezzos between pieces, often creating a contrast to the preceding work.Though the analysis is personal, it systematically aligns with the main philosophical aspects of Yin and Yang. Artistic Results Through the analysis and work with my original composition and the three transcriptions, a crucial realization emerged: Yin and Yang are not merely separate elements within a musical piece, but rather deeply intertwined and often simultaneously present. This extends beyond the broader structure of a composition; it's evident even within individual musical lines. For instance, a passage might feature Yin characteristics in the left hand's accompaniment while the right hand carries a Yang-infused melody. Furthermore, my exploration revealed that even within the separate parts played by the left and right hands, there is almost always a subtle or significant presence of the opposing force. A seemingly "Yin" left-hand part can contain a fleeting "Yang" impulse, and a "Yang" right-hand melody might momentarily soften with "Yin" qualities. This deeper understanding underscores the quote from the introduction: these are truly complementary forces that "give birth to each other, and succeed each other." It highlights the nuanced interplay that creates musical depth and meaning, demonstrating that true balance isn't a static state but a dynamic, constant exchange. A key insight from my improvisations is that musical ideas naturally generate subsequent ideas that are harmoniously connected. This mirrors the philosophical notion that the conclusion of one element invariably marks the beginning of something new. It's much like a wedding ring, where the start and end are indistinguishable. In this same way, Yin and Yang succeed each other across time. This concept became especially clear during the development of my "improvised intermezzos." One idea simply cannot be separated from another, as they are inherently linked and influence each other. This parallels cycles in Chinese philosophy, where, for example, the essential aspects of winter follow spring, and spring then follows summer. Performing all four pieces with these improvised intermezzos created a stronger musical unity among the different works, which led to a more unified experience for me as a performer. Yin & Yang in Musical Elements In the lecture recital I demonstrated how Yin and Yang manifest in various musical parameters: - Dynamics and articulation: Yin embodies softness (pianissimo, legato, gentle phrasing), while Yang represents loudness (forte, staccato, accents, driving rhythms). - Melody and harmony: Yin is reflected in descending, stepwise melodic lines, consonant harmonies, minor keys, and slower tempos, evoking reflection. Yang involves ascending lines, wider leaps, dissonant harmonies, major keys, and faster tempos, conveying activity. - Rhythm and tempo: Yin is characterized by slow tempos, sustained rhythms, and a sense of spaciousness. Yang encompasses fast tempos, complex rhythms, and a sense of urgency. - Texture and density: Yin is expressed through sparse textures, silence, and transparency. Yang is found in dense textures, constant sound, and a feeling of richness. - Form and structure: Yin suggests cyclical forms and gradual development. Yang involves contrasting sections, dramatic shifts, and clear thematic progression. - Timbre and register: Yin can be evoked by lower registers and softer timbres. Yang is associated with higher registers and brighter, more assertive timbres. Conclusion The principle that "white exists within black, and black within white" is fundamental to creating truly meaningful music. Such music, reflective of reality, demands an appreciation of life's dualities—its positive and negative elements—to fully capture its multifaceted nature. As encouraged by Professor Niklas Sivelöv, the aim is to infuse compositions with greater contrast, adding "salt and other ingredients" to the "sugar" for a deeper, more complex flavor. While the understanding of these dualities is inherently within us, expressing them musically requires both conscious effort and can be deepened through an understanding of the Yin and Yang philosophy. References: Fang, T. (2005-2006). From “onion” to “ocean”: Paradox and change in national cultures. International Studies of Management & Organization, 35(4): 71–90. Fang, T. (2012). Yin Yang: A new perspective on Culture. Management and Organization Review, 8(1): 25–50.Introduktion Genom musikhistorien har tonsättare hämtat inspiration från sina kulturella och andliga sammanhang, från Bachs kristna tro till orientaliska musikers förlitande på filosofiska traditioner. Denna föreläsningskonsert utforskar hur den antika kinesiska filosofin om Yin och Yang kan berika både kompositionella och improvisatoriska praktiker. Huvudmålet är att förstärka det konstnärliga uttrycket genom att använda denna filosofi som ett verktyg för musikaliskt utforskande. Yin- och Yang-filosofin kommer att tillämpas på två sätt under denna presentation: först i kompositionsprocessen för de utvalda styckena i konserten, och därefter genom improvisation i de "improviserade mellanspelen" som knyter ihop styckena. Detta utökade abstract kommer först att fördjupa sig i de grundläggande principerna för Yin och Yang, därefter presentera det konstnärliga forskningsarbetet, och slutligen visa hur dessa filosofiska begrepp manifesteras i musikaliska element. Yin & Yang: Grundläggande principer Yin och Yang beskriver den sammanlänkade och ömsesidigt beroende naturen hos till synes motsatta krafter i universum (Yang, 2012). Det är en dynamisk balans där varje aspekt innehåller en gnista av den andra, vilket illustrerar att ingenting är helt det ena eller det andra. Som Fang (2005-2006) noterar kan dessa krafter "inte överleva utan varandra, och de kompletterar varandra, är beroende av varandra, existerar i varandra, föder varandra och avlöser varandra vid olika tidpunkter." Detta kan liknas vid myntets två sidor, distinkta men ändå oskiljaktiga. På samma sätt kan ljud inte existera utan den kontrasterande närvaron av tystnad. De grundläggande principerna för Yin och Yang inkluderar: Ömsesidig närvaro (Intermixture): Varje aspekt av Yin innehåller en gnista av Yang, och vice versa, vilket symboliserar den inneboende närvaron av motsatsen inom varje element. Ömsesidig konsumtion och stöd (Mutual consuming and supporting): Yin och Yang är i konstant flöde, ökar och minskar i förhållande till varandra, men ger samtidigt ömsesidigt stöd (t.ex. kräver aktivitet vila). Transformation (Transformation): Yin kan omvandlas till Yang, och Yang till Yin, vilket återspeglar ständig förändring och utveckling, som cykeln av dag och natt. Helhet och harmoni (Wholeness and harmony): Det yttersta målet är att uppnå ett tillstånd av balans och jämvikt mellan dessa krafter, vilket leder till ett naturligt och hälsosamt tillstånd. Filosofiskt antyder detta koncept att det alltid finns något efter ett slut och före en början, vilket betonar existensens cykliska och sammanlänkade natur. Konstnärligt forskningsarbete och musikalisk tillämpning Mitt konstnärliga forskningsarbete fokuserar på fyra pianoverk: min originalkomposition "Nocturne Mélancolique, Op. 12" och tre transkriptioner – Chopins Prélude Op. 28, nr 15 ("Regndroppspreludiet"), Liszts Resignazione S. 187, och Nuages Gris, S. 199. Dessa stycken, som framfördes i nämnd ordning, fungerar som en duk för att utforska Yin och Yang. Den metodologiska ansatsen innefattade: Insamling av empiriska data. Val och instudering av befintliga stycken.Skapande av transkriptioner som lyfter fram Yin- och Yang-aspekter. Experimenterande med improvisationer mellan styckena, ofta skapande en kontrast till det föregående verket. Även om analysen är personlig, överensstämmer den systematiskt med de viktigaste filosofiska aspekterna av Yin och Yang. Konstnärliga resultat Genom analysen och arbetet med min originalkomposition och de tre transkriptionerna framkom en avgörande insikt: Yin och Yang är inte bara separata element inom ett musikstycke, utan snarare djupt sammanflätade och ofta samtidigt närvarande. Detta sträcker sig bortom en kompositions bredare struktur; det är tydligt även inom individuella musikaliska linjer. Till exempel kan en passage ha Yin-egenskaper i vänsterhandens ackompanjemang medan högerhanden bär en Yang-fylld melodi. Dessutom avslöjade min utforskning att även inom de separata delarna som spelas av vänster och höger hand finns det nästan alltid en subtil eller betydande närvaro av den motsatta kraften. En till synes "Yin"-vänsterhandspart kan innehålla en flyktig "Yang"-impuls, och en "Yang"-högerhandsmelodi kan stundvis mjukna med "Yin"-kvaliteter. Denna djupare förståelse understryker citatet från introduktionen: dessa är verkligen komplementära krafter som "föder varandra och avlöser varandra." Det belyser det nyanserade samspelet som skapar musikaliskt djup och mening, och visar att sann balans inte är ett statiskt tillstånd utan ett dynamiskt, ständigt utbyte. En nyckelinsikt från mina improvisationer är att musikaliska idéer naturligt genererar efterföljande idéer som är harmoniskt sammankopplade. Detta speglar den filosofiska tanken att slutet på ett element ofelbart markerar början på något nytt. Det är ungefär som en vigselring, där början och slutet är oskiljbara. På samma sätt avlöser Yin och Yang varandra över tid. Detta koncept blev särskilt tydligt under utvecklingen av mina "improviserade mellanspel." En idé kan helt enkelt inte separeras från en annan, eftersom de är inneboende länkade och påverkar varandra. Detta parallelliserar cykler i kinesisk filosofi, där till exempel de grundläggande aspekterna av vintern följer våren, och våren sedan följer sommaren. Att framföra alla fyra stycken med dessa improviserade mellanspel skapade en starkare musikalisk enhet mellan de olika verken, vilket ledde till en mer enhetlig upplevelse för mig som utövare. Yin & Yang i musikaliska element I föreläsningskonserten demonstrerade jag hur Yin och Yang manifesteras i olika musikaliska parametrar: - Dynamik och artikulation: Yin förkroppsligar mjukhet (pianissimo, legato, mild frasering), medan Yang representerar ljudstyrka (forte, staccato, accenter, drivande rytmer). - Melodi och harmoni: Yin reflekteras i nedåtgående, stegvisa melodiska linjer, konsonanta harmonier, molltonarter och långsammare tempon, vilket framkallar eftertänksamhet. Yang involverar uppåtgående linjer, bredare språng, dissonanta harmonier, durtonarter och snabbare tempon, vilket förmedlar aktivitet. - Rytm och tempo: Yin kännetecknas av långsamma tempon, uthållna rytmer och en känsla av rymd. Yang omfattar snabba tempon, komplexa rytmer och en känsla av brådska. - Textur och densitet: Yin uttrycks genom glesa texturer, tystnad och transparens. Yang återfinns i täta texturer, konstant ljud och en känsla av fyllighet. - Form och struktur: Yin antyder cykliska former och gradvis utveckling. Yang involverar kontrasterande sektioner, dramatiska skift och tydlig tematisk progression. - Klangfärg och register: Yin kan framkallas av lägre register och mjukare klangfärger. Yang är associerat med högre register och klarare, mer bestämda klangfärger. Slutsats Principen att "vitt existerar inom svart, och svart inom vitt" är grundläggande för att skapa verkligt meningsfull musik. Sådan musik, som reflekterar verkligheten, kräver en uppskattning av livets dualiteter – dess positiva och negativa element – för att fullt ut kunna fånga dess mångfacetterade natur. Som uppmuntrat av professor Niklas Sivelöv är målet att ingjuta kompositioner med större kontrast, att lägga till "salt och andra ingredienser" till "sockret" för en djupare, mer komplex smak. Även om förståelsen för dessa dualiteter finns inom oss, kräver det en medveten ansträngning att uttrycka dem musikaliskt, och denna förståelse kan fördjupas genom insikter från Yin- och Yang-filosofin. Referenser: Fang, T. (2005-2006). From “onion” to “ocean”: Paradox and change in national cultures. International Studies of Management & Organization, 35(4): 71–90. Fang, T. (2012). Yin Yang: A new perspective on Culture. Management and Organization Review, 8(1): 25–50
Legitimitet i påverkansarbete : Medlemmarnas upplevelser av LRF:s lobbyverksamhet i Bryssel inför den gemensamma jordbrukspolitiken efter 2020
No full textThis thesis has explored how members, through elected representatives in the Federation of Swedish Farmers (LRF), perceive the legitimacy of the organization's lobbying activities concerning the reform of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP post-2020). The study is based on six qualitative interviews and uses a theoretical framework combining the theory of organized interests with legitimacy theory, operationalized through input, throughput, and output dimensions. The results indicate that members experience a relatively high degree of legitimacy in LRF’s work, but this perception varies across dimensions. Input legitimacy, which relates to participation and influence, is perceived as limited and largely delegated through trust in the organization’s structure. Throughput legitimacy is the strongest, members have access to formal communication and reporting, even if some content is perceived as technical and difficult to engage with. Output legitimacy is primarily based on symbolic representation and few respondents can cite specific policy outcomes, but LRF’s presence in Brussels is valued as strategically important. The analysis suggests that legitimacy in this context is less about measurable influence or results, and more about structural trust and the perceived competence of the organization. This reflects key findings in research on organized interests, where professional representation can maintain legitimacy despite weak direct member engagement. Ultimately, the thesis concludes that while LRF’s legitimacy is broadly upheld, it is unevenly distributed and depends on continued trust. For longterm legitimacy, the organization may benefit from more inclusive member dialogue and improved feedback mechanisms. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how legitimacy is experienced from within interest organizations operating in complex, transnational political systemsDenna uppsats har undersökt hur medlemmar, genom sina valda representanter i Lantbrukarnas Riksförbund (LRF), uppfattar organisationens legitimitet i dess påverkansarbete kring reformen av EU:s gemensamma jordbrukspolitik (CAP efter 2020). Studien bygger på sex kvalitativa intervjuer och använder ett teoretiskt ramverk som kombinerar teorin om organiserade intressen med legitimitetsteori, operationaliserad genom dimensionerna input, throughput och output. Resultaten visar att medlemmarna upplever en relativt hög grad av legitimitet i LRF:s arbete, men att denna uppfattning varierar mellan de olika dimensionerna. Input-legitimiteten, som rör deltagande och inflytande, upplevs som begränsad och i stor utsträckning delegerad genom förtroende för organisationens uppbyggnad. Throughput-legitimiteten framstår som starkast, medlemmarna har tillgång till formell kommunikation och rapportering, även om innehållet ibland upplevs som tekniskt och svårt att engagera sig i. Output-legitimiteten bygger främst på symbolisk representation; få respondenter kan nämna konkreta politiska resultat, men LRF:s närvaro i Bryssel ses som strategiskt viktig. Analysen visar att legitimitet i detta sammanhang handlar mindre om mätbart inflytande eller konkreta resultat, och mer om strukturellt förtroende och upplevd kompetens hos organisationen. Detta ligger i linje med tidigare forskning om organiserade intressen, där professionell representation kan upprätthålla legitimitet trots svagt direkt medlemsengagemang. Uppsatsen drar slutsatsen att LRF:s legitimitet överlag upprätthålls, men att den är ojämnt fördelad och beroende av ett fortsatt förtroende. För en långsiktigt hållbar legitimitet kan organisationen vinna på att utveckla en mer inkluderande medlemsdialog och förbättrade återkopplingsmekanismer. Studien bidrar till en djupare förståelse för hur legitimitet upplevs inifrån intresseorganisationer som verkar i komplexa, transnationella politiska system
Static aeroelastic analysis : of wind tunnel model with different fidelity level
No full textThis thesis investigates the applicability and performance of two computational tools, ZAERO and ZEUS, for static aeroelastic analysis of aircraft structures. The work was carried out in collaboration with Saab, motivated by the company's ambition to complement its existing high-fidelity analysis tools with more time-efficient methods, without compromising accuracy. A numerical study was conducted using wind tunnel test data as a reference, with a particular focus on wing deformation under varying Mach numbers (M, the ratio of flow velocity to the speed of sound) and angles of attack (, the angle between the aircraft’s reference line and the incoming airflow). Where reference measurements were missing, interpolation techniques were successfully applied and evaluated, especially at . The experimental results confirmed that deformation varies linearly with angle of attack and Mach number in the subsonic regime, with noticeable non-linearities appearing near due to transonic effects. ZAERO, despite employing a simplified linear method, demonstrated unexpectedly good agreement with both wind tunnel and CFD-based results, particularly in predicting the vertical deformation. Analyses at correctly yielded zero deformation due to symmetry. A modal analysis showed that the first nine modes are sufficient to obtain reliable predictions, with three modes dominating the static deformation response. Although the ZEUS analyses were based on a simplified geometry and excluded features like canards and missile tips, they still produced meaningful results. The findings suggest that ZEUS holds significant potential for future use in static aeroelastic prediction, provided that a more refined model setup is implemented. Overall, this work contributes a validated workflow for static aeroelastic analysis using ZAERO and ZEUS, highlights the strengths and limitations of linear aerodynamic methods, and provides guidelines for efficient model development within early design phases
Generative AI and digital resilience: a research agenda
No full textGenerative artificial intelligence (GAI) systems, such as ChatGPT and DALL-E, enable the automatic creation of content that closely resembles human-produced work, allowing for both constructive and potentially harmful applications. This study investigates the impact of GAI on digital resilience in society, focusing on the opportunities and challenges these technologies present. Digital resilience is defined as the capacity to maintain societal functions despite disruptions to or by digital systems. This study draws on a systematic literature review of 164 research articles, with findings categorized into three key perspectives: technology, organization, and governance. Within each perspective, themes for further research are identified. The results highlight the importance of recognizing GAI’s dual nature to both support and threaten digital resilience. To promote secure digitalization, our study calls for more empirical research on the risks associated with GAI applications, transparent artificial intelligence usage, and the establishment of ethical guidelines. The study also advocates for increased interdisciplinary research to ensure that new technologies and resilience can coexist as foundational elements of a resilient, democratic society.Fulltext license: CC BY-NC-ND</p