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Electrochemical Choline Sensing: Biological Context, Electron Transfer Pathways and Practical Design Strategies
No full textCholine is a central metabolite that connects membrane turnover, neurotransmission, and one-carbon metabolism, and its reliable measurement across diverse biological matrices remains a significant analytical challenge. This review brings together biological context, electrochemical mechanisms, and device engineering to define realistic performance targets for choline sensors in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular space, and milk. We examine enzymatic sensor architectures ranging from peroxide-based detection to mediated electron transfer via ferrocene derivatives, quinones, and osmium redox polymers and assess how applied potential, oxygen availability, and film structure shape electron-transfer pathways. Evidence for direct electron transfer with choline oxidase is critically evaluated, with emphasis on the essential controls needed to distinguish true flavin-based communication from peroxide-related artefacts. We also examine bienzymatic formats that allow operation at low or negative bias and discuss strategies for matrix-matched validation, selectivity, drift control, and resistance to fouling. To support reliable translation, we outline reporting standards that include matrix-specific concentration ranges, reference electrode notation, mediator characteristics, selectivity panels, and access to raw electrochemical traces. By connecting biological requirements to mechanistic pathways and practical design considerations, this review provides a coherent framework for developing choline sensors that deliver stable, reproducible performance in real samples
The Foraging Ecology of a Threatened Ecosystem Engineer Translocated to Island Safe Havens
No full textABSTRACT
Describing and quantifying the foraging ecology of wildlife is important for fundamental ecological theory and understanding the roles species play within ecosystems. Further, such information can be applied to help guide conservation actions, such as predictions of ecological outcomes resulting from threatened species translocations aimed at reestablishing self‐sustaining populations and restoring functions to ecosystems. Our study investigated the diet of two populations of Eastern Barred Bandicoots (
Perameles gunnii
, mainland populations) introduced to fox‐free islands (Churchill Island and Phillip Island, southeastern Australia) outside of the species' historical range. Microscopic analysis of faeces revealed that bandicoots exhibit an omnivorous diet, consuming a broad range of invertebrate, plant and fungal material, similar to previous studies of their diet within their natural range. Commonly identified invertebrate taxa included earthworms, beetle adults and larvae, ants, cockroaches, spiders and caterpillars. Notably, crabs were also found in bandicoot diet, indicating the species' ability to adapt to and use coastal (novel) environments. Seasonality was the main factor associated with changes in bandicoot diet at Churchill Island, suggesting that the species is a facultative generalist omnivore that shifts feeding seasonally, likely in relation to variation in food availability. Diet also shifted in response to bandicoot density, likely related to the expansion of the bandicoot population into more diverse habitats across the island. The inherent flexibility of Eastern Barred Bandicoot diet means they are well‐suited for additional conservation translocations although prior assessments of recipient ecosystems are needed.</p
Integrating Handcrafted MLBP and Deep Features Using VGG16 for Face Presentation Attack Detection
No full textIntegrating Handcrafted MLBP and Deep Features Using VGG16 for Face Presentation Attack Detectio
Synthesis and structural dynamics of trifluoromethyl- modified diorganotin bis(benzoates) with skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal geometry
No full textSynthesis and structural dynamics of trifluoromethyl- modified diorganotin bis(benzoates) with skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal geometry</p
Differences in parental factors between parents with and without depression or anxiety issues: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textDifferences in parental factors between parents with and without depression or anxiety issues: A systematic review and meta-analysi
Mental distress and subjective wellbeing in australian parents: A pre-pandemic versus pandemic four-year national survey
No full textMental distress and subjective wellbeing in australian parents: A pre-pandemic versus pandemic four-year national surve
Development of powerful electron-donating group bearing organotellurium(II and IV) derivatives
No full textDevelopment of powerful electron-donating group bearing organotellurium(II and IV) derivatives</p
Optimised decision-making model for vehicle health monitoring system leveraging deep learning algorithm
No full textOptimised decision-making model for vehicle health monitoring system leveraging deep learning algorithm</p
Travel-related importation risk of mpox from Hong Kong to Shenzhen in 2023: A modeling study
No full textTravel-related importation risk of mpox from Hong Kong to Shenzhen in 2023: A modeling stud