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PROCJENA OPASNOSTI OD RUDARSKIH AKTIVNOSTI U PODRUČJU SURGHAR, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
No full textThis study investigates the environmental impacts of coal mining in the Surghar Range, Punjab, Pakistan, with a focus on the contamination of soil and groundwater by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). To evaluate the extent and sources of contamination, 22 soil and 134 water samples were collected and analyzed using standard physicochemical and geochemical methods. This study identified iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) as the primary anthropogenic PTEs, while chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) also appear at elevated levels in some locations. Soil PTE concentrations followed the order: Fe > Zn > Pb > Cr > As. Pollution indices revealed moderate to high levels of contamination, with a pollution load index (PLI) of 1.20 indicating overall moderate pollution. Although the potential ecological risk index (PERI) was relatively low at 18, the concentration levels of certain PTEs exceed internationally recognized thresholds, necessitating environmental remediation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified Fe and Zn as dominant contributors to pollution. Groundwater analysis showed a spatial gradient in water quality: samples near the Indus River were of freshwater quality, while salinity levels increased westward toward the mining zone, with brine-level salinity detected in Tehsil Isa Khel. Water near mining areas exhibited lower pH and higher electrical conductivity (EC), indicative of acid mine drainage and sulfur-rich coal influence. Comparative analysis with global mining regions revealed that mean PTE concentrations in the Surghar Range are significantly higher, emphasizing the need for sustainable mining practices and targeted environmental management strategies to protect soil and water resources.Ova studija istražuje utjecaj eksploatacije ugljena na okoliš na lokaciji Surghar Range, Punjab, Pakistan, s naglaskom na onečišćenje tla i podzemne vode potencijalno toksičnim elementima (PTE). Kako bi se procijenio opseg i definirali izvori onečišćenja, prikupljena su i analizirana 22 uzorka tla i 134 uzorka vode korištenjem standardnih fizičko-kemijskih i geokemijskih metoda. Ova studija identificirala je željezo (Fe), cink (Zn) i olovo (Pb) kao primarne PTE-e koji su posljedica antropogenoga utjecaja, dok se krom (Cr) i arsen (As) također pojavljuju u povišenim koncentracijama na određenim lokacijama. Prema iznosima koncentracija u tlu utvrđen je redoslijed PTE-a: Fe > Zn > Pb > Cr > As. Indeksi onečišćenja otkrili su umjerene do visoke razine onečišćenja, s indeksom opterećenja onečišćenjem (PLI) od 1,20, što upućuje na ukupno umjereno onečišćenje. Iako je indeks potencijalnoga ekološkog rizika (PERI) bio relativno nizak, odnosno 18, koncentracije određenih PTE-a premašile su međunarodno definirane granične vrijednosti upućujući na potrebu sanacije okoliša. Analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) identificirala je Fe i Zn kao dominantne uzročnike onečišćenja. Analiza podzemne vode pokazala je prostornu promjenu kvalitete vode: uzorci u blizini rijeke Ind bili su kvalitete slatke vode, dok su se razine saliniteta povećavale prema zapadu, prema zoni eksploatacije, tako da je u Tehsil Isa Khelu utvrđen salinitet koji odgovara salinitetu slane vode. Voda u blizini rudarskih područja pokazala je niži pH i višu električnu vodljivost (EC), što upućuje na kisele rudničke vode, odnosno utjecaj ugljena bogatoga sumporom. Komparativna analiza s globalnim rudarskim regijama otkrila je kako su prosječne koncentracije PTE-a u Surghar Rangeu znatno više, što naglašava potrebu za provedbom održivih rudarskih praksi i ciljanim strategijama upravljanja okolišem kako bi se zaštitili tlo i vodni resursi
Exploring Abuse of Online Policies and Shopping Through Psychological Reactance Theory
No full textCilj istraživanja je, koristeći teoriju psihološke reaktancije, ispitati utjecaj demografskih karakteristika i orijentacije prema konformizmu na neprimjereno ponašanje potrošača na internetu, uključujući zlouporabu pravila povrata, promocija i neprimljenih artikala. Također, analizira se povezanost učestalosti online kupovine s takvim ponašanjem. Primjenom konfirmatorne faktorske i regresijske analize na uzorku od 244 hrvatska potrošača, istraženo je kako demografski čimbenici (dob, spol, obrazovanje) i sklonost konformizmu utječu na zlouporabu online politika. Rezultati pokazuju da mlađi i obrazovaniji potrošači češće zloupotrebljavaju pravila povrata, promocija i neprimljenih artikala, dok su muškarci skloniji zlouporabi pravila povrata. Orijentacija prema konformizmu negativno je povezana sa zlouporabom pravila povrata i neprimljenih artikala. Jedino zlouporaba pravila promocija pozitivno utječe na učestalost online kupovine. Istraživanje je ograničeno na Hrvatsku i specifične faktore, što otežava generalizaciju rezultata. Unatoč tome, doprinosi literaturi o psihološkoj reaktanciji primjenom u online okruženju, posebno u kontekstu neprimjerenog ponašanja potrošača. Originalnost leži u povezivanju demografskih čimbenika, sklonosti konformizmu i učestalosti online kupovine sa zlouporabom pravila, čime se istražuje slabo pokriveno područje.The aim of the study is to use psychological reactance theory to examine the influence of demographic characteristics and conformity orientation on consumer misbehavior in the online environment, including the abuse of return policies, promotions, and undelivered items. In addition, the study analyzes the relationship between the frequency of online shopping and this behavior. By applying confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis to a sample of 244 Croatian consumers, it examines how demographic factors (age, gender, education) and conformity orientation influence online policy abuse. The results show that younger and more educated consumers are more likely to abuse return policies, promotions and undelivered items, while men are more likely to abuse return policies. Conformity orientation is negatively related to the abuse of return policies and undelivered items. Only the abuse of promotions has a positive effect on the frequency of online shopping. The study is limited to Croatia and specific factors, which makes it difficult to generalize the results. Nevertheless, it contributes to the literature on psychological reactance by applying it to an online environment, especially in the context of consumer misbehavior. The originality of the study lies in the fact that it links demographic factors, conformity orientation and frequency of online shopping to policy misuse, addressing a previously under-researched area
Shift in European-Central Asian Trade Dynamics due to US-EU Sanctions on Russia
No full textOvo istraživanje analizira promjene u trgovinskim obrascima između Europske unije (EU) i zemalja Središnje Azije (CA) — Kazahstana, Kirgistana, Uzbekistana i Armenije — kao odgovor na sankcije SAD-a i EU-a protiv Rusije. Kako sankcije remete tradicionalne tokove trgovine, osobito u naftnoj industriji i poljoprivredi, Središnja Azija postaje ključna alternativa za diversifikaciju i jačanje europskih trgovinskih okvira. Resursima bogati krajolik regije, povijesne veze i blizina Europi predstavljaju prilike za otporne i obostrano korisne ekonomske saveze. Strateška važnost Središnje Azije porasla je kako Europa nastoji smanjiti svoju ovisnost o Rusiji, s fokusom na energetsku sigurnost i održivost. Ipak, postojan utjecaj Rusije komplicira ova potencijalna partnerstva. Istraživanje koristi mješoviti istraživački pristup, kombinirajući kvantitativnu analizu trgovinskih podataka i kvalitativni pregled trgovinskih politika. Identificiraju se prepreke za produbljivanje veza između EU i Središnje Azije, uključujući infrastrukturne nedostatke, regulatornu neusklađenost, političku nestabilnost i društvene nejednakosti. Nalazi naglašavaju potrebu da Europska unija usvoji proaktivan strateški pristup kako bi ublažila rizike i upravljala geopolitičkim složenostima. Istraživanje zaključuje da, iako sankcije predstavljaju neposredne izazove, one također nude dugoročne strateške koristi poticanjem raznovrsnije i otpornije trgovinske mreže, te poziva EU i SAD na aktivno uključivanje u ovo preusmjeravanje kroz napore ekonomske diplomacije, investicije i multilateralnu suradnju, s ciljem izgradnje trgovinske arhitekture koja podržava demokratske vrijednosti, ljudska prava i dugoročnu globalnu ekonomsku održivost.This study examines the evolving trade patterns between the European Union (EU) and four Central Asian (CA) countries—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Armenia—in response to US-EU sanctions on Russia. As sanctions disrupt traditional trade flows, particularly in oil and agriculture, these countries of Central Asia emerge as a crucial alternative for diversifying and strengthening Europe’s trade frameworks. Central Asia’s strategic importance has grown as Europe seeks to reduce its reliance on Russia, focusing on energy security and sustainability. However, the persistent influence of Russia complicates these potential partnerships. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of trade data based on Time Series and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric model that analyzes the relationship between key variables and a qualitative review of trade practices over 2000-2023. The study concludes that while sanctions present immediate challenges, they also offer long-term strategic benefits by fostering a more diversified and resilient trade network. The paper calls for the EU and US to actively engage in this realignment through economic diplomacy efforts, investments, and multilateral cooperation, aiming to build a trade architecture that supports democratic values, human rights, and long-term global economic sustainability
The role of nursing care in recognizing and alleviating anxiety in a patient with post-infarction ventricular septal defect: a case report
No full textThe role of the nurse in the process of early rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular diseases
No full textThe Practice of Adrogation in Late-Medieval Dubrovnik
No full textRad istražuje posvojiteljske prakse u srednjovjekovnom Dubrovniku u kasnom srednjem vijeku predstavljajući raznolike primjere i modalitete posvojenja odraslih osoba (adrogacije). Analizirani dokumenti Kancelarije i Notarijata Državnog arhiva u Dubrovniku, promatrani kroz pravne, društvene i ekonomske aspekte posvojenja, ukazuju na značaj adrogacije u održavanju društvenih struktura i imovinskih prava, osiguravanju nasljedstva, radne snage i socijalne skrbi.Based on entries in the registers Diversa Notariae and Diversa Cancellariae, preserved in the State Archives in Dubrovnik, various examples and modalities of adult adoption (adrogatio) are being examined. This practice, which developed in the antiquity and to
a certain extent survived across European territory through the Middle Ages, was not rare in Dubrovnik either, as it often proved a welcome solution to diverse vital issues.
Adrogation contract defined the terms for creating a new family structure by efficiently satisfying the need for labour force or secured life support in the third age. In cases when the adopters had only female children, by adopting the son-in-law who entered his wife's household (domazet) they were able to secure the continuity of the family and its property. Viewed generally, this practice was of major importance in terms of economic stability and social security of smaller family units, especially nuclear families.
Adrogation candidates were usually recruited among the broader family circle, which contributed to the strengthening of the family ties, and at the same time guaranteed that the adoptee would be a person of confidence. However, adrogation of persons
from the neighbourhood or even foreigners was not uncommon, based on previous acquaintance or some kind of recommendation. Adrogation contracts often point to the influx of Slavs from the hinterland and confirm their lively contacts with the Ragusan community. Adoptive practices thus proved to have been an active factor in the shaping of the ethnic and social picture of medieval Dubrovnik, contributing to its dynamic and heterogeneous structure
Nikola Vitov Gozze in the Light of an Authenticated Business Contract from 1602
No full textU radu se analizira jedan ugovor Nikole Vitova Gučetića koji se čuva u Državnom arhivu u Dubrovniku, a registriran je 23. siječnja 1610., dan prije Gučetićeve smrti. Razmatraju se okolnosti njegova nastanka, raščlanjuje sadržaj spisa i propituju obilježja društvenih veza među dionicima poslovne transakcije. Poslovni spis, zabilježen gotovo kao idiograf, primjer je Gučetićeva dvojezičnog poslovnog izražavanja na hrvatskom i talijanskom jeziku integriranog u jednom dokumentu.The paper analyses the content of a business contract drafted by Nikola Vitov Gozze (Gučetić) in 1602, along with the circumstances underlying its creation and the characteristics of the social connections of the parties involved. Registered on
23 January 1610, the day before his death, the document is today kept in the State Archives in Dubrovnik. This business document, recorded almost as an idiograph, is an example of Gučetić's bilingual business expression in Croatian and Italian integrated in a single document.
The document was registered by notary Luka Primi at the request of Kate, daughter of the late Petar Spagnul. It was authenticated by Nikola's son Vito, in an unusual manner, at the door of the family home, testifying before the notary that the document was written in his father's handwriting and that his father Nikola confirmed the content of the document.
The contract between Kate, daughter of Petar Spagnul, and Nikola Gozze skilfully combined elements of two legal relationships: a bill of exchange of Paul Intriga in Kate's favour for the amount of 340 scudi, in which Nikola appears as the drawee, and
a contract for a commercial loan of 300 scudi with a yield of 6% per annum (eighteen scudi), in which Gozze, in addition to the intermediary role, also has that of a guarantor. The contract lasted at least eight years, from the moment the contract was drawn up in 1602 until its relatively late registration and authentication in 1610, and in all likelihood continued after Gozze's death.
Genealogical analysis has shown that family ties were hidden behind this business transaction, as Kata, daughter of the late Petar Spagnul, was a descendant of the nonnoble branch of the Gozze patrician family through the female line. Kata's mother,
with whom she shared the name, was an illegitimate daughter and only child of Marin Ivanov Gozze, uncle of Nikola Vitov Gozze.
The record of the very last, premortem business and legal act of Nikola Vitov Gozze sheds light, on the one hand, on a hitherto lesser-known dimension of his personality, and on the other hand, points to the value of business documents and the need to
investigate them as a source of knowledge beyond the (too) narrow framework of specialised economic or legal research
Ragusan Students at the University of Bologna in the Eighteenth Century
No full textAnalizom podataka iz objavljenih izvora Sveučilišta u Bologni, arhivskih izvora Državnog arhiva u Dubrovniku i literature, razmatra se profil sedmorice dubrovačkih studenata u Bologni u 18. stoljeću. Prati se utjecaj obrazovanja na njihove karijere i plaću te se oslikavaju obiteljski, prijateljski i znanstveni krugovi kojima pripadaju.Based on the published sources of the University of Bologna, as well as the archival material housed in the State Archives in Dubrovnik and the Dubrovnik Diocese Archive, the article provides data on the students from Dubrovnik who studied at the University of Bologna in the eighteenth century. Each of the seven students is provided with a biographical account with the hitherto unknown details, with emphasis on those related to the studies and their funding. The article comes forward with the conclusions on the social background of the Ragusan students, scholarships granted by the Dubrovnik Republic, choice of academic subject (medicine, law), course of studies and employment. Also, published for the first time are the two student diplomas from the holdings of the Library of the Franciscan Monastery in Dubrovnik
