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Socioemotional life skills needed for high school learners back to school after covid-19 lockdown
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has not been eliminated, but changes over time into different variants such as omicron which is just an indication that COVID-19 is still with us. In South Africa, after learners resumed the face-to-face learning in schools, the Department of Health stated that the coronavirus situation decreased in terms of admitted people, quotidian victims and mortality. Therefore, the wearing of masks for people in public spaces including learners in schools was lifted. This can increase the risk of learners getting infected by the virus. The aim of this study was to discover learners‟ challenges in applying the socio-emotional life skills to deal effectively with the COVID-19 new normal. This study utilised a case study qualitative research approach within the interpretive paradigm. It used purposeful sampling including 42 participants selected within three high schools. Data was gathered through semi-structured individual and focus group interviews and then, thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The findings showed that learners lost interpersonal skills talking to someone face-to-face. They may not be used to changes that were implemented during the COVID-19 lockdown such as keeping social distancing. Some learners do not attend classes which make it difficult for teachers to provide them with support. Furthermore, many learners do not realise the trauma that they went through during COVID-19 lockdown. Therefore, this study emphasised the importance of a School-Based Support Team in a school. The School-Based Support Team identifies and assesses learning barriers and then plans for addressing those barriers for learners to manage the new normal of COVID-19. This study recommends parental involvement to assist teachers to improve support for learners to control the COVID 19 new normal. The CAPS for life orientation would insert a provision for COVID 19 in its curriculum and separate the physical education as a stand alone school subject. The researcher would recommend that a longer period with more participants would shed more light for this research. The researcher also would recommend this study to address other future pandemics of the same nature.The COVID-19 pandemic has not been eliminated, but changes over time into different variants such as omicron which is just an indication that COVID-19 is still with us. In South Africa, after learners resumed the face-to-face learning in schools, the Department of Health stated that the coronavirus situation decreased in terms of admitted people, quotidian victims and mortality. Therefore, the wearing of masks for people in public spaces including learners in schools was lifted. This can increase the risk of learners getting infected by the virus. The aim of this study was to discover learners‟ challenges in applying the socio-emotional life skills to deal effectively with the COVID-19 new normal. This study utilised a case study qualitative research approach within the interpretive paradigm. It used purposeful sampling including 42 participants selected within three high schools. Data was gathered through semi-structured individual and focus group interviews and then, thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The findings showed that learners lost interpersonal skills talking to someone face-to-face. They may not be used to changes that were implemented during the COVID-19 lockdown such as keeping social distancing. Some learners do not attend classes which make it difficult for teachers to provide them with support. Furthermore, many learners do not realise the trauma that they went through during COVID-19 lockdown. Therefore, this study emphasised the importance of a School-Based Support Team in a school. The School-Based Support Team identifies and assesses learning barriers and then plans for addressing those barriers for learners to manage the new normal of COVID-19. This study recommends parental involvement to assist teachers to improve support for learners to control the COVID 19 new normal. The CAPS for life orientation would insert a provision for COVID 19 in its curriculum and separate the physical education as a stand alone school subject. The researcher would recommend that a longer period with more participants would shed more light for this research. The researcher also would recommend this study to address other future pandemics of the same nature.M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)Educational Studie
A critical analysis of executive remuneration in South African company law
No full textSummaries in English, Afrikaans and XhosaThe steady rise of executive remuneration over the last few decades has caused an outcry around the world. The continuous increase is frowned upon mainly because of the observable disconnection between executive remuneration and the performance of their companies, leading to severe social and economic inequality. Many schools of thought have attempted to explain the rationale for this constant increase and how to determine executive remuneration appropriately. Scholars still disagree on which main factors contribute to this continuing rise and what the main determinants of executive remuneration should be. Against this backdrop, this study evaluates South Africa’s jurisprudence on executive remuneration and establishes how far it has managed to address the issue. Through doctrinal and comparative analysis research methods, the study explored the conflicting theories and running debates on executive remuneration to determine whether the regulation of the determination of executive remuneration in South Africa is stringent enough. The study follows the doctrinal research approach to extensively analyse the current law regulating executive remuneration in South Africa. The comparative research method is also employed to analyse how three other jurisdictions, namely, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Australia, regulate executive remuneration to determine whether South Africa meets international standards and to recommend how best the problem of excessive executive remuneration and its effects may be solved. The study shows that the regulation of executive remuneration in South Africa still has numerous shortcomings. Recommendations are made on how to ensure that executive remuneration is properly and sufficiently regulated in a way that enhances and strengthens the relevant provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008.Die geleidelike toename van bestuursvergoeding oor die laaste paar dekades het ’n groot protesaksie veroorsaak regoor die wêreld. Die volgehoue toename word hoofsaaklik afgekeur weens die waarneembare diskonneksie tussen bestuursvergoeding en die prestasie van uitvoerende bestuurders se maatskappye, wat lei tot erge maatskaplike en ekonomiese ongelykheid. Baie denkrigtings het probeer om die rasionaal vir hierdie konstante toename te verduidelik en hoe om bestuursvergoeding toepaslik te bepaal. Kenners stem steeds nie ooreen oor watter hooffaktore bydra tot hierdie voorgesette toename en wat die vernaamste determinante van bestuursvergoeding moet wees nie. Die studie evalueer teen hierdie agtergrond Suid-Afrika se regsgeleerdheid oor bestuursvergoeding en stel vas hoe ver die land gevorder het om hierdie kwessie te hanteer. Die studie verken deur die navorsingsmetodes van doktrinêre en vergelykende ontledings die teenstrydige teorieë en die voortgesette debatte oor bestuursvergoeding om te bepaal of die regulasie van die bepaling van bestuursvergoeding in Suid-Afrika streng genoeg is. Die studie volg die doktrinêre navorsingsmetode om die huidige wetgewing wat bestuursvergoeding in Suid-Afrika reguleer, uitvoerig te ontleed. Die vergelykende navorsingsmetode word ook aangewend om te ontleed hoe drie ander jurisdiksies, naamlik die Verenigde State van Amerika, die Verenigde Koninkryk en Australië, bestuursvergoeding reguleer om te bepaal of Suid-Afrika voldoen aan internasionale standaarde en om aan te beveel hoe om die probleem van oordadige bestuursvergoeding en die gevolge daarvan te troef. Die studie toon dat die regulering van bestuursvergoeding in Suid-Afrika steeds verskeie tekortkomings het. Aanbevelings word gemaak oor hoe om te verseker dat bestuursvergoeding behoorlik en genoegsaam gereguleer word op ’n wyse wat die relevante bepalings in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 bevorder en versterk.Ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwemivuzo yabalawuli kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka edlulileyo kubangele ingxokolo kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kunyuka kwemivuzo kuqhubekayo kuyagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokungahambelani okubonakalayo phakathi kwemivuzo yabalawuli nokusebenza kweenkampani zabo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho umsantsa omkhulu kulingano lwezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Iingcamango ezininzi zizamile ukucacisa isizathu soku kunyuka rhoqo kwemivuzo kunye nendlela yokumisela imivuzo yabalawuli ngokufanelekileyo. Iingcali zophando azivumelani nokuba yeyiphi eyona miba iphambili enegalelo koku kunyuka kwemivuzo kuqhubekayo nokuba zintoni ezona zinto ziphambili ezimela ukuba zenze imivuzo yabalawuli. Ngokwakule meko, olu phando luphonononga inkqubo yomthetho yoMzantsi Afrika malunga nemivuzo yabalawuli kwaye lumilisela ukuba lo mthetho ukwazi kangakanani ukuqubulisana nalo mba. Ngeendlela zophando zohlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwamaxwebhu omthetho, olu phando luphicotha iingcingane eziphikisanayo neengxoxo eziqhubayo malunga nemivuzo yabalawuli ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba ummiselo wokumiselwa kwemivuso yabalawuli eMzantsi Afrika ungqongqo ngokwaneleyo kusini na. Olu phando lulandela indlela yophando lwamaxwebhu omthetho yokuhlalutya ngokubanzi umthetho okhoyo omisela imivuzo yabalawuli eMzantsi Afrika. Indlela yophando oluthelekisayo ikwasetyenziswe ukuhlalutya indlela imithetho yolawulo lwezobulungisa emithathu, oko kukuthi, eyaseUnited States of America, eUnited Kingdom neyaseAustralia, emisela ngayo imivuzo yabalawuli ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba uMzantsi Afrika uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokucebisa indlela engcono ekungasonjululwa ngayo ingxaki yemivuzo egqithisileyo yabalawuli kunye neziphumo zayo. Olu phando lubonisa ukuba ulawulo lwemivuzo yabalawuli eMzantsi Afrika lusenokusilela okuninzi. Kwenziwa iingcebiso malunga nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba imivuzo yabalawuli imiselwa ngokufanelekileyo nangokwaneleyo ngendlela ephucula nephuhlisa imimiselo efanelekileyo yoMthetho weeNkampani 71 ka2008.LL.D.College of La
Telecommunications employees’ experiences of their roles in organisational performance with specific reference to employee engagement : a case study in the Eastern Cape
No full textAbstracts in English, Xhosa and VendaThis study investigates the impact of employee engagement in a telecommunications company in the Eastern Cape on organisational performance. This study focuses on the Eastern Cape, given its distinct socio-economic challenges and the underrepresentation of this region in organisational research, offering unique insights into employee engagement in a developing economy. It aims to understand how meaningfulness, safety, and availability influence employees' psychological presence, which in turn affects their performance and contributes to the overall performance of the organisation. Understanding employee engagement is crucial for improving organisational performance.
The most appropriate method for this study was a qualitative one since it intended to investigate the experiences and social phenomena associated with the subject. A qualitative approach was deemed most appropriate because the investigation was centred on personal experiences. In particular, semi-structured interviews were used in this study to collect detailed data, which were subsequently content analysed to identify themes and patterns. This research was guided by the interpretivist paradigm, which allowed for a nuanced understanding and interpretation of the experiences and viewpoints of the participants. The interpretivist paradigm strongly favours qualitative research methods that use language and visuals rather than numbers to describe events. Face-to-face interviews in semi-structured format were conducted with purposively selected 21 participants (one pre-test, five pilot and 15 main study), and responses were recorded orally and in writing on a predetermined schedule.
Findings from the study indicate that authoritarian and autocratic leadership styles negatively impact employees' psychological presence, meaning, safety, and availability. These styles stifle competence, autonomy, and relatedness, reducing energy and productivity. Processes, regulations, and job design affect psychological safety and meaning, affecting motivation and organisational performance.
The research demonstrates that employee alienation can lead to a decline in psychological presence, manifested as reduced meaningfulness, safety and relatedness. Additionally, alienating conditions can also suppress the motivational levers of competence, autonomy and relatedness, thereby impeding employee engagement and psychological presence. Competence, autonomy and relatedness are the tenets of self-determination theory fostering motivation which, when satisfied, yield enhanced self-motivation and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation. The findings also show that competence is crucial for achieving organisational performance, followed by autonomy and relatedness, which were both rated equally.
Autocratic leadership negatively impacts psychological safety, leading to strategy implementation breakdowns. Trustworthiness is established, but cross-sectional and single-organisation limitations warrant further research for generalizability and causal inferences.Olu phandolwazi luphanda impembelelo yokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi kwindlela esebenza ngayo inkampani yezonxibelelwano, eMpuma Koloni. Olu phandolwazi lugxile eMpuma Koloni, ngenxa yemingeni ecacileyo yoqoqosho lwentlalo kunye nokungamelwa ngokwaneleyo kwalo mmandla kuphando lwamaqumrhu, nto leyo enikeza ulwazi olulodwa malunga nokubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi ekuphuhleni koqoqosho. Lujolise ekuqondeni ukuba ukubaluleka, ukhuseleko, kunye nokufumaneka kunempembelelo enjani kubukho kwabasebenzi emsebenzini wabo ngokwasengqondweni, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kwabo kwaye ibe negalelo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwequmrhu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi ukuphucula ukusebenza kwequmrhu.
Esona sikhokelo sophandolwazi esifanelekileyo kolu phandolwazi ibisesophandontyilazwi kuba sijonge ekuphandeni ngamava kunye neziganeko zentlalo ezinxulumene nalo mxholo. Indlela yophandontyilazwi ibonwe ifanelekile kuba olu phando belugxile kumava omntu. Ngokukodwa, kolu phandolwazi kusetyenziswe udliwanondlebe olucwangciswe mayane ukuqokelela idatha ebanzi, ethe emva koko yahlalutywa ukuchonga imixholo neepatheni. Olu phandolwazi lukhokelwe yindlela yokufumana ubunzulu obungakumbi ngokukhangela amava neengcamango zomxholo othile wezentlalo, ethe yavumela ukuqonda okubanzi nokutolikwa kwamava neembono zabathathinxaxheba. Le ndlela yokufumana ubunzulu obongakumbi ngokukhangela amava neengcamango zomxholo othile wezentlalo ithanda kakhulu ukusebenzisa izikhokelo zophandontyilazwi ezisebenzisa ulwimi nemifanekiso endaweni yamanani ukuchaza iziganeko. Kwenziwe udliwanondlebe lobuso ngobuso ngohlobo olucwangciswe mayane kunye nabathathinxaxheba abangama 21 abakhethwe ngenjongo (uvavanyo lwangaphambi kovavanyo olungundo nomnye, olwangaphambili lolingo nabahlanu kunye nophandolwazi olungunqoqo nabali 15), zaze iimpendulo zarekhodwa ngomlomo nangokubhaliweyo kwisicwangciso senkqubo/ishedyuli eqingqwe kwangaphambili.
Iziphumo zolu phandolwazi zibonisa ukuba uhlobo lobunkokheli lokulawula ngobuzwilakhe nobungqongqo lunempembelelo engalunganga engqondweni yabasebenzi, ekubalulekeni, kukhuseleko, kunye nasekufumanekeni kwabo. Olu hlobo lobunkokheli luthintela ubuchule, ukuzimela, kunye nonxulumano, kunciphise amandla nemveliso yabasebenzi. Iinkqubo, imimiselo, kunye noyilo lomsebenzi zichaphazela ukhuseleko ngokwasengqondweni kunye nokubaluleka, okuchaphazela ukukhuthazeka nokusebenza kwequmrhu.
Olu phandolwazi lubonisa ukuba ukuzibekela bucala kwabasebenzi kunokukhokelela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwengqondo, okubonakaliswa kukuncipha kokubaluleka, ukhuseleko kunye nonxulumano. Ukongeza, iimeko zokuzibekela bucala nazo zinokucinezela amanqanaba enkuthazo yobuchule, ukuzimela kunye nonxulumano, ngaloo ndlela kuthintela ukubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ubuchule, ukuzimela nonxulumano yinxalenye yengcingane yokuzimela ekhuthaza inkuthazo ethi, ukwaneliseka, kuvelisa inkuthazo engakumbi kwaye xa kuthintelwe kukhokelela kwinkuthazo ekwinqanaba elisezantsi. Ezi ziphumo zikwabonisa ukuba ubuchule bubalulekile ekuphunyezweni kwendlela yokusebenza kwequmrhu, bulandelwa kukuzimela nonxulumano, ezithe zombini zahlelwa ngokulinganayo.
Ubunkokheli obungqongqo bunempembelelo engalunganga kukhuseleko ngokwasengqondweni, nto leyo ekhokelela kusilelo ekufezekisweni kwesicwangcisoqhinga. Ukuthembeka kuyasekwa, kodwa imida enqamlezileyo neyequmrhu elilodwa iqinisekisa ukufuneka kophandolwazi olongezelelweyo lokuqikelelwa okubanzi nokunobudlelwana phakathi kukanobangela kunye nesiphumo.Ngudo iyi i ṱoḓisisa masiandoitwa a u dzhenelela ha vhashumi kha khamphani ya vhudavhidzani ha theḽevishini ngei Kapa Vhubvaḓuvha kha kushumele kwa ndangulo. Ngudo iyi yo sedza kha Kapa Vhubvaḓuvha, ro sedza khaedu dzaḽo dzo fhambanaho dza matshilisano na ikonomi na u sa imelelwa ha dzingu iḽi kha ṱhoḓisiso dza ndangulo, zwi tshi ṋetshedza nḓivho dzo khetheaho kha u dzhenelela ha vhashumi kha ikonomi i khou bvelelaho. Ndivho ya ngudo ndi u pfesesa uri u vha na ndivho, tsireledzo, na u vha hone zwi ṱuṱuwedza hani u vha hone ha muhumbulo ha vhashumi, zwine zwa dovha zwa kwama kushumele kwavho na u shela mulenzhe kha kushumele kwoṱhe kwa dzangano. U pfesesa u dzhenelela ha vhashumi ndi zwa ndeme kha u khwinisa kushumele kwa ndangulo.
Ngona yo teaho vhukuma kha ngudo iyi yo vha i ya khwaḽithethivi sa izwi yo vha yo itelwa u ṱoḓisisa tshenzhemo na zwithu zwa matshilisano zwi tshimbilelanaho na thero. Nḓila ya khwaḽithethivi yo dzhiiwa sa yo teaho vhukuma ngauri ṱhoḓisiso yo vha yo sedza kha tshenzhemo dza muthu nga eṱhe. Zwihuluhulu, ho shumiswa inthavhiyu dzo dzudzanywaho nga tshipiḓa kha ngudo iyi u kuvhanganya data yo fhelelaho, ye nga murahu ya senguluswa zwi re ngomu u itela u topola thero na phetheni. Tsenguluso iyi yo vha yo livhiswa kha paradigma ya ṱhalutshedzo, ine ya tendela u pfesesa na ṱhalutshedzo yo ṱanḓavhuwaho ya tshenzhemo na mavhonele a vha dzhenelaho. Paradigma ya ṱhalutshedzo i takalela nga maanḓa ngona dza ṱhoḓisiso dza vhuimo dzine dza shumisa luambo na zwifanyiso nṱhani ha nomboro u ṱalusa zwiitea. Inthavhiyu dza tshifhaṱuwo na tshifhaṱuwo nga tshivhumbeo tsho dzudzanywaho nga tshipiḓa dzo itwa na vhaṱanganedzi vha 21 vho khethiwaho nga ndivho (mulingo muthihi wa phanḓa ha mulingo, ṱhoḓisiso ṱhanu dza u linga na ngudo khulwane dza 15), nahone phindulo dzo rekhodiwa nga mulomo na nga u tou ṅwala kha mbekanyamushumo yo vhewaho hu tshee nga phanḓa.
Mawanwa a bvaho kha ngudo a sumbedza uri zwitaila zwa vhurangaphanḓa ha vhuvhusi na vhuvhusi ha vhuḓilangi zwi kwama nga nḓila i si yavhuḓi u vha hone ha vhashumi ha muhumbulo, ṱhalutshedzo, tsireledzo, na u vha hone. Hezwi zwitaila zwi thivhela vhukoni, vhuḓilangi, na vhushaka, zwi fhungudza maanḓa na u bveledza. Maitele, milayo, na nzudzanyo ya mushumo zwi kwama tsireledzo ya muhumbulo na ṱhalutshedzo, zwi kwama ṱhuṱhuwedzo na kushumele kwa ndangulo. Tsedzuluso i sumbedza uri u ḓiṱalula ha vhashumi zwi nga ita uri hu vhe na u fhungudzea ha u vha hone ha muhumbulo, zwine zwa vhonala sa u fhungudzea ha u vha na ndivho, tsireledzo na vhushaka. Zwiṅwe hafhu, nyimele dzi fhambanyaho dzi nga dovha dza tsikeledza zwiṱuṱuwedzi zwa vhukoni, vhuḓilangi na vhushaka, nga zwenezwo zwa thithisa u dzhenelela ha vhashumi na u vha hone ha muhumbulo. Vhukoni, vhuḓilangi na vhushaka ndi thero dza ṱhiori ya u ḓilanga dzine dza ṱuṱuwedza ṱhuṱhuwedzo ine, musi yo fushea, ya bveledza u ḓiṱuṱuwedza ho khwaṱhaho nahone musi yo thivhelwa i isa kha u fhungudzea ha ṱhuṱhuwedzo. Mawanwa a dovha a sumbedza uri vhukoni ndi ha ndeme kha u swikelela kushumele kwa ndangulo, ha tevhelwa nga vhuḓilangi na vhushaka, zwe zwoṱhe zwa vha zwo linganiswa nga u lingana.
Vhurangaphanḓa ha vhuvhusi ha vhuḓilangi vhu kwama nga nḓila i si yavhuḓi tsireledzo ya muhumbulo, zwine zwa isa kha u fhandekana ha u thomiwa ha tshiṱirathedzhi. U fulufhedzea zwo thomiwa, fhedzi mikano ya zwipiḓa zwo fhambanaho na ya dzangano ḽithihi i ṱoḓa ṱhoḓisiso yo engedzeaho u itela u angaredza na u bveledza zwiitisi.Ph. D. (Management Studies (Operations Management))Operations Managemen
Evaluation of external defects that affect the internal quality of avocado fruit (Persea Americana Mill.) At Tshakhuma fruit market and Tshalovha market in Limpopo Province South Africa
No full textThe study aimed to evaluate the external defects and effects on the internal quality of avocados in the Tshakhuma and Tshalovha markets in the Limpopo province of South Africa. Avocado fruit is highly susceptible to mechanical damage, temperature variations, and poor storage conditions, which directly affect its internal quality, shelf life, and market value. The evaluation utilises quantitative and qualitative methodologies, including surveys, interviews and field observations. Data was collected from market vendors in various parts of the Vhembe District in Tshakhuma and Tshalovha markets. The collected data was evaluated to provide an overview of the existing situation of avocado fruits in the market and identify improvement opportunities. Surveys were conducted using questionnaires to create the relevant data sets. Descriptive statistics were also employed to analyse the socio-demographics of the sellers. Regression analysis was also employed to determine the correlation between external defects and internal quality characteristics of avocados. A sample of 82 participants/sellers were interviewed, 57 from Tshakhuma and 23 from the Tshalovha market. The majority of participants were 91.5% females, and 91.5% were between the ages of 31-90 years old. The majority of the participants (90.2%) of the respondents reached the secondary level of education. Agricultural produce constituted the main items sold in the markets, primarily fruits, vegetables and field crops. The commodities were acquired from their home garden, although some sourced them from small-scale farmers. The findings in this research show that body rot defect affects the internal quality of the avocado. This was based on the external defects observed by the entrepreneurs in the Vhembe District, who indicated that blemishes, discolouration, bruising and physical damages negatively impact the internal quality of an avocado. Findings further suggested that while cold storage maintains the outer color and freshness of the fruit, it will lower such internal characteristics as texture and taste. The evaluation shows that cold storage negatively impacted avocados' taste (internal quality). At the same time, they also positively affect the avocados' external, such as maintaining their colour. Overall, this assessment and information generated advanced knowledge of the Vhembe District and offers guidance to market vendors, agricultural groups, and policymakers to help the industry grow sustainably in the area.M. Sc. (Agriculture (Agriculture and Animal Science))Agriculture and Animal Healt
The impact of governance on foreign direct investment in South Africa
No full textAbstract in English, Sepedi and VendaForeign direct investment (FDI) is crucial for South Africa, contributing significantly to economic growth and helping address key macroeconomic challenges, including inequality, poverty and unemployment. Previous studies have largely concentrated on the macroeconomic determinants of FDI, while governance determinants have received comparatively less attention. This is also the case in the South African context. Considering South Africa’s political history and the heightened levels of corruption and civil and political unrest over the past decade, it is vital to understand how governance factors affect South Africa’s FDI inflows. While previous research primarily examined single aspects of governance, this study bridges the gap by considering six aspects of governance.
This study investigated the impact of governance on FDI inflows into South Africa between 1996 and 2023. The specific research objectives were (i) to provide an understanding of South Africa’s political landscape, (ii) to empirically determine the impact of governance on FDI inflows into South Africa and (iii) to provide policy recommendations based on the findings. To achieve these objectives, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach to cointegration was used as estimation technique. The ARDL bounds test for cointegration was used to determine long-run relationships, and an error correction model (ECM) was estimated from a parametrised ARDL to distinguish long-run dynamics from short-run dynamics. To ensure comprehensiveness, six proxies of governance were used: government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence, rule of law, regulatory quality, control of corruption, and voice and accountability. Accordingly, six estimation equations were specified, each incorporating one governance proxy individually. The findings suggest that the impact of governance on FDI in South Africa is not monolithic since effects and significance vary depending on the proxy considered. Overall, the findings indicate that political stability and absence of violence, regulatory quality, and voice and accountability are the most important governance variables in determining FDI inflows into South Africa. The study recommends urgently prioritising good governance to foster an environment that enhances investor confidence, attracts greater FDI inflows and promotes economic growth.Vhubindudzi ho livhaho ha mashango a nnḓa (FDI) ndi ha ndeme kha Afrika Tshipembe, vhu shelaho mulenzhe nga nḓila khulwane kha nyaluwo ya ikonomi na u thusa u tandulula khaedu dza ndeme dza ikonomi khulwane, hu tshi katelwa u sa lingana, vhushai na vhushayamushumo. Ngudo dzo fhiraho dzo sedza nga maanḓa kha zwiṱuṱuwedzi zwa ikonomi khulwane ya FDI, ngeno zwiṱuṱuwedzi zwa vhuvhusi zwo wana ṱhogomelo ṱhukhu musi zwi tshi vhambedzwa. Hezwi zwi dovha zwa vha zwo ralo kha nyimele ya Afrika Tshipembe. Musi ri tshi sedza ḓivhazwakale ya poḽotiki ya Afrika Tshipembe na zwikalo zwo engedzeaho zwa tshanḓa nguvhoni na khakhathi dza vhadzulapo na dza poḽotiki kha miṅwaha ya fumi yo fhiraho, ndi zwa ndeme u pfesesa uri zwithu zwa vhuvhusi zwi kwama hani u dzhena ha FDI Afrika Tshipembe. Naho ṱhoḓisiso dzo fhiraho dzo ṱolisisa zwihuluhulu sia ḽithihi ḽa vhuvhusi, ngudo iyi i vala tshikhala nga u ṱhogomela masia a ṱahe a vhuvhusi.
Ngudo iyi yo ṱoḓisisa masiandoitwa a vhuvhusi kha u dzhena ha FDI Afrika Tshipembe vhukati ha 1996 na 2023. Zwipikwa zwo khetheaho zwa ṱhoḓisiso zwo vha zwi (i) u ṋetshedza pfeseso ya nyimele ya poḽotiki ya Afrika Tshipembe, (ii) u ṱola nga nḓila ya empiriki masiandoitwa a vhuvhusi kha u dzhena ha FDI Afrika Tshipembe na (iii) u ṋetshedza mbekanyamaitele yo tewaho kha themendelo ya u wana. U itela u swikelela zwipikwa izwi, nḓila ya u linga Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds kha u ṱanganya zwithu zwo fhambanaho yo shumiswa sa thekhiniki ya u anganyelwa. Ndingo ya mikano ya ARDL ya ṱhanganyelo yo shumiswa u ṱola vhushaka ha tshifhinga tshilapfu, na modele wa u lulamisa vhukhakhi (ECM) wo anganyelwa u bva kha ARDL yo pharamathisiwa u itela u fhambanya mvelaphanḓa ya tshifhinga tshilapfu na mvelaphanḓa ya tshifhinga tshipfufhi. U vhona uri hu na u ṱanganelana, ho shumiswa vhuimeleli ha vhuvhusi ha rathi: u shuma zwavhuḓi ha muvhuso, u dzika ha poḽotiki na u sa vha hone ha khakhathi, vhuvhusi ha mulayo, vhuimo ha ndaulo, u langa tshanḓa nguvhoni, na ipfi na vhuḓifhinduleli. Nga zwenezwo, ho ṱalutshedzwa ikhwesheni dza u anganyelwa dza rathi, iṅwe na iṅwe i tshi katela muimeleli muthihi wa vhuvhusi nga eṱhe. Mawanwa a sumbedzisa uri masiandoitwa a vhuvhusi kha FDI Afrika Tshipembe a ḽo vhumbana ḽa vha tshithu tshithihi ngauri masiandoitwa na ndeme zwi a fhambana zwi tshi bva kha muimeleli o sedzwaho. Nga u angaredza, mawanwa a sumbedzisa uri u dzika ha poḽotiki na u sa vha hone ha khakhathi, vhuimo ha ndaulo, na ipfi na vhuḓifhinduleli ndi zwithu zwa ndeme vhukuma zwine zwa fhambana kha vhuvhusi kha u ḓivha u dzhena ha FDI Afrika Tshipembe. Ngudo i themendela u ṱavhanya u vhea phanḓa
vhuvhusi havhuḓi u itela u ṱuṱuwedza vhupo vhune ha khwinisa fulufhelo ḽa vhabindudzi, u kunga u dzhena hu hulwane ha FDI na u ṱuṱuwedza nyaluwo ya ikonomi.Peeletšothwii ya dinagadišele (FDI) e bohlokwa kudu go Afrika Borwa, e na le seabe se segolo go kgolo ya ikonomi le go thuša go šogana le ditlhohlo tše bohlokwa tša makroikonomi, go akaretšwa go se lekalekane, bohloki le tlhokego ya mešomo. Dinyakišišo tša peleng di be di lebeletše kudu go mabaka a makroikonomi ya FDI, mola mabaka a taolo a amogetše šedi ye nnyane ge go bapetšwa. Gape go bjalo le mo maemong a Afrika Borwa. Ge go lebelelwa histori ya Afrika Borwa ya dipolotiki le maemo a oketšegilego a bomenetša le dikgaruru tša setšhaba le tša dipolotiki mo mengwageng ye lesome ya go feta, go bohlokwa go kwešiša ka moo mabaka a taolo a amago letseno la FDI ya Afrika Borwa. Le ge dinyakišišo tša peleng gagolo di sekasekile e tee ya dintlha tša taolo, nyakišišo ye e thiba sekgoba ka go ela hloko dintlha tše tshela tša taolo.
Nyakišiši ye e nyakišišitše khuetšo ya taolo go letseno la FDI ka Afrika Borwa gare ga 1996 le 2023. Maikemišetšo a itšego a nyakišišo e be e le (i) go fa kwešišo ya sebopego sa Afrika Borwa sa dipolotiki, (ii) go laetša go ya ka boitemogelo khuetšo ya taolo godimo ga letseno la FDI ka Afrika Borwa le (iii) go fa ditšhišinyo tša pholisi tšeo di theilwego godimo ga dikutullo. Go fihlelela maikemišetšo a, mokgwa wa go dira diteko wa Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds go kopantšho o šomišitšwe bjalo ka thekniki ya kakanyo. Teko ya magomo (bounds) a ARDL ya kopantšho e šomišitšwe go laetša dikamano tša nako ye telele, le mmotlolo wa phošollo ya diphošo (ECM) e akanyeleditšwe go tšwa go ARDL ye e hlalositšwego (parametrised) go fapanya diphetogo tša nako ye telele go tšwa go diphetogo tša nako ye kopana. Go kgonthiša gore go na le kakaretšo, go šomišitšwe baemedi ba tshela ba taolo: go šoma gabotse ga mmušo, khutšo ya dipolotiki le go se be gona ga dikgaruru, molao, boleng bja taolo, taolo ya bomenetša, le tšeo ya diphetho le boikarabelo. Bjalo, dikakanyo tša tekanyetšo tše tshela di ile tša laetšwa, ye nngwe le ye nngwe e akaretša moemedi wo motee wa taolo. Dikutullo di šišinya gore khuetšo ya taolo go FDI ya Afrika Borwa ga se ye kgolo kudu ka ge ditlamorago le bohlokwa di fapana go ya ka moemedi yo a lebeletšwego. Ka kakaretšo, dikutullo di laetša gore khutšo ya dipolotiki le go se be gona ga dikgaruru, boleng bja taolo, le tšeo ya diphetho le boikarabelo ke mabaka a bohlokwa kudu a puso mo taetšong ya letseno la FDI ka Afrika Borwa. Nyakišišo e šišinya go bea pele taolo ye botse ka pelapela go hlohleletša tikologo yeo e godišago tshepo ya babeeletši, go goketša ditšhišinyo tše kgolo tša FDI le go tšwetša pele kgolo ya ikonomi.M. Com. (Economics)Economic
The effect of rolling speed on strain and strain rate on the bond strength of aluminium during deformation by accumulative roll bonding
No full textVast interest has been directed to the study of the mechanical properties of aluminium during accumulative roll bonding (ARB). Even though this class of material has been attracting extensive attention in its application in ARB, research has revealed that there might be a threshold speed above which an admissible bond is not guaranteed. Due of this revelation, it has been noted that even though the effect of roll speed on material bond quality is undeniable, a definite relationship between roll speed and bond strength of aluminium during accumulative roll bonding does not exist.
Through understanding of the literature and taking into consideration that rolling speed is among the important controlling factors of the roll bonding process, it is important to investigate how the microstructure and bond strength of aluminium during ARB material processing, are affected by the effect of roll speed, i.e., varying strain with varying roll speed. This research, using the application of a developed 2-D model, investigates the relationship and effect of rolling speed on the bond strength of aluminium during deformation by accumulative roll bonding. The success of the research was achieved by studying aluminium’s (1050-H4) grain structure on a nano scale- A scale involving measurable dimensions of less than 100 nano-meters.
Results obtained from the simulated model revealed that, during aluminium material processing, the application of varying speeds has an impact on aluminium’s material grain boundary mobility, grain dislocation, grain mobility and grain atoms. The effect on aluminium’s material properties proportionally impacts the material’s mechanical properties, namely, induced stress, strain, strain rate, elongation, induced force, yield stress and strain rate sensitivity.
The analysis of the above-mentioned mechanical properties revealed that at higher speeds the material grains become smaller, which in turn results in an increase in the material’s ability to withstand stress. The increase in material stress is gradual at lower speeds but steeper at high speeds. The material strain is higher in the first quarter of application and becomes constant over time. This detail is in alignment with the concept that the material strain will achieve a point where higher speeds will not affect the overall properties, validating the phenomenon of material yield strength. As the speed is gradually applied, the elongation of the material stretches over the set surface. This illustrates that the grain size where elongation becomes large is dependent on the approach of the applied speed at which the material is being rolled.
It was further noted that the yield stress mainly increased with decreasing grain size. This was accompanied by dislocation motion to grain boundaries and subsequent dislocation pileups at the grain boundaries. The strain rate sensitivity (SRS), the measurement of how much a material's yield pressure alters when constricted at different speeds, gets enhanced as the material grains get smaller.
The overall results of this research revealed that the effect of speed on the bond strength of aluminium is notable and that the variation in enhancement of material properties during material fabrication by application of accumulative roll bonding is a result of the material’s microstructure grain size, material flow, grain dislocation, grain boundaries, grain mobility and grain curvatures. The discovered knowledge of the relationship between accumulative roll bonding, roller speed and bond strength of aluminium (1050-H4) can be utilized to further enhance component strength in the automobile industry, with emphasis on improving sustainable system operations of internal combustion engines by the application of aluminium with enhanced mechanical properties.M. Sc. (Mechanical Engineering)College of Engineering, Science and Technolog
Using the UTAUT model to explore the adoption of the Academic staff Rating Index at selected South African universities
No full textService quality in research supervision is at the heart of the production of not only credible, informative and transformative research, but also researchers who have depth and enviable research abilities. To ensure quality research supervision, the University of South Africa has developed a real-time evaluation tool, the Academic staff Rating Index (ARI) which is used by postgraduate students to evaluate how they are being supervised throughout their research journey. It is against this background that this qualitative study used the UTAUT model to explore how the adoption of the ARI at selected South African universities impacted the service quality of research supervision as perceived by postgraduate students and supervisors.
The data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 31 postgraduate students and 10 research supervisors at two universities in South Africa. Inductive thematic data analysis was implemented using ATLAS.ti. Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy and Facilitating Conditions were found to have a positive influence on the users’ acceptance and use of the ARI system across gender, age, level or experience, while the role of Social Influence was weak. The ARI was perceived as allowing users to reflect on their conduct in the research process in a simple, straightforward and easily accessible manner. The study found that availability of internet at the campuses was a motivator, and both the students and the supervisors were not concerned about external negativity regarding their acceptance of the ARI system, since they stood to benefit in terms of improved research supervision quality as long their universities put in place the conditions that promoted its use. The study provided pointers for future researchers on the adoption of the ARI and related technologies and an opportunity for the system’s developers to relook at its contents and structure.MCom. (Business Management)Business Managemen
Student support for incarcerated females in an open distance e-learning institution
No full textIn South Africa, higher education is a constitutionally enshrined basic human right and one of the cornerstones for accomplishing the ideals of offenders’ rehabilitation and preparation for life beyond bars. However, acquiring higher education whilst serving a sentence in a correctional centre is compounded by many institutional challenges especially towards incarcerated female students. Framed by the transactional distance theory (TDT), the qualitative study from which this paper emanates, used purposive and snowball sampling to recruit twenty-nine female distance learning students incarcerated at four female correctional centres across three provinces in South Africa. Based on the thematic content analyses of the data, the findings indicate that there is restricted access to learning resources, and that online participation in both learning and assessment is affected by erratic internet connectivity caused by UNISA-DCS hubs (computer laboratories) due to the security-focused nature of the correctional centres. Furthermore, the lack of direct access to the internet, smartphones, or internet‐enabled devices exacerbates the digital marginalisation and exclusion of incarcerated students which engenders feelings of despondency against a system that is meant to empower them. Thus, owing to these findings, the paper recommends that practitioners, researchers, and policymakers must endeavour to design not only inclusive, but correctional centre-friendly student support. This entails acknowledging that incarcerated students do not have 24/7 access to the internet, the technological gadgets that make online learning possible and some incarcerated students having limited digital literacy. There is a need to design learning policies and strategies that are flexible to enhance the learning experiences and graduateness of incarcerated students.PsychologyThe study did not receive any funding
Social work services for adolescents from families with absent fathers
No full textAdolescents' social and psychological development, including their sense of self, are adversely impacted when a father figure is lacking. This study sought to gain an in-depth understanding of social work services rendered to adolescents from families with absent fathers. A qualitative methodology was utilised. Data were collected employing focus group discussions with social workers rendering services to adolescents, aided by open-ended questions. Tesch’s eight steps were employed to analyse data while Lincoln and Guba’s model was applied for data verification. Social workers face numerous challenges when providing services to adolescents. The challenges identified encompass limited office space, political influences, and obstacles to effective mediation, each of which underscores the need for enhanced managerial support to ensure optimal service delivery. Despite receiving support from their families, adolescents often blame themselves for their fathers' disengagement. Given the complexity of adolescents’ challenges, various stakeholders should integrate services to develop a responsive sustainable intervention to support adolescents and their families
Promoting women’s empowerment and sustainable development through accessible and affordable childcare in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
No full textAbstract in English, Sesotho, Xhosa and AmharicWomen’s empowerment is a key tool for the realisation of sustainable development. One of the challenges that affect women’s empowerment is their disproportionate share of childcare responsibility. Unequal responsibilities affect all women. Educated, economically and politically active women, and school attending girls have to balance unequal household demands with demands made by their activities outside the household. There is lack of accessible and affordable childcare services even in urban areas of Africa, including Ethiopia. The primary objective of this research was to describe the role of childcare services in enhancing women’s empowerment and hence sustainable development. To achieve the objective, the study followed a qualitative research design and employed a qualitative approach. The primary data consisted of qualitative information collected simultaneously through interviews, focus groups, case studies, and observations. Specifically, the data collection process involved conducting 44 interviews, facilitating 4 focus group discussions with a total of 32 participants, and compiling 4 case studies featuring pertinent individuals. The secondary data were gathered through literature and document reviews. As the literature showed, the provision of affordable and quality childcare is a key enabling factor for women to balance childcare and employment, thus promoting women’s empowerment and sustainable development. The findings indicated that childcare responsibility is one of the most important factors that adversely affect labour market participation and education attainment of women. In balancing childcare and employment, working mothers were often labelled as poor performers. They made painful sacrifices and in extreme cases resigned from paid jobs and terminated their further education. In 2023, only 546 day care facilities were available in Addis Ababa, of which 58% were public day care centres. Therefore, they were not accessible to majority of mothers, who were not public servants. Also, the profit-oriented private day care centres were found to be less accessible and affordable to most households. Based on the findings, the study advocates for improved childcare services to enhance women's empowerment and gender equality. Key strategies include establishing community-based centres, promoting flexible services, improving public day care quality, and encouraging equitable sharing of childcare responsibilities among men and families for sustainable development.Ho matlafatsa basadi ke sesebediswa sa bohlokwa bakeng sa ho phethahatsa tswelopele e tsitsitseng. E nngwe ya diqholotso tse amang ho matlafatsa basadi ke karolo ya bona e sa lekanyetswang ya boikarabello ba tlhokomelo ya bana. Boikarabello bo sa lekanang bo ama basadi bohle. Basadi ba rutehileng, moruong le dipolotiking, le banana ba kenang sekolo ba tlameha ho leka-lekanya ditlhoko tse sa lekanyetswang tsa malapa le tse etswang ke mesebetsi ya bona kantle ho lelapa. Ho na le kgaello ya ditshebeletso tsa tlhokomelo ya bana tse fihlellehang le tse theko e tlase esita le dibakeng tsa ditoropo tsa Afrika, ho kenyeletswa Ethiopia. Sepheo se seholo sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho hlalosa karolo ya ditshebeletso tsa tlhokomelo ya bana ho matlafatsa matla a basadi le ka ho ba le tswelopele e tsitsitseng. Ho fihlela sepheo, phuputso e ile ya latela moralo wa dipatlisiso tsa boleng mme ya sebedisa mokgwa wa boleng. Datha ya mantlha e ne e na le tlhahisoleseding ya boleng e bokelletsweng ka nako e le nngwe ka dipuisano, dihlopha tse tsepamisitseng maikutlo, diphuputso le ditebello. Haholo-holo, tshebetso ya pokello ya datha e ne e kenyelletsa ho etsa dipuisano tse 44, ho tsamaisa dipuisano tsa dihlopha tse nne tse nang le kakaretso ya bankakarolo ba 32, le ho hlophisa dithuto tse nne tse nang le batho ba amehang. Datha ya bobedi e ile ya bokellwa ka ditlhahlobo tsa dingodilweng le ditokomane. Jwaloka ha dingodilweng di bontshitse, ho fana ka tlhokomelo ya bana e theko e tlase le ya boleng bo botle ke ntho e ka sehloohong e nolofalletsang basali ho leka-lekanya tlhokomelo ya bana le mosebetsi, kahoo ho kgothalletswa ho matlafatsa basadi le tswelopele e tsitsitseng. Diphuputso di bontshitse hore boikarabello ba tlhokomelo ya bana ke e nngwe ya dintlha tsa bohlokwa ka ho fetisisa tse amang ho nka karolo ha mmaraka wa basebetsi le ho fumana thuto ho basadi. Ha ho leka-lekanywa tlhokomelo ya bana le mosebetsi, bo-mme ba sebetsang hangata ba ne ba bitswa batho ba sa sebetseng hantle. Ba ile ba etsa dihlabelo tse bohloko mme maemong a feteletseng ba itokolla mesebetsing e lefuwang mme ba kgaotsa thuto ya bona e eketsehileng. Ka 2023, ke ditsi tsa tlhokomelo ya bana tse 546 feela tse neng di fumaneha Addis Ababa, tseo 58% ya tsona e neng e le ditsi tsa setjhaba tsa tlhokomelo ya bana. Ka hona, di ne di sa fihlellehe ho bo-mme ba bangata, bao e neng e se basebeletsi ba setjhaba. Hape, ditsi tsa tlhokomelo ya bana tsa poraefete tse sekametseng ho phaello di ile tsa fumanwa di sa fihlellehe ka bobebe ebile di sa fumanehe habonolo ho malapa a mangata. Ho ipapisitswe le diphumano, boithuto bona bo buella ditshebeletso tse ntlafaditsweng tsa tlhokomelo ya bana ho matlafatsa matlafatso ya basadi le tekano ya bong. Maano a bohlokwa a kenyelletsa ho theha ditsi tsa setjhaba, ho kgothaletsa ditshebeletso tse feto-fetohang, ho ntlafatsa boleng ba tlhokomelo ya setjhaba, le ho kgothaletsa ho arolelana ka ho lekana boikarabello ba tlhokomelo ya bana hara banna le malapa bakeng sa ntshetsopele e tsitsitseng.Ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini sisixhobo esingundoqo ekufezekisweni kophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Eminye yemicelimingeni echapahazela ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini kukungalingani kokwabiwa koxanduva lonakekelo lwabantwana. Ukungalingani kwemisebenzi kuchaphazela bonke abasetyhini. Abasetyhini abafundileyo nabathatha inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho nopolitiko, namantombazana ahamba isikolo kufuneka benze ngokulinganayo iimfuno zasemakhaya kunye neemfuno zemisebenzi yabo engaphandle kwasekhayani. Kukho unqongophalo lweenkonzo zonakekelo lwabantwana ezifikelelekayo nakwindawo ezisezidolophini eAfrika, kubandakanya iEthiopia. Injongo ephambili yolu phando yayikukuchaza indima yeenkonzo zonakekelo lwabantwana ekuphuculeni ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini kwanokuphucula uphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Ukuphumeza injongo, uphando lulandele uyilo lophando olunenkcaza nobunjani kunye nendlela yophando echazayo. Iinkcukacha zophando zokuqala zaziqulathe ulwazi oluchazyo oluqokelelwe ngaxeshanye ngodliwanondlebe, amaqela ekujoliswe kuwo, uphando ngokuthile kunye nokuqwalasela. Ngokukodwa, inkqubo yoqokelelo lweenkcukacha zophando/zedatha kwabandakanya ukwenza udliwanondlebe olunga44, ukuququzelela iingxoxo zamaqela ekujoliswe kuwo ngenani labathathinxaxheba abangama32, kunye nokuqulunqa uphando ngezinto ezithile ezi4 kubonisa abantu abaphathelelayo. Iinkcukacha zophando ezisekelayo zaqokelelwa ngophengululo loncwadi namaxwebhu. Njengoko uncwadi lubonisa, ukubonelelwa ngeenkonzo zonakekelo lwabantwana ezifikelelekayo nezisemgangathweni ngumba ophambili wokwenza kube lula kwabasetyhini ukulinganisa ngokufanayo kunakeke lwabantwana nomsebenzi, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthazwa ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba uxanduva lokunakekela abantwana ngomnye wemiba ebaluleke kakhulu echaphazela kakubi intathonxaxheba kwimarike yezemisebenzi nokufunyanwa kwemfundo ngabasetyhini. Ukwenza ngokulinganayo unakekelo lwabantwana nomsebenzi, oomama abasebenzayo babesoloko betyatyekwa ngokuba ngabantu abangenzi kakuhle. Benza ukuzinikela okubuhlungu kwaye kwiimeko ezingaphaya kwamandla balahla kwimisebenzi ehlawulayo baze bayeka nokuqhubela phambili izifundo zabo. Ngonyaka wama2023, ngamaziko enkulisa angama546 kuphela ayefumaneka eAddis Ababa, angama58 eepesenti ayengamaziko karhulumente. Ngoko ke, ayengafikeleleki kuninzi loomama, ababengengomagosa karhulumente. Ngokunjalo, amaziko enkulisa abucala enza ingeniso afumaniseka efikeleleka nganeno kumakhaya amaninzi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwezi ziphumo, uphando lumele uphuculo lweenkonzo zokunakekela abantwana ukuphucula ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini nokulingana ngesini. Izicwangcisoqhinga eziphambili ziquka ukusekwa kwamaziko oluntu, ukukhuthazwa kweenkozo ezinokuguquka, ukuphuculwa kweenkulisa ezisemgangathweni nokukhuthaza nokwabelana ngokulinganayo ngomsebenzi wonakekelo lwabantwana phakathi kwamadoda neentsapho ukwenza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.ሴቶችን ማብቃት ሇዘሊቂ ሌማት መረጋገጥ ቁሌፍ መሳሪያ ነው፡፡ ሴቶች እንዲይበቁ ተግዲሮት ከሚሆኑባቸው ጉዲዮች መካከሌ አንደና ዋናው ያሌተመጣጠነና ከሌክ ያሇፇ የህፃናት እንክብካቤ ኃሊፉነት ነው፡፡ ይህ ያሌተመጣጠነ የኃሊፉነት ጫና ሁለም ሴቶች ሊይ ተፅእኖ ያሇው ሲሆን፤ በተሇይ የተማሩ ሴቶች፣ በአንፃራዊነት የተሻሇ ኢኮኖሚያዊና ፖሇቲካዊ ተሳትፎ ያሊቸውን ሴቶች እንዱሁም በትምህርት ሊይ ያለ ሌጃገረድችን የበሇጠ ይጐዲቸዋሌ፡፡ ይህም የቤት ውስጥ የህፃናት እንክብካቤ ኃሊፉነታቸውን ከቤት ውጭ ካለባቸው ኃሊፉነቶች ጋር አጣጥመው መሄዴ ግዴ ይሊቸዋሌ፡፡ በተጨማሪም በቂ፣ ተዯራሽና የቤተሰብን የመክፇሌ አቅምን ያማከሇ የሕፃናት ማቆያ ማእከሊት ኢትዮጵያን ጨምሮ በአፍሪካ ከተሞች አሇመኖራቸው ችግሩን ያባብሰዋሌ፡፡ የዚህ ጥናት ዋና አሊማ የህፃናት ማቆያ ማእከሊት ሚና ሇሴቶች መብቃትና ሇዘሊቂ ሌማት መረጋገጥ ያሇውን ሚና መዲሰስ ነው፡፡ የጥናቱን አሊማ ሇማሳካት አይነታዊ የምርምር ዱዛይንና አቀራረብ ጥቅም ሊይ ውሎሌ ፡፡ የመጀመሪያ ዯረጃ መረጃዎች የተሰበሰቡት በ44 ቃሇመጠይቆች፣ 32 ግሇሰቦች በተሳተፈበት 4 የአትኩሮት ቡዴን ውይይቶች፣ የ4 ግሇሰቦችን የሕይወት ሌምዴ በሚዲስስ 4 ኬዝ ስተዱ እንዱሁም በምሌከታ ዘዳዎች ነበር፡፡ የሁሇተኛ ዯረጃ መረጃዎችን ሇመሰብሰብ ዯግሞ የተሇያዩ የተዛማጅ ስነጽሁፍ ግምገማና ላልች ሰነድች ዲሰሳ ተዯርጓሌ፡፡ የስነ-ጽሁፍ ዲሰሳው እንዲሳየው አቅምን ያማከሇና ጥራት ያሇው የሕፃናት ማቆያ አቅርቦት ሴቶች ገቢ ማስገኛ ስራቸውንና የሕፃናት እንክብካቤ ኃሊፉነታቸውን አጣጥመው በማስኬዴ ሇሴቶች መብቃትና ተሳትፎአቸውን በማሳዯግ ሇዘሊቂ ሌማት አዎንታዊ አስተዋፅኦ እንዱኖራቸው አስቻይ ሁኔታን የሚፇጥር መሆኑን አረጋግጧሌ፡፡ የጥናቱ ግኝቶች እንዲመሇከቱት በሴቶች ከገቢ ማስገኛ ስራና በትምህርት ተሳትፎአቸው ሊይ አለታዊ ተፅእኖ ከሚፇጥሩ ጉዲዮች መካከሌ ዋነኛው ያሌተመጣጠነና ከሌክ ያሇፇ የህፃናት እንክብካቤ ኃሊፉነታቸው መሆኑን አረጋግጧሌ፡፡ ተቀጥረው የሚሰሩ እናቶች የሕፃናት እንክብካቤ ኃሊፉነታቸው በሚፇጥርባቸው ጫና በስራቸው ሊይ ዝቅተኛ አፇፃፀም እንዲሊቸውና ሇሥራው ብቁ እንዲሌሆኑ ተዯርገው ይፇረጃለ፡፡በዚህ ኃሊፉነታቸው የተነሳ የእንቅሌፍ እና የዕረፍት ጊዜያቸውን ጭምር መስዋእት ሇማዴረግ ይገዯዲለ፡፡ ከዚህ ሲብስ ዯግሞ ስራቸውን እስከ ማቆምና ትምህርታቸውን እስከማቋረጥ የዯረሱበት ሁኔታ እንዲሇም አሳይቷሌ፡፡ በተጨማሪም የ2ዏ23 መረጃ እንዯሚያሳየው በአዱስ አበባ ከተማ ያለት የሕፃናት የቀን ማቆያ ማዕከሊት 546 ብቻ ሲሆኑ፤ ከዚህ ውስጥ 58 በመቶ ያህለ በመንግስት ተቋማት ሇሚሰሩ ሰራተኞች በየተቋማቱ የተቋቋሙ በመሆናቸው ከመንግስት ሥራ ውጭ ሇሆኑት እናቶች ተዯራሽ እንዲሌሆኑ ታውቋሌ ፡፡ ሇትርፍ የተቋቋሙት የግሌ ሴክተሩ የሕፃናት ማቆያ ማዕከሊት ዯግሞ በቂ አቅርቦት የላሊቸው ከመሆኑም ባሻገር ከአብዛኛው ቤተሰብ የመክፇሌ አቅም ጋር የማይጣጣሙና ውዴ ናቸው፡፡ በጥናቱ ግኝት መሠረት ሴቶችን በማብቃት የስርአተ-ጾታ እኩሌነትን እና ዘሊቂ ሌማትን ሇማረጋገጥ ተዯራሽና የአብዛኛውን ቤተሰብ አቅም ያገናዘበ የሕፃናት የማቆያ ማዕከሊት በበቂ ሁኔታ ሉኖር እንዯሚገባ ምክረሃሳብ ቀርቧሌ፡፡ ሇዚህም መንግስታዊና ማህበረሰብ-አቀፍ የሕፃናት ማቆያ ማእከሊትን ማቋቋም፤ የመንግስት ተቋማት የሕፃናት ማቆያ ማዕከሊትን የአገሌግሌግልት አሰጣጥ ጥራት ማሻሻሌ፤ እንዲስፇሊጊነቱ ተሇዋዋጭ አገሌግልት የሚሰጡ (ፍላክሲብሌ) ወይም ባሇብዙ አማራጭ የማቆያ ማእከሊትን ማስፊፊት፤ በቤተሰብ አባሊት መካከሌ ፍትሃዊ የሆነ የሕፃናት እንክብካቤ ኃሊፉነት እንዱኖር በተሇይ ወንዴ የቤተሰብ አባሊት እኩሌ ዴርሻ እንዱኖራቸው ማበረታታት፤ ሴቶችን በማብቃትና ተሳትፎአቸውን በማሳዯግ ሇዘሊቂ ሌማት መረጋገጥ ያሇውን ጉሌህ አስተዋፅኦ አሳይቷሌ፡፡D. Phil. (Development Studies)Development Studie