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Engaging the evil forces in the spirit realm : a theology of spiritual warfare in African Neo-Pentecostal spirituality
Get PDFPrayer is traditionally used as a way of communicating with God and giving petitions to Him. However, within African neo-Pentecostal spirituality, prayer is more than communication and petitions; it is a way of addressing the evil forces in the spiritual realm. This is informed by the link that African neo-Pentecostals make between life challenges and evil forces in the spirit realm. In other words, problems such as diseases, sicknesses, miscarriages, misfortune, curses, and others are seen as coming from the spirit realm and as being caused by evil spirits. Surprisingly, even problems of unemployment, visa application, poverty, and inequality are linked to the evil forces in the spirit realm by some African neo-Pentecostals. Previous studies have addressed this phenomenon within the context of African neo-Pentecostal spirituality. What is new in this article is the development of a theology of spiritual warfare within the African neo-Pentecostal spirituality. This article argued that not every situation emanates from the spirit realm. Some challenges have a human element of incompetencies, greed, corruption, and so forth. The study is a literature review on spiritual warfare. The study makes a new contribution to the Pentecostal theology of spiritual warfare by paying attention to other life challenges that are not linked to evil forces. This changes how Pentecostal scholars and theologians study the concept of spiritual warfare, there is a need for considering other causative factors in life situations. It is recommended here that a Pentecostal theology of spiritual warfare should holistically look at life rather than always perceiving all life challenges as emanating from the spirit realm.Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiolog
Growth performance and methane emission of lambs supplemented with hydroponic barley fodder
Get PDFText in EnglishThe demand for natural resources like water, grazing pastures and land for conventional green fodder production continues to rise, causing the livestock industry to be vulnerable. As a result, it is ideal to find alternative agricultural techniques to produce ample amounts and quality of forage for livestock production. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing the hydroponic barley fodder sprouts on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and methane emission of Meat-master lambs. In total, 21 male meat-master lambs aged between 3 - 4 months, with an initial body weight of 23.1 ± 1.8 kg were used for this study. Before the experiment, animals were vaccinated for endo, and ecto-parasites and placed for 14 days of quarantine. After that, they were randomly divided into three equal groups; each group had seven lambs. The lambs in the first group (T1) were fed E. curvula hay (basal diet), those in the second group (T2) were fed the diet with grass hay plus 25% of hydroponic barley fodder sprouts and those of the third group (T3), were fed the diet that consisted of grass hay plus 50% of hydroponic barley fodder sprouts. Barley grains were washed and soaked for 30 minutes in sodium hypochlorite solution. After that, the seeds were then soaked in tap water overnight. The following morning, the seeds were transferred to the sprouting trays and manually irrigated with tap water three times a day, using a knapsack sprayer until harvested on day eight. All the animals had access to 300 g of concentrate mixture once a day and clean water ad libitum throughout the study. They were adapted to experimental diets for seven days. Then, the animals were subjected to a growth study for 61 days; from there, they adapted to faecal bags for five days and another five days for nutrient digestibility. The experimental period was 71 days. On day 52 of the growth study, four animals were randomly selected per treatment for methane detection for nine consecutive days using a laser methane detector (LMD). It was observed that the supplementation of hydroponic barley fodder sprouts had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the growth performance of the animals. The inclusion of sprouted fodder increased feed intake by 42.26 g/day and 114.71 g/day, higher than the animals in T1. Valerate was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by the supplementation of sprouted fodder. The supplementation of hydroponic barley fodder sprouts significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the production level of NH3-N and methane emission per the unit of dry matter intake of the animals. The 50% inclusion level of hydroponic barley fodder sprouts can be adopted as supplementary fodder in lamb’s diet since it enhanced the growth performance and reduced methane emission. However, further studies are required to evaluate other parameters such as carcass characteristics and validate the adoption of hydroponic barley fodder sprouts as a supplement for optimal animal performance.M. Sc. (Agriculture)Agriculture and Animal Healt
Erratum: Exact rotating black hole solutions for f(R) gravity by modified Newman Janis algorithm
Get PDFThe role of transformational leadership in students’ academic performance : a case study in the Sidama Region of Ethiopia
Get PDFThe study investigated how transformational school leadership affects students' academic
performance in the Sidama Region of Ethiopia. Burns, Bass, and Leithwood Kenneth's
transformational leadership theories and the development of the transformational leadership
model in the context of education served as the foundation for the study's theoretical
framework. The study was methodically planned using the pragmatic research paradigm with
a convergent parallel mixed research design. This rigorous approach ensured comprehensive
findings related to the research questions and objectives.
The study's target population was 5956 teachers and 95 principals of public secondary schools
in the Sidama region of Ethiopia. Three hundred sixty-two teachers and 91 principals from 24
public secondary schools participated in the survey, which was conducted using an acceptable
sampling technique. Twenty teachers and ten principals took part in the qualitative phase. The
subjects were selected using a purposive sampling technique, ensuring a diverse and
representative sample for the study. The data collection process was robust, with a modified
questionnaire based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) used in the
quantitative phase and an open-ended semi-structured interview administered in the qualitative
phase. This meticulous design and rigorous data collection process instill confidence in the
validity of the study's findings. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze
the gathered data. A pre-test and expert opinion were considered to guarantee the validity of
the instruments. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the instrument's reliability; the result was
a coefficient value of 0.93.
While the qualitative data was presented verbatim, the analyzed quantitative data was displayed
in tables and figures. The study found that principals in varying ranges understand and practice
transformational leadership behaviors in their respective schools. The study additionally found
that the principal's transformational leadership practices strongly and dramatically impact
students' academic achievement. The linear multiple regression of principals’ perception
revealed that changes in the principal transformational leadership practice account for 69.9%
of the student's academic performance variation. The results, with a correlation value of r =.827
(p<.01) based on principals' perception and r=0.779 (p<.01) based on teachers’ perception,
indicated that the principal's transformational leadership practice positively impacts the
student's academic performance. The research additionally demonstrated that principals in
higher-performing schools exhibit transformational leadership behaviors more often than in
lower-performing ones.Ph. D. (Education)Educational Studie
South African clinical and counselling psychologists’ training, experience, perceived competence, and confidence in practising affirmatively with sexually diverse people
Get PDFAbstract in English, Afrikaans and IsiZuluFollowing the launch of the Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA) practice
guidelines for psychological professionals working with sexually and gender-diverse people
(PsySSA, 2017), a need was identified to benchmark and track the progress of affirmative
practices. My study focused on assessing the training, experience, confidence, and perceived
competence of clinical and counselling psychologists working with sexually diverse people.
Data were collected as part of a larger transnational project, of which I am a member,
focusing on the role of psychology guidelines regarding mental health access and the
treatment of sexually and gender-diverse individuals. One phase of the transnational project
comprised an online internet survey with mental health professionals. My final sample of 201
clinical and counselling psychologists working with sexually diverse people was skewed to
larger urban areas, white, female, cisgender, and heterosexual respondents in their midforties,
working in the private health sector, whilst over a fifth of the respondents identified as
sexually diverse. The sample’s confidence and perceived competence scored higher relative
to similar samples in the USA. Confidence and perceived competence were correlated with
personal and professional experience, involvement in continued professional development
activities, and familiarity with the PsySSA practice guidelines. Although increasing in recent
years, half of the respondents indicated that they had not been exposed to LGBT+-focused
activities during their graduate studies. With 15% of their case load being LGBT+ clients or
patients, practitioners have engaged in substantial professional development activities and
showed great interest in continued learning in the field. Sexually diverse respondents reported
being significantly more confident and competent; had more contact, professional experience,
and familiarity with the PsySSA guidelines; and had engaged in more professional
development activities than their heterosexual counterparts. Based on the research results, a
total of 16 recommendations were made to inform education, training, research, advocacy,
and policy development efforts to continue improving competence in affirmative practice
with sexually diverse people. This included increased training and supervision, to have more
focus on advocacy skills, certain themes from the PsySSA guidelines, and the application of
knowledge when working with sexually diverse clients or patients.Ná die bekendstelling van die Sielkundige Vereniging van Suid-Afrika (PsySSA) se
praktykriglyne vir sielkundige professionele persone wat met seksueel- en geslagsdiverse
mense werk (PsySSA, 2017), is ’n behoefte geïdentifiseer om die vordering van regstellende
praktyke te meet en na te gaan. My studie het gefokus op die assessering van die opleiding,
ervaring, selfvertroue en waargenome bevoegdheid van kliniese en voorligtingsielkundiges
wat met seksueel diverse mense werk. Data is ingesamel as deel van ’n groter transnasionale
projek waarvan ek ’n lid is, wat fokus op die rol van sielkunderiglyne rakende toegang tot
geestesgesondheid en die behandeling van seksueel- en geslagsdiverse individue. Een fase
van die transnasionale projek het ’n aanlyn internetopname met geestesgesondheidswerkers
behels. My finale steekproef van 201 kliniese en voorligtingsielkundiges wat met seksueel
diverse mense werk, was skeefgetrek ten opsigte van groter stedelike gebiede, wit, vroulik,
cisgender en heteroseksuele respondente in hulle middel-veertigs, wat in die private
gesondheidsektor werk, terwyl meer as ’n vyfde van die respondente as seksueel divers
geïdentifiseer het. Die steekproef se vertroue en waargenome bevoegdheid het ’n hoër telling
behaal in vergelyking met soortgelyke steekproewe in die VSA. Vertroue en waargenome
bevoegdheid is gekorreleer met persoonlike en professionele ervaring, betrokkenheid by
voortgesette professionele ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite, en vertroudheid met die PsySSApraktykriglyne.
Alhoewel dit die afgelope jare toegeneem het, het die helfte van die
respondente aangedui dat hulle nie tydens hulle nagraadse studies aan aktiwiteite gefokus op
LGBT+ blootgestel is nie. Met 15% van hulle gevallelading wat LGBT+ kliënte of pasiënte
is, het praktisyns by beduidende professionele ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite betrokke geraak en
groot belangstelling in voortgesette leer in die veld getoon. Seksueel diverse respondente het
gerapporteer dat hulle aansienlik meer selfversekerd en bekwaam was; meer kontak,
professionele ervaring en vertroudheid met die PsySSA-riglyne gehad het; en meer betrokke
geraak het by professionele ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite as hulle heteroseksuele eweknieë.
Gegrond op die navorsingsresultate, is ’n totaal van 16 aanbevelings gemaak om onderwys,
opleiding, navorsing, voorspraak en beleidsontwikkelingspogings in te lig om voort te gaan
om bevoegdheid in regstellende praktyk met seksueel diverse mense te verbeter. Dit het
toenemende opleiding en toesig ingesluit, asook meer fokus op voorspraakvaardighede,
sekere temas uit die PsySSA-riglyne, en die toepassing van kennis wanneer daar met seksueel
diverse kliënte of pasiënte gewerk word.Ngemuva kokuqaliswa kokwethulwa kwemihlahlandlela yokuzijwayeza ye-Psychological
Society of South Africa (PsySSA) yochwepheshe bezengqondo abasebenza nabantu
abahlukene ngokocansi nobulili (i-PsySSA, 2017), kuhlonzwe isidingo sokulinganisa kanye
nokulandelelwa kwenqubekelaphambili yezinqubo zokuvumelana. Ucwaningo lwami lugxile
ekuhloleni ukuqeqeshwa, isipiliyoni, ukuzethemba, kanye nekhono elibonwayo lodokotela
bezengqondo bezokwelashwa nokweluleka abasebenza nabantu abahlukene ngokocansi.
Idatha yaqoqwa njengengxenye yephrojekthi enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe, engiyilungu layo,
egxile endimeni yeziqondiso zengqondo mayelana nokufinyelela kwezempilo yengqondo
kanye nokwelashwa kwabantu abahlukene ngezocansi kanye nobulili.. Isigaba esisodwa
sephrojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe sihlanganisa inhlolovo ye-inthanethi yengqondo. Isampula
lami lokugcina labanga-201 lodokotela bezengqondo bezokwelapha nezeluleko abasebenza
nabantu abahlukene ngokocansi baphambukele ezindaweni ezinkudlwana zasemadolobheni,
abamhlophe, abesifazane, abantu bobulili obuhlukile, kanye nabasabelayo abathandana
nabobulili obuhlukile phakathi neminyaka enga-40, besebenza emkhakheni wezempilo
ozimele, kuyilapho abangaphezu kwengxenye yesihlanu yabaphendulile behlonzwe
njengabantu abazibandakanya kuyizinhlobonhlobo zocansi. Ukuzethemba kwesampula
namandla abonwayo athole amaphuzu aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namasampuli afanayo e-
USA. Ukuzethemba kanye nekhono elibonakalayo kwakuhlotshaniswa nolwazi lomuntu siqu
kanye nolwazi lomsebenzi, ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini eqhubekayo yokuthuthukiswa
kochwepheshe, kanye nokujwayelana neziqondiso zokuzijwayeza ze-PsySSA. Nakuba ikhula
eminyakeni yamuva nje, ingxenye yabaphenduli ibonise ukuthi ayizange ibonakale
emisebenzini egxile ku-LGBT+ phakathi nezifundo zabo zeziqu. Njengoba ama-15% wecala
labo kungamakhasimende e-LGBT+ noma iziguli, odokotela bazibandakanye emisebenzini
emikhulu yokuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe futhi babonise ukuthakazelela okukhulu
ekuqhubekeni nokufunda kulo mkhakha. Abaphendulile abahlukene ngokocansi babike
ukuthi bayazethemba futhi banekhono; waba nokuxhumana okwengeziwe, ulwazi
lomsebenzi, kanye nokujwayelana nemihlahlandlela ye-PsySSA; futhi babezibandakanye
emisebenzini yokuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe kakhulu kunozakwabo abathandana nabobulili
obuhlukile. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo, izincomo eziyi-16 zenziwa ukwazisa
kwezemfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, ucwaningo, ukukhulumela noma ukwazisa kanye nemizamo
yokuthuthukisa inqubomgomo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuthuthukisa ikhono ekusebenzeni
kokuqinisekisa nabantu abahlukene ngokocansi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa
nokugadwa okwandisiwe, okuhlanganisa ukugxila okwengeziwe kumakhono okumela,
izingqikithi ezithile ezivela kuyizinkombandlela ze-PsySSA, kanye nokusetshenziswa
kolwazi lapho usebenza namakhasimende noma iziguli ezihlukene ngokocansi.D. Phil. (Psychology)Psycholog
Cross-lingual transfer learning for text-to-speech in resource-scarce languages
No full textText-to-speech (TTS) technology has experienced significant advancements and extensive adoption across various applications in recent years. By incorporating a speech channel, TTS improves human computer interaction (HCI) and enhances the user experience. However, the majority of TTS development and commercial deployment has been focused on widely spoken languages such as English, Spanish, French, and Arabic. This bias towards major languages stems from the availability of high-quality data suitable for training TTS models, which is often concentrated in languages with a large number of speakers or specific geographic regions. This disproportionate emphasis on major languages has created a digital inclusion gap in societies where resource-constrained languages are spoken. This gap is evident in HCI applications that lack TTS capabilities, hindering access to language-specific applications, government services, education, healthcare, and more. The challenge of developing TTS
voices and models for resource-scarce languages is compounded by the high cost and sometimes the absence of fundamental linguistic research in these languages. To address this issue and promote inclusiveness, the development of a model capable of transferring domain knowledge from high-resourced languages to low-resourced languages is highly desirable. Such a model would not only have commercial applicability but also empower technological advancements for inclusive communication.
In this study, we explore various model architectures applied to transfer learning, with a specific focus on cross-lingual transfer learning, to develop a suitable model for resourcescarce environments. By leveraging transfer learning techniques, we aim to bridge the gap between languages with abundant linguistic resources and those with limited resources. Our investigation involves analyzing the effectiveness of different model architectures in cross-lingual transfer learning, considering the unique challenges and characteristics of resource-scarce languages. We conduct rigorous experiments and assess the quality of synthesized speech in resource-scarce languages. We consider various evaluation metrics, both objective and subjective to provide a comprehensive analysis of the model’s effectiveness. In summary, our research presents a novel non-autoregressive neural network architecture for TTS, with a particular focus on its applicability for cross-lingual adaptation in resource scarce language environments. Additionally, we demonstrate a significant improvement in both objective and subjective assessments of synthesized speech through the integration of phonological features into the TTS model.M. Sc. (Engineering (Artificial Intelligence))Electrical and Mining Engineerin
Interviewing as an investigative technique to link a suspect to procurement fraud: a case study in Kwa-Zulu Natal
No full textAbstracts in and keywords in English, Xhosa and Northen SothoThis research aimed to explore the use of interviewing as an investigative method
for connecting a suspect to procurement fraud. The study emphasised the role of
interviewing in investigations where documents have been destroyed to reconstruct
a procurement fraud crime scene and establish a link to a suspect. A qualitative
research approach was employed for this study. Interviews were conducted with
numerous forensic investigators in Durban. The results indicated that forensic
investigators lack an understanding of using interviewing to reconstruct a crime
scene in procurement fraud investigations where documentary evidence is lacking.
Several recommendations are made to strengthen the fight against procurement
fraud, specifically in the public sector.Olu phandolwazi belujolise ekuphononongeni ukusetyenziswa kodliwanondlebe
nanjengendlela yophando yokunxulumanisa umrhanelwa kubuqhophololo
benkqubo yeentengo zempahla neenkonzo. Olu phandolwazi belugxininisa indima
yokusebenzisa udliwanondlebe kuphando apho amaxwebhu athe atshatyalaliswa
khona ukuze kwakhiwe ngokutsha indawo yesiganeko solwaphulomthetho
lobuqhophololo kunye nokunxulumanisa umrhanelwa kobu buqhophololo. Kolu
phandolwazi kusetyenziswe indlela yophandontyilazwi. Kwenziwe udliwanondlebe
kunye nabaphandi abaninzi basenkundleni eThekwini. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba
abaphandi basenkundleni abanalo ulwazi lokusebenzisa udliwanondlebe ukuze
bakhe ngokutsha indawo yesiganeko solwaphulomthetho kuphando
lobuqhophololo kwinkqubo yeentengo zempahla neenkonzo apho ubungqina
obubhaliweyo bungekhoyo khona. Zininzi iingcebiso ezenziweyo ukuphucula idabi
elichasene nobuqhophololo benkqubo yeentengo zempahla neenkonzo,
ngokukodwa kwicandelo likarhulumente.Patlisiso ena e ne e reretswe ho hlahloba tshebediso ya dipuisano e le mokgwa wa
ho etsa dipatlisiso ho hokahanya mmelaellwa le bomenemene ba ho reka.
Phuputso e ne e tobokeditse karolo ya dipuisano diphuputsong moo ditokomane di
sentsweng ho aha botjha sebaka sa botlokotsebe ba thepa le ho theha sehokelo ho
mmelaellwa. Ho ile ha sebediswa mokgwa wa ho etsa dipatlisiso ka boleng bakeng
sa phuputso ena. Dipuisano di entswe le bafuputsi ba bangata ba forensiki Durban.
Diphetho di bontshitse hore bafuputsi ba forensiki ha ba na kutlwisiso ya ho
sebedisa dipuisano ho theha botjha sebaka sa botlokotsebe dipatlisisong tsa
bomenemene ba thepa moo bopaki ba ditokomane bo haellang. Ho etswa
dikgothaletso tse mmalwa ho matlafatsa ntwa kgahlanong le bomenemene ba ho
reka thepa, haholo-holo lekaleng la setjhabaM.A. (Forensic Investigation)Criminal Justic
Supporting oral language skills development in Botswana: a case of North-East region public pre-primary schools
No full textAbstract in English, Tswana and TsongaDeveloping oral language skills is essential for young children because it provides a foundation for future academic and life-skills achievements. However, a growing concern is that many children lack these fundamental skills. In Botswana, this issue is assumed to be worsened by the national language policy, which attempts to bring new languages into schools but is hampered by a lack of competence in some of these languages among teachers. This study addressed this issue by suggesting guidelines for teachers and other stakeholders to support oral language skills development in Botswana’s public pre-primary schools. It used public pre-primary schools in the North-East region of Botswana as a case study.
A convergent parallel design, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, was used to accomplish the study’s purpose. Vygotsky’s sociocultural and Holdaway’s natural learning model theories guided this study. Data-collection methods included online questionnaires, focus group discussions, observations, post-lesson interviews and video recordings. The data was analysed using a convergent thematic analytic framework with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, Delve qualitative analysis tools, and manual coding to understand the findings comprehensively.
The study found that teachers used various instructional strategies, including read-aloud and storytelling, to help children build oral language abilities. However, some teachers needed more professional training to increase their effectiveness. The study also noted the challenges teachers faced when attempting to assist the development of oral language abilities, such as a severe lack of resources, parental engagement and the use of various languages that children use. Despite these challenges, the study identified several successful support techniques. These include using instructional technology, parental involvement, and teachers' deliberate attempts to enhance their teaching skills. The study's findings are helpful for teachers and other stakeholders, emphasising the importance of targeted support and professional development to improve oral language skills development in public pre-primary schools.Go tokafatsa dikgono tsa puo e e buiwang go botlhokwa mo baneng ba bannye gonne go ala motheo wa diphitlhelelo tsa mo isagong tsa thuto le tsa dikgono tsa botshelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le matshwenyego a a oketsegang a gore bana ba bantsi ga ba na dikgono tseno tsa motheo. Kwa Botswana, go tsewa gore bothata jono bo etegediwa ke pholisi ya bosetšhaba ya dipuo, e e lekang go lere dipuo tse dintšha mo dikolong mme e kgorelediwa ke tlhaelo ya bokgoni jwa barutabana mo go dingwe tsa dipuo tseno. Thutopatlisiso eno e samagana le bothata jono ka go tshitsinya dikaedi tsa barutabana le bannaleseabe ba bangwe go tshegetsa tokafatso ya dikgono tsa puo e e buiwang mo thutong ya botlhe ya pele ga sekolo sa poraemari ya mo Botswana. E dirisitse thuto ya botlhe ya pele ga sekolo sa poraemari mo kgaolong ya Bokone-Botlhaba ya Botswana jaaka tshekatsheko e e dirwang mo maemong a a rileng.
Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa tlhotlhomiso o o akaretsang go kgobokanya le go sekaseka deitha ya dipalo le e e seng ya dipalo, e e kopanyang mekgwa eno ka bobedi, go fitlhelela maikemisetso le maikaelelo a thutopatlisiso. Tiori ya ga Vygotsky ya kopanyo ya seabe sa kamano le motho le ba bangwe le seabe sa setso mo thutong, le tiori ya ga Holdaway ya go ithuta go go itiragalelang fela ka tlhago di kaetse thutopatlisiso eno. Mekgwa ya kgobokanyo ya deitha e ne e akaretsa manaanepotsolotso a mo inthaneteng, dipuisano tsa setlhopha sa batsayakarolo mo puisanong ya tlhotlhomiso, ditebelelo, dipotsolotso tsa morago ga thuto (kamuso) le dikgatiso tsa dibidio. Go sekasekilwe deitha ka go dirisa letlhomeso la tshekatsheko ya deitha ya dipalo le e e seng ya dipalo ka bobedi e e nang le Pakana ya Dipalopalo ya Disaense tsa Loago e leng Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, didiriswa tsa tshekatsheko e e seng ya dipalo ya Delve, le go sekaseka le go rulaganya tshedimosetso ka tiriso ya diatla go tlhaloganya diphitlhelelo ka kakaretso.
Thutopatlisiso e fitlheletse gore barutabana ba dirisitse ditogamaano tse di farologaneng tsa go ruta, tse di akaretsang go buisetsa kwa godimo le go anela mainane, go thusa bana go aga bokgoni jwa puo e e buiwang. Le fa go ntse jalo, barutabana bangwe ba ne ba tlhoka katiso e ntsi ya porofešenale go oketsa nonofo ya bone. Gape thutopatlisiso e lemogile dikgwetlho tse barutabana ba di itemogetseng fa ba leka go thusa ka tokafatso ya bokgoni jwa puo e e buiwang, tse di jaaka tlhaelo e e tseneletseng ya didiriswa le metswedithuso, botsayakarolo jwa batsadi le tiriso ya dipuo tse di farologaneng tse di dirisiwang ke bana. Le fa go na le dikgwetlho tseno, thutopatlisiso e lemogile mekgwatiriso e le mmalwa e e atlegileng ya tshegetso. Yone e akaretsa go dirisa thekenoloji go tshegetsa go ruta le go ithuta, botsayakarolo jwa batsadi, le maiteko a a dirwang ka kelotlhoko a barutabana go oketsa dikgono tsa bone tsa go ruta. Diphitlhelelo tsa thutopatlisiso di mosola mo barutabaneng le bannaleseabe ba bangwe, go gatelela botlhokwa jwa tshegetso e e totilweng le tsweletso ya porofešenale go tokafatsa dikgono tsa puo e e buiwang mo thutong ya botlhe ya pele ga sekolo sa poraemari.Ku kurisa swikili swa ririmi ra nomo swa nkoka ka vana lavantsongo hikuva swi nyika masungulo ya vumundzuku bya akhademiki na na vuhumelelo bya swikili-vutomi. Hambiswiritano, ku na ku kombisa ku vilela ka ku va vana vo tala va pfumala swikili swa masungulo. Mhaka leyi yii tekiwa yi nga ri kahle eVutswana hikwalaho ka pholisi ya rixaka ya ririm,. leyi ringetaka-*ku tisa tindzimi eswikolweni kambe swi kavanyetiwa hi ku pfumaleka ka vuswikoti exikarhi ka mathicara ka tin’wana tindzimi leti. Dyondzo leyi yi hlamusela mhaka leyi hi ku kumbetela mindzetelo ka mathicara na vayimeri ku seketela nhluvukiso wa swikili swa ririmi ra nomo eswikolweni swa le hansi swo masungulo swa mfumo eVutswana tanihi dyondzontsongo.
Dezayini ya parallel convergent, yi katsaka timethodoloji ta nomboro na nkoka, leti ti tirhisiwaka to hetisisa xikongomelo xa dyondzo. Theyori ya Vygotsky ya mahanyelo ya mfuwo na modlulo wa Holdaway wa dyondzelo wa ntumbuluko wu leteriwaka hi dyondzo. Timethodo to to hlengeleta ta data to katsa swivutiso swa le moyeni, makanelwa ya ntlawa nkongoma, swixiyaxiyi, mihlokohlisa ya ndzhaka-dyondzontsongo na tirhikodo ta vhidiyo. Data yi hleriwile hi ku tirhisa rimba ro mbirihata ra thematiki ya vuxopaxopa na phakeji ya nhlayonhlayo ka Tisayense ta Vanhu (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, switirhisi swa Delve swa nkoka wa nxopaxopa, nak u khoda nkala xiothometiki ku twisisa swikumiwa hi ntwisiso.
Dyondzo yi kuma leswaku mathicara va tirhisa switirateji swo hambana swa ndzeriso, ku katsa no hlayela vatswari, ndzingeto lowu tivekaka wa mathicara ku tlakusa swikili swa vona swo dyondzisa. Leswi dyondzo yi swi kumeke swi pfuneta mathicara na vayimeri van’wana, ku tiyisisa nkoka wa nseketelo lowu kongomaneke na nhluvukiso wa phurofexinali ku antswisa nhluvukiso wa swikili swa ririmi swa nomo. ehenhla no garingeta, ku pfuneta vana ku vumba vuswikoti bya nomo. Hambiswiritano, mathicara man’wana va lava vuleteri byo hlaya bya phurofexinali ku engetela vukahle bya vona. Dyondzo yi lemukile mitlhontlho leyi mathicara va hlanganaka na yona loko va ri ku ringeteni no pfuneta ku hluvukisa vuswikoti bya ririmi ra nomo, ku fan ana ku pfumaleka ka switirhisiwa, burisana wa vatswari nak u tirhisiwa ka tindzimi to hambana leti vana va titirhisaka. Handle ka mintlhontlho leyi, dyondzo yi hambanyisa tithekiniki to tala to seketela ku humelela. Leti ti katsa ti katsaka ndzeriso wa thekinoloji, vukona byaD. Ed. (Psychology of Education)College of Educatio
The effect of public-procurement financial incentives on the innovation behavior of private firme: the US Medicare Advantage public health-insurance program
No full textThis study investigates whether financial performance incentives included in a public-procurement program can induce innovation in private-sector firms when innovation is not contractually required or specified. The research focuses on the case of Medicare Advantage, where US government-sponsored health insurance for senior citizens is provided by private companies. The government pays these insurers substantial financial incentives for performance. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the responsible agency, annually rates participating insurance plans on over 40 performance metrics combined in an overall Star Rating ranging from 2 to 5 Stars, with only 4-Star or higher plans receiving the financial incentives known as Quality Bonus Payments. This program design effectively creates a control group not qualifying for incentives and a test group receiving incentives.
The mixed-method research comprised a research survey as the primary quantitative component, supplemented by qualitative research in the form of interviews. A comprehensive innovation survey was developed and responses gathered from 25 managers responsible for insurance plan Star Ratings. Interviews conducted with plan managers and expert consultants provided further information on decision-making processes relevant to innovation. Survey responses are combined into an Innovation Capability Index representing a broad set of innovation capabilities. The index constitutes a novel measure of behavioral additionality, an evolutionary economics concept that describes process and capability changes occurring within firms receiving public support for innovation.
Results reveal a strong correlation between innovation capability and Star Ratings, with recipients of financial incentives exhibiting significantly higher innovation capability than other plans in the sample. The strongest correlation with performance is associated with a combination of innovation and operational-improvement capabilities underpinned by a foundation of execution excellence.
Qualitative insights gained from interviews with managers and industry experts suggest that the observed association between innovation capability and plan performance could be due to certain causal effects. Managers are aware of the potential of innovation to improve Star Ratings and may pursue innovation after encountering diminishing returns from operational improvements. Reverse causation is also possible as the financial incentives received for performance can fund innovation investments for the purpose of maintaining performance in a constantly changing regulatory and market environment. Lastly, it could be that innovation capability and Stars performance are both caused by an unmeasured third variable such as a high-level of organizational collaboration and trust.
The findings suggest that innovation is a type of adaptive capability in the evolutionary sense as it allows plans to maintain performance in response to adverse Darwinian forces represented by annual regulatory increases of performance thresholds or the introduction of new performance metrics. The study developed an index to quantify behavioral additionality by means of an aggregate of a broad set of innovation capabilities. This model may be adaptable by other public-procurement programs. The relationship found between performance and innovation suggests a broader public-procurement application for financial incentives linked to rigorous performance metrics to induce innovation in supplier firms without explicitly stating innovation requirements in the contract.The highest-rated plans report the highest innovation capabilities, particularly those that succeed in maintaining a top rating.Economic