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Mesh
No full textSee link to artist's website at the top of this page for more information.The project “Under the surface” consisted of 22 new works in a range of media. The installations were interactions between specific ‘ecologies’ of people and places. I used three group exhibitions as an emergent method of tacit thinking, applying each structured platform as another step in the process to assemble ideas. The golden thread running through the research project was that communal relationships are core to both human culture and substrates in nature.
In April (2022), new sketches were exhibited (together with older work) in the group exhibition “MESH, the fabric of friends”. My research asked questions about the interrelatedness woven between stuff and living communities, contemplating the underlying connections between people and materials. Whilst the works extended a previous theme of fungi as a metaphor for tangible and intangible bonds, I explored specific links between forest, kinship and mediative practice. An example of the concept was the series of twelve ink paintings of bells displayed on a glass table. I have been collecting small hand-held bells over many years, bought at places visited with family, or gifted by friends. Bells summon people to gather for beginnings or for endings, and the act of ringing facilitates knowledge of place and people. Rendering the bells became a scrutiny of their properties, evoking their materiality that contributes to the specific sound. I was struck by the thought that the vitality that artists radiate, also becomes evidence of the ‘stuff’ we are made off.
Another example was the assemblage “Sounding” (2022), where I created the resonance between the seemingly disparate subject matter – bells and mushrooms. Apart from the shape of the bell resembling a mushroom, the vibrating sounds of bells also acts as a source of energy. In this work, bracket fungi collected from artist friend’s wild garden were dried, sealed and reconfigured beneath cut-out images of bells, suggesting an echo of repetitive forms. A formal reciprocity was thus applied to the two groups in relation to each other and influenced by theories of intermediality.
in September (2022), the second phase of the project was shown at White River Art Gallery, consolidating the theme of “Under the Surface”. In the artist’s statement, I referred to Haraway’s (2016) well-known phrase of “stories that gather stories”, which is relevant to presentations of real and imagined ecologies. In eight new works I reconsidered images in terms of “matter” in landscapes. My experience of the bushveld contains both melancholy and aversion. The research into Hares foot inkcap mushrooms reminded me of sooty stalked puffball fungi from childhood and it sparked the narrative in two encaustic paintings about living with your demons and shedding old skin. The works touched both personal stories and ‘ecological’ understanding of symbiosis in communities.
The October (2022) participation in “Looking into…and seeing beyond” at Unisa Art Gallery offered an opportunity for the most experimental part of the theme. The earlier processes planned in MESH were reconstructed in assemblages, providing renewed agency:
• two assemblages from “MESH” were extended to “Sounding II” and “This too shall pass II”, where materials, concept and composition were reworked with beeswax, spore dust and additional objects.
• three new digital compositions reflected on a story that the substance of a bell became the world,
• and an installation “Falling into your own shadow I” were created. This included an interspecies ‘collaboration’ with fungi: objects were placed on the young growths, and they became partially or entirely unified with the bracket mushrooms throughout the year. The mixed media “Falling into your shadow II” was a third larger reinvention of the original small sketch shown at MESH.
The time lapse from the first to the third presentation offered opportunity for gestation - a term favoured by writers on the nature of tacit knowledge (Barrett and Bolt 2014). As a contribution to critically thinking about practice-led research, I considered that a solo exhibition offers the artist a singular distance to reflect, here the unfolding research in three group exhibitions with artists from different stages of my life, allowed intermittent contemplation. All works are on the websites of the galleries and was published in SA Art TimesArt and Musi
Resolving the conflict between South Africa’s international and domestic legal obligations concerning the arrest of heads of state : lessons from the Al Bashir visit to South Africa
No full textThis dissertation involved a discussion and analysis of the international and domestic legal framework, and case law governing the immunity, arrest and surrender of heads of State wherein international crimes are addressed. This is in light of the visit by Omar Al Bashir, as then President of Sudan (Al Bashir), to South Africa when he attended an AU summit in the country.
Before engaging discussions and analysis on the international and domestic legal framework, the dissertation starts by providing a background on immunity, arrest and surrender within the context of the Al Bashir matter. This was undertaken because the dissertation makes reference to the Al Bashir matter throughout, in order to demonstrate the conflicting obligations that arise for South Africa under the current legal framework, that is, the Rome Statute, Implementation Act and the DIPA.
On this note, the dissertation discusses the international position on immunity, arrest and surrender of heads of State, emphasizing the conflicting obligations that arise from the Rome Statute, being the international legal instument governing it. This part of the discussion involves the clash between customary international law immunity and Rome Statute provisions, as well as international case law thereon. As a result, the basis to measure the extent of South Africa’s compliance with the international law position on immunity, arrest and surrender, was provided.
The dissertation then proceeds with a discussion on whether South Africa’s law complies with the international position on immunity, arrest and surrender of head of State to the ICC for trial. The discussion highlights the domestic laws of South Africa and case law on South Africa’s failure to cooperate with ICC requests for the arrest and surrender of Al Bashir when he arrived in South Africa with two pending arrest warrants. Following this, the dissertation proceeds to discuss the effect of ICC cases on the international law position on immunity, arrest and surrender of heads of State such as Al Bashir.
Finally, the dissertation provides an overall analysis to establish whether South Africa’s law complies with the international legal position and provides a recommendation based on the findings of the dissertation. Generally, South Africa has successfully incorporated the Rome Statute into its domestic laws under the Implementation Act. However, the pressing issue is the conflicting obligations that arise under the Rome Statute given that it recognises customary international law immunity, and in other provisions it denies immunity. This results in conflicting obligations for South Africa, as such, South Africa failed to arrest and surrender Al Bashir on the basis of customary international law immunity, recognised in the Rome Statute. Moreover, South Africa has incorporated as part of their law, both the Implementation Act which precludes immunity, as well as the DIPA, which grants immunity to heads of State. As such, this dissertation recommends an amendment to the Implementation Act in order to ensure South Africa’s compliance with provisions of the Rome Statute, to cooperate with ICC requests which is supported by international and domestic case law.LL. M.Public, Constitutional, and International La
Evaluation of the effects of temperature intensity and duration on the sorption properties of mine tailings contaminated soils and the implication on fire-affected soils
No full textSoil heavy metal contamination that is caused by anthropogenic activities such as mining is a global concern and so it is necessary for a sustainable remediation strategy to be employed for the contaminated soil to be suitable for various purposes again. Sorption is a chemical process that is employed in most remediation strategies. The soil’s sorption capacity is influenced by several soil properties which are in turn affected by soil management including fire events. Wildfires could occur naturally, accidentally or deliberately and may last for a few hours to several days depending on the availability of combustible material, with consequences on soil temperature. As soils experience fire, their temperature could increase, causing changes in soil properties like pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC) and organic matter (OM) are observed. These soil properties also influence soil heavy metal absorption capacity and consequently their mobility in the soil environment which is important in the design of most remediation strategies aimed at eliminating or reducing heavy metals mobility in contaminated soils. Some heavy metal remediation strategies make use of organic amendments such as sewage sludge which is also used to improve soil fertility. The use of sewage sludge to remediate heavy metals in soils exploits its ability to immobilize these contaminants in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of sewage sludge as a heavy metal immobiliser in heat affected mine tailings contaminated soils with a view of understanding how fire events may affect the efficiency of sewage sludge as a heavy metal remediation material for soils that have experienced temperature changes. It also aimed to determine how soil properties are affected by different temperatures and the duration of the heating, and the implication of these temperature changes on the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil.
The mine tailings contaminated soils were collected around a gold mining environment and characterised for their basic physicochemical properties including texture, pH, OM, CEC, exchangeable bases, and heavy metal content. The soils were then heated at different temperatures (100, 200, 300, and 400°C) and for different periods of time (two, four, and six hours). A portion of the heated soil was kept aside as a control sample while the second portion was mixed with sewage sludge at ratios of 80:20 and 60:40 soil: sludge. The soil/sludge mixtures were kept in the open (under natural
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conditions) for six months to allow equilibration between the soil and the sludge. The pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and organic matter content of the soil/sludge mixtures were again measured. A three step BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to assess and study the changes in segregation of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the different soil geochemical fractions. The BCR extraction procedure was applied on the heated, unheated, and sludge amended soils, as well as on the heated soils to which sludge had not been added.
The soil pH increased with increasing temperature and the duration of heating and at high temperatures, the soil organic matter was destroyed. At lower soil temperatures of below 200°C, there was a decrease in soil cation exchange capacity while at a temperature of 400°C, an increase was observed. An increase in soil electrical conductivity was observed when the soil temperature was raised above 200°C and when it was held at this temperature for long periods while the opposite pattern was observed at 100°C. Arsenic, Zn and Co had the highest concentrations in the tailings contaminated soil among the studied metals whereas Cd had the lowest. There was a decrease in the total concentration of the heavy metals after the soil experienced increased temperatures except for Cd and Cu where there were no significant impacts. Sludge addition was shown to be a good immobiliser for As, Cu and Pb in the heat affected tailings contaminated soils. For the success of any soil heavy metal remediation strategy that makes use of the sorption ability of the soil, information on whether the soil has experienced fire events is needed because the fire events affect soil OM and the mineralogical properties which play a pivotal role in the sorption capacity of soils.M. Sc. (Environmental Science)Environmental Science
Managing and preventing teenage pregnancy amongst learners : a case study in rural schools in the Free-State province
No full textM. Ed. (Educational Leadership and Management)Educational Management and Leadershi
The implications of the usages and theology of clerical dress in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa
Get PDFUsing a theological literary study, this article argues that, while there have been significant shifts in the dress code of the ordained clergy of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa, these changes are often driven by uninformed personal usages rather than theological principles. This leads to confusion in the usage of liturgical wear and vestments, resulting in marked differences between orders of ordained ministry and the separation of clergy and laity. Furthermore, the inconsistent and often contradictory ecclesiology of ministerial dress leads to tensions along ecumenical lines and does not promote image of the one body of Christ. This article argues that the Methodist Church of Southern Africa needs to revisit its ecclesiology relating to the ministry of the ordained, and for their dress code in their ministry to be relevant in Southern Africa.Research Institute for Theology and Religio
Environmental factors and the formation of students' entrepreneurial intentions: perspectives from Zambia
No full textAbstracts in English, Xhosa and ZuluIn Zambia, 33 percent of the population is not employed, and 16.3 percent are youths (15 to 35 years). Statistics suggest that the number of youths not in employment has increased every year by 1.1 percent on average. Additionally, the number of unemployed graduates is also increasing. To address this unemployment problem, the Zambian government has identified the promotion of entrepreneurial activities as a mitigating measure to create jobs for the youths and grow the economy. The research question asked is: “To what extent do entrepreneurial environmental factors in the form of perceived environmental support, perceived university support and entrepreneurship education affect the antecedents of EIs entrepreneurial intentions (risk-taking, innovativeness and proactivity) and entrepreneurial intentions?”
To resolve the limitations observed in the literature on entrepreneurial intentions, the study adopted and tested Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour model using primary data. The primary data was collected from a sample of 380 MU students in Zambia using a closed-ended self-administered questionnaire from February to June 2020. For data analysis, SPSS v.21, STATA 14 and Hayes process were utilised to generate descriptive statistics: confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, SEM . Although previous studies reported a direct relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, proactivity and risk-taking) and EIs, results could not reach statistical significance in some cases.
On the contrary, the antecedent variable of proactivity was observed not to predict entrepreneurial intention like innovativeness and the statements associated with risk-taking. Innovativeness was observed to mediate the relationship between PES and EI2. Similarly, RST3 was also directly related to EI2 and mediated the relationship between PES and EI2 and PUE associated with infrastructure and EI2. RST2 was observed to predict EIs and mediate the relationship between PUE associated with infrastructure and EIs. Lastly, gender was observed to moderate the relationship between innovativeness and EIs for male and female students. This study contributes to the existing body of literature by highlighting the difference between immediate and future EIs and also by conducting mediation and moderation tests using the Hayes process. Based on the above findings, recommendations have been made regarding the revision of EE, development national policy and infrastructure to promote EE in universities.EZambia, bantfu labangemaphesenti langu-33 abasebenti, futsi labangamaphesenti langu-16,3 ngebantfu labasha (iminyaka lengu-15 kuya kulengu-35). Tibalo tiphakamisa kutsi sibalo sebantfu labasha labangasebenti senyuke njalo ngemnyaka ngemaphesenti langu-1.1 ngekwesilinganiso. Ngetulu kwaloko, sibalo sebantfu labaneticu labangasebenti siyandza. Kute kubukwane nalenkinga yekungabikhona kwemisebenti, hulumende waseZambia ubone kugcugcutelwa kwemisebenti yebhizinisi njengendlela yekunciphisalesimo ngekudala ematfuba emisebenti ebantfwini labasha nekukhulisa umnotfo. Umbuto welucwaningo lobutiwe utsi: “Ngabe timbangela tetemvelo kumabhizinisi ngendlela yekwesekelwa lokucatjangwako kwetemvelo, kwesekelwa lokucatjangwako kwenyuvesi kanye nemfundvo yetemabhizinisi tinemtselela longakanani kwandvulela tinhloso tebhizinisi tema-EI (kutsatsa bungoti, kusungula tintfo letisha kanye nekusebenta kamatima) kanye netinhloso tebhizinisi?”
Kute kucatululwe kulinganiselwa lokuphawulwe etincwadzini letiphatselene netinhloso tebhizinisi, lucwaningo lwemukele futsi lwahlola umbono wa-Ajzen wemodeli yekutiphatsa lehleliwe kusetjentiswa idatha lesisekelo. Idatha lesisekelo igcogcwe kusampula yebafundzi labangu-380 MU e-Zambia kusetjentiswa luhlu lwemibuto loluvalekile lolutiphetse kusuka ngaFebhuwari kuya kuJuni 2020. Kute kuhlatiywe idatha, kusetjentiswe i-SPSS v.21, i-STATA 14 kanye nenchubo yaHayes kute kukhicitwe tibalo letichazako: kuhlatiya imbangela lecinisekisako nalehlolako, i-SEM. Nanabe tfundvo tangaphambilini tibike budlelwano lobucondzile phakatsi kwekuma kwetemabhizinisi (kusungula tintfo letisha, kusebenta kahle kanye nekutsatsa ingoti) kanye nema-El, imiphumela ayikakhoni kufinyelela itwekubaluleka kwetibalo kuletinye timo.
Ngalokuphambene, kwehluka lokwendvulelako kwekusebenta kwabonwa kute kungabiketeli inhloso yebhizinisi njengelikhono lekucamba kanye netitatimende letihambisana nekutsatsa ingoti. Likhono lekucamba lwabonwa kute kulanyulwe budlelwano phakatsi kwe-PES ne-EI2. Ngalokufanako, i-RST3 nayo beyihlobene ngalokucondzile ne-EI2 futsi yalamula budlelwano phakatsi kwe-PES ne-EI2 kanye ne-PUE lehlobene nesakhiwoncanti kanye ne-EI2. I-RST2 yacashelwa kute ibiketele ema-Els futsi ilamule budlelwano phakatsi kwe-PUE lehlotjaniswa nesakhiwoncanti nema-EI. Kwekugcina, bulili bubukiwe kute kulinganiswe budlelwano phakatsi kwekusungula tintfo letinsha kanye nema-EI kubafundzi labadvuna nalabasikati. Lolucwaningo lunelugalelo endzikimbeni lekhona yetincwadzi ngekukhombisa umehluko phakatsi kwema-EI lasedvute nawesikhatsi lesitako kanye nekwenta tivivinyo tekulamula nekulinganisa kusetjentiswa inchubo yaHayes. Ngekuya ngaloku lokutfolwe ngetulu, tincomo tentiwe mayelana nekubuyeketwa kwe-EE, kutfutfukiswa kwenchubomgomo yavelonkhe nesakhiwoncanti kute kutfutfukiswe i-EE emanyuvesi.EZambia, amaphesenti angama-33 enani labantu elingaqashiwe, futhi amaphesenti angu-16,3 yintsha (iminyaka eyi-15 kuya kwengama-35). Izibalo ziphakamisa ukuthi isibalo sentsha engasebenzi sikhule njalo ngonyaka ngamaphesenti ayi-1.1 ngokwesilinganiso. Ukwengeza, isibalo sabafundi abaphothule iziqu abangasebenzi siyanda. Ukuze kubhekwane nale nkinga yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, uhulumeni waseZambia uhlonze ukugqugquzelwa kwemisebenzi yezamabhizinisi njengendlela yokunciphisa ukudala amathuba emisebenzi entsheni nokukhulisa umnotho. Umbuzo wocwaningo obuziwe uthi: “Izinga elingakanani izici zezemvelo zezamabhizinisi ngendlela yokusekelwa okucatshangwayo kwezemvelo, ukusekelwa okucatshangwayo kwemfundo ephakeme kanye nemfundo yezamabhizinisi kuthinta okwandulela izinhloso zebhizinisi ze-EIs (ukuthatha ubungozi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusebenza kahle) kanye nezinhloso zezamabhizinisi?”
Ukuze kuxazululwe ukulinganiselwa okuphawulwe ezincwadini eziphathelene nezinhloso zezamabhizinisi, ucwaningo lwamukele futhi lwahlola umbono ka-Ajzen wesifanekiso sokuziphatha esihleliwe lusebenzisa imininingwane eyisisekelo. Imininingwane eyinhloko yaqoqwa kusampula yabafundi abangama-380 be-MU e-Zambia kusetshenziswa uhlu lwemibuzo oluvalekile oluzilawulayo kusukela ngoNhlolanja kuya kuNhlangulana 2020. Ukuze kuhlaziywe imininingwane, i-SPSS v.21, STATA 14 kanye nenqubo kaHayes kwasetshenziswa ukuze kukhishwe izibalo ezichazayo: ukuhlaziya isici esiqinisekisayo nesihlolayo, i-SEM. Nakuba izifundo zangaphambilini zibike ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kokuzijwayeza kwezamabhizinisi (ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuthatha ingozi) kanye nama-EI, imiphumela ayikwazanga ukufinyelela ukubaluleka kwezibalo kwezinye izimo.
Ngokuphambene, ukwahluka okwandulelayo kokusebenza kwaqashelwa ukuze kungabikezeli inhloso yezamabhizinisi njengokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nezitatimende ezihambisana nokuthatha ingozi. Ukusungula okusha kwaqashelwa ukuze kuxazulule ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-PES ne-EI2. Ngokufanayo, i-RST3 nayo yayihlobene ngokuqondile ne-EI2 futhi yaxazulula ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-PES ne-EI2 kanye ne-PUE ehlobene nengqalasizinda kanye ne-EI2. I-RST2 yaqashelwa ukuze ibikezele ama-EI futhi ixazulule ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-PUE ehlotshaniswa nengqalasizinda nama-EI. Okokugcina, ubulili buqashelwe ukuze kulinganiswe ubudlelwano phakathi kokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nama-EI kubafundi besilisa nabesifazane. Lolu cwaningo lunomthelela endikimbeni ekhona yezincwadi ngokugqamisa umehluko phakathi kwama-EI aseduze nawesikhathi esizayo kanye nokwenza izivivinyo zokuxazulula nokulinganisa kusetshenziswa inqubo kaHayes. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okutholwe ngenhla, iziphakamiso zenziwe mayelana nokubuyekezwa kwe-EE, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo kazwelonke nengqalasizinda ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-EE ezimfundweni eziphakeme.D. Phil. (Management Studies (Entrepreneurship))Business Managemen
A comparison of the philosophical traditions of Neo-Casuistry and situation ethics in the context of morality issues arising in the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’
No full textThe purpose of this research is through extensive examination to compare and contrast two very different ethical decision-making frameworks, both forged in the Christian tradition. An examination will be undertaken of Neo-Casuistry and Christian Situationism and their respective abilities to provide their practitioners with the tools for moral decision-making, moral resolution and ultimately moral truth that will serve to positively address moral dilemma and/or moral conflict resulting from the use of Fourth Order Technologies (4OT) in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
Neo-Casuistry falls within the Catholic tradition and Christian Situationism falls within the Protestant tradition and the abilities of both religious, ethical decision-making frameworks to provide moral truth in 4IR will be examined, assessed and compared within the contemporary context of ‘privacy’ and the ‘personal’. The results of this research will support that an ethical decision-making framework that judiciously makes use of the ‘best practices’ from each of the traditions would appear to provide 4IR with the most suitable and practical means of finding moral truth in situations of moral dilemma and/or moral conflict.D. Phil. (Religious Studies)Religious Studies and Arabi
Factors influencing the success rate for financial management students at a selected technical vocational education and training college in Mpumalanga
No full textThe success rate for students enrolled in Financial Management as a subject at Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges has been a source of concern among numerous stakeholders in Mpumalanga province, with ramifications for the rest of South Africa. Students at TVET colleges come from a variety of secondary schools with poor financial management backgrounds, which contributes to the year's overall poor performance. The study's goal was to explore factors that influence the success rate of Financial Management students at a TVET college. The study used a qualitative research approach and an exploratory case study to understand the factors influencing the success rate. Purposive sampling, used to identify the participants in the area of Business Studies Department and Student Support Services, selected 14 participants from three campuses located in three separate townships. Data were gathered from semi-structured interviews conducted with the college's Head of Department (HOD), Education Specialist (ES), lecturers, and student liaison officer to examine their perspectives on the issue of the pass rate. Data were analysed thematically, with information grouped into themes and sub-themes that developed from all participants' responses.
The study's findings revealed that inadequate enrolment procedures, a lack of career advice and poor student support services to aid students through placement tests and course selection are the causes of poor financial management student success rates in finance courses. According to the findings, qualified career guidance assisting at TVET colleges regarding programme's subject matter curriculum should provide proper guidance to new students as they enrol in their new programme at the college. This will reduce the high number of poor pass rates, dropout rates, throughput rates, and waste of government funds and resources. Lecturers should have sufficient skills to teach the subject, including pedagogic expertise and industry experience, in order to adequately support students and provide additional knowledge that can be applied in the workplace.M. Ed. (Curriculum and Instructional Studies)Curriculum and Instructional Studie
Speech Production Organs
No full textSpeech production organs are also sometimes referred to as articulators, i.e. organs used for articulating speech. The most basic organs of speech are the lips and tongue, but there are many other speech organs besides the lips and the tongue. If you place your finger just behind your top teeth, you will feel the bony ridge known as the alveolar ridge. Just behind that is the palate, which is also hard, and if you move your finger even further back along the roof of the mouth, you will feel that the hard section ends and becomes soft tissue known as the velum or soft palate. If you open your mouth wide and look in a mirror you will see the uvula, the little piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the mouth just above the throat. While you are looking in the mirror, try and locate the bump known as the adam’s apple or voice box, which is situated halfway down the front of your neck. The technical term for this organ is the larynx and it contains the two flaps of muscle known as the vocal cords that project into the airway and can be drawn together or apart like curtains. This opening and closing movement can happen many hundreds of times a second. If you place your fingertips on your larynx and hum, cough or swallow, you will feel the movement of the vocal cords and the larynx itself.Linguistics and Modern Language
Problematizing the Adoption of Formal Methods in the 4IR–5IR Transition
Get PDFThe adoption of formal methods (FMs) as a software development methodology remains low. Advocates of FMs point to the advantages to be gained by producing highly dependable systems, while critics refer to the steep learning curve required to master the underlying mathematics and logic. The situation was similar for artificial intelligence (AI), but the advent of 4IR–5IR technologies has recently made AI a feasible technology for computing. We believe that the same could hold for FMs. In this article, we considered both the advantages and disadvantages of the use of FMs and unpacked them by problematizing the aspects that need to be considered in the 4IR–5IR worlds to facilitate the use of FMs as a viable software development methodology. We made the case that the 5IR embedding of harmonious collaboration between humans and machines could assist with difficult FM interfaces, similar to how human–computer interaction (HCI) has influenced technical and inflexible systems in the past. Since we view FMs as a technology, we further considered the role to be played by technology adoption, exemplified by the various technology adoption models, e.g., the TOE framework. This article culminates in the formulation of a problematization framework for the adoption of FMs in 4IR–5IR.Graduate School of Business Leadershi