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Mathematical model of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and their coevolution with optimal control: A case study in Ethiopia
Get PDFThe communicable disease tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) disease, and their co-infection are the most serious public health issues in the world. In this thesis, three population level mathematical models of the three infections min Ethiopia are developed and analyzed. The first model considers the dynamics of HIV/AIDS, which comprise the following exclusive classes of individuals, the aware and unaware susceptibles,
undiagnosed HIV infectious, diagnosed HIV infectious with and without AIDS symptoms,
and those under HIV treatment. This model considers the rate of becoming aware and unaware as a function of media campaigns, whereas screening and treatment rates are constant. The effective reproduction number, equilibria, and nature of stability were formulated. The bifurcation occurs when the effective reproduction number is equal to unity. This model is extended to a new model which incorporates interventions such as preventive, screening, and treatment strategies. In this model, the optimal control problem is formulated and solved analytically. In addition to this, the optimality system is derived and solved numerically using the forward-backward sweep method (FBSM). Finally, the cost-effectiveness of some combined control strategies is derived. The second model reflects the TB transmission dynamics with drug resistance TB (DR-TB). The two infectious TB stages, namely drug-sensitive TB and drug-resistant TB, are considered in the model. Assuming that drug-sensitive TB can be cured by first-line anti-TB drugs. In fact, once the Tubercle Bacilli become resistant to one or more anti-TB drugs, the drug-resistance TB occurs. The model is analyzed analytically and extended to an optimal control problem via incorporating preventive efforts, case finding, and case holding. In the study, four different strategies are introduced based on different combination of measures. The optimal control problem is examined both analytically and numerically. The third model describes a new mathematical model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with tuberculosis (TB). This full TB-HIV co-infection model is analyzed
analytically. Which is extended to an optimal control problem by using controlling variables such as preventive efforts, case finding effort for TB, and HIV treatment. We proposed four strategies, which are combinations of two or more control measures at a time. The model with controls is analyzed both analytically and numerically. The numerical results are derived using the classical Runge-Kutta method of order four (RK4-method). The finding suggests that optimal combination strategies are used to reduce both the disease burden and the cost of intervention. Further, the cost- effectiveness of each strategy is assessed to identify the best cost-effective approach the fight against TB-HIV co-infection in Ethiopia.D. Phil. (Applied Mathematics)Mathematical Science
A critical assessment on strategies to detect and combat systemic corruption in the Namibian Police Force
Get PDFSystemic corruption presupposes the commission of corrupt practices in an organised manner, at a scale and intensity, that is unparallel to other types of corruption. The assumption is that the deficiency in regulatory framework, policies, structure, political environment, and weak control systems in the Namibian Police Force exacerbates the commission of systemic corruption. In this context, police officers may use the cover of these deficiencies to commit corrupt practices. The point of departure, for this study, was to recognises that corruption, in the Namibian Police Force, was perversive, prevalent and it was harmful to the police organisation, society and economy. Against this backdrop, the main objective of this study was to critically assess the strategies that were adopted to combat and detect systemic corruption in the Namibian Police Force. The study adopted qualitative methodology, utilising empirical research design and semi-structured interview, that were explorative in nature. The data was analysed using content/thematic analysis techniques. Derived from the analysed data, the study found several deficiencies in the strategies that were adopted by the Namibian Police Force. The deficiencies included lack of transparency, lack of access to information, ineffective recruitment, and selection procedures, outdated policies, and influence of colonial police culture. Premised on these identified deficiencies, the study made several recommendations, among others, the adoption of both direct and indirect anti-systemic corrupt practices strategies and the introduction of a holistic approach. The basis for recommending a holistic approach as found by this study was that there is not a single strategy that is all-embracing in fighting systemic corruption. Therefore, a combination of strategies may be the best option in combating and detecting systemic corruption.D. Phil. (Criminal Justice)Police Practic
Evaluating the role of informal waste sector in municipal solid waste management in Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Get PDFText in English with summaries and keywords in English, Tsonga and ZuluTo date, solid waste managers are still dwarfed by the growing challenge of delivering municipal solid waste management service to the public. This is because of the growing rate of waste generation resulting from urbanisation, rapid population growth and world economic development. Currently, the world generates over 3.6 million tons of waste daily and at this rate, within the next 3 years, it is expected to rise to a booming 6 million tons per day. Municipalities in South Africa still use landfilling as a disposal method for solid waste management, and significant consequences such as soil contamination and underground water contamination are inevitable, ultimately threatening human health. Unemployed, poor individuals and side-lined groups, who constitute the informal waste sector, play very critical role of roaming around cities, towns and disposal sites recovering valuable waste materials as a survival strategy. Although to the informal waste sector, valuable waste recovery is a means of living, that is, to earn money, they are critical role players in the world’s goal of moving towards a circular economy. While the municipality chooses to bury waste, this sector chooses to refer it back to the economy, which leads
to zero waste in landfills and protects the health of the environment.
This study was conducted using a mixed methods research design. The study was conducted in Vhembe District Municipality following a convenience sampling method. A sample consisting of 80 waste pickers, 4 waste managers and 10 buyback centre directors participated through closed-ended questionnaires, face-to-face interviews and online surveys. Data collected through questionnaires was analysed using SPSS version 25.0, and data collected through structured interviews was analysed following the eight data analysis steps proposed by Tesch.
The results of this study indicate that the informal waste sector in Vhembe District is a black-dominated industry, with females being the most dominant and those involved having no formal education except for a few graduates who simply saw a business opportunity. Little recognition is given to the informal waste sector by authorities and policy makers. Society undermines and rejects this sector. Furthermore, they are exploited, abused and associated with waste by the public. This limits their activities, but they play a significant part in creating jobs, saving municipalities millions in collection and disposal costs and ensuring a healthy living by sustainably conserving the environment indirectly.Kutafika sweswi, vafambisi va thyaka ro tiya va ha tsongahatiwa hi ntlhontlho lowu kulaka wa ku phakela vaaki vukorhokeri bya malawulelo ya thyaka ro tiya bya masipala. Leswi swi hikwalaho ka mpimo lowu kulaka wa ku endliwa ka thyaka leri tumbulukaka kusuka eka ku endliwa ka madoroba, ku kula ka rixaka ko hatlisa na nhluvukiso wa ikhonomi ya misava. Eka nkarhi wa sweswi, misava yi endla kutlula 3.6 wa timiliyoni ta tithani ta thyaka siku na siku naswona hi mpimo lowu, ku nga si hela malembe ma3 lama taka ti languteriwile ku tlakuka kufika eka 6 wa timiliyoni ta tithani hi siku leti andzaka. Timasipala ta le Afrika-Dzonga ta ha tirhisa ku cukumetela etaleni tanihi endlelo ro cukumeta ra malawulelo ya thyaka ro tiya, naswona switandzhaku swo tivikana swo tanihi nthyakiso wa misava na nthyakiso wa mati ya le hansi ka misava a swi siveleki, ekuheteleleni swi xungeta rihanyo ra vanhu na swona. Vanhu lava nga swela, lava nga tirhiki na mitlawa leyi tsan'wiweke, leyi yi vumbaka sekitara ya thyaka ya nkamafundza, va tlanga xiave xa nkoka swonghasi xa ku rhendzeleka na madorobakulu, madoroba na tindhawu to cukumetela eka tona va ri karhi va hlawulela timatheriyali ta thyaka ta nkoka tanihi qhinga ro tihanyisa. Hambileswi eka sekitara ya thyaka ya nkamafundza, ku hlawuleriwa ka thyaka ra nkoka swi nga ndlela yo tihanyisa, hileswaku, ku nghenisa mali, i vatlangaxiave
va nkoka swonghasi eka xikongomelokulu xa misava xa ku cincela eka ikhonomi yo rhendzeleka. Tanihiloko masipala wu hlawula ku yimbela thyaka, sekitara leyi yi hlawula ku ri kongomisa ri tlhelela eka ikhonomi, leswi swi vangaka nkathyaka emataleni ya naswona swi sirhelela rihanyo ra mbangu.
Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwile hi ku tirhisa dizayini ya ndzavisiso ya maendlelo lama pfanganisiweke. Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwile eka Masipala wa Xifundzatsongo xa Vembe ku ri karhi ku landzeleriwa endlelo ra sampulu yo ya hi maolovelo. Sampulu leyi yi vumbiwaka hi 80 wa varhwalathyaka, 4 wa vafambisi va thyaka na 10 ra valawuri va tisenthara to xava hi vuntshwa yi teke xiave hi ku tirhisa swivutiso swa ndzavisiso leswi nga na makumu yo pfuleka, tiinthavhiyu to va mi langutanile na mivalango ya le ka inthanete. Switiviwa leswi hlengeletiweke hi ku tirhisa swivutiso swa ndzavisiso swi xopaxopiwile hi ku tirhisa SPSS ya vhexini ya 25.0, naswona switiviwa leswi hlengeletiweke hi ku tirhisa tiinthavhiyu leti nga na xivumbeko swi xopaxopiwile ku ri karhi ku landzeleriwa nhungu wa magoza ya nxopaxopo wa switiviwa lama ringanyetiweke hi Tesch.
Mivuyelo ya ndzavisiso lowu yi komba leswaku sekitara ya thyaka ya nkamafundza eka Xifundzatsongo xa Vembe i indasitiri leyi taleriweke hi vantima, ku ri na vaxisati lava nga vona va nga tala kutlula hinkwavo na lavaya va khumbekaka eka ku pfumala dyondzo ya mafundza ku ri karhi ku nga katsiwi mathwasana ya tidigiri mangarimangani lama ya nga lo vona xivandlanene xa bindzu. Valawuri na vaendlatipholisi va tekela enhlokweni switsongo sekitara leya thyaka ya nkamafundza. Vaakandhawu va tekela ehansi na ku nyenyemuka sekitara leyi. Ku ya emahlweni, va tirhisiwa hi ndlela yo homboloka, va xanisiwa naswona va voniwa tanihi thyaka hi vaaki. Leswi swi tsongahata migingiriko ya vona, kambe va tlanga xiphemu xo tivikana eka ku tumbuluxa mitirho, va hlayisela timasipala timiliyoni eka tihakelo to rhwalela na to cukumeta na ku tiyisisa leswaku ku va na ku hanya loku nga na rihanyo hi ku hlayisa hi ndlela leyi yaka emahlweni mbangu hi ndlela leyi nga kongomiki.U swika zwino, vhalanguli vha zwa u hwalela mashika vha kha ḓi vha vho hanganea zwi tshi ḓa kha u ḓisa tshumelo ya masipala ya u langa u hwalelwa ha mashika tshitshavhani. Izwi zwi khou itiswa nga tshikalo tsha nyaluwo ine ya khou ḓiswa nga u bvelela ha ḓorobo, u anda ha vhathu na nyaluwo ya ikonomi ya ḽifhasi. Zwa zwino ḽifhasi ḽi khou bveledza miḽiyoni dza 3.6 wa dzithoni dza mashika ḓuvha ḽinwe na ḽinwe, hafhu kha heyi nyaluwo, zwi anganyelwa uri kha minwaha miraru i ḓaho, i ḓo vha i tshi khou hovhelela henefha ka miḽiyoni dza 6 wa dzithoni dza malaṱwa nga ḓuvha. Mimasipala ya Afrika Tshipembe i kha ḓi shumisa u tou thupha mashika fethu hugede sa yone nḓila ya u langula mashika. Masiandaitwa a izwi ndzi u tshikafhadziwa ha mavu na maḓi a re fhasi mavuni, zwine zwa shushedza mutakalo wa vhathu. Vhathu vha sa shumi, vhashai na zwigwada zwa vhathu zwi sa dzhielwi nṱha, vha mona-mona na fhethu hu laṱwaho mashika mahayani na dziḓoroboni vha tshi ṱoḓa zwithu zwine vha nga zwi dobela vha ya u zwi rengisa sa nḓila ya u ditshidza. Naho kha ndangulo ya u laṱwa mashika na u a hwalelwa hao iyini ndowetshumo i sa divhei sa ya tshiofisi, ndi zwa ndeme sa nḓila ya u ḓitshidza kha vhathu vhane vha ḓidzhenisa kha iyo nḓowetshumo. Zwi dovha hafhu zwa tamba tshipiḓa tsha ndeme kha u bveledza ikonomi ya shango. Naho masipala u tshi nanga u tou fukedza mashika, hetshi tshigwada tshi a a fukula tsha a humisela kha ikonomi, zwine zwa dovha zwa thusa kha u ita uri shango ḽi si ḓale mashika, zwa dovha hafhu zwa vha zwavhuḓi kha mutakalo wa mupo na wa vhathu.
Tsedzuluso iyi yo itiwa hu tshi khou shumiswa maitele o vanganaho a u ita thodisiso. Thodisisio yo itwa kha masipala wa Vhembe ho nanguludzwa vhane vha ḓo dzhenelela kha ṱhoḓisiso nga u vha vha vha tshi khou wanala. Ho topoliwa vhashumi vha fumalo (80) vhane vha shuma u hwalela mashika, vhalanguli vhana (4) na dzidayirekhta dza fumi (10) dza fhethu hu no rengiselwa hone zwithu zwe zwa vha zwo latiwa, vhothe vho dzenelela u vhudziswa-vhudziswa mbudziso dzo valeaho, musi ho livhanwa zwifhaṱuwa na nga vhudavhidzani ha tshithekinolodzhi. Mawanwa hu tshi khou shumiswa khwesheneya o senguluswa hu tshi khou shumiswa phurogireme-thusedzi ya u sengulusa ya SPSS ya 25.0. Mwanwa a musi hu tshi khou shumiswa mbudziso dze dza vha dzo dzula dzo dzudzanywa o senguluswa hu tshi khou shumiswa maga a malo (8) a Tesch.
Mvelele dza ṱhoḓisiso iyi dzi khou sumbedza uri u hwalela zwithu zwa kale zwo latwaho ndi bindu ḽa vhathu vharema, nahone vhunzhi havho ndzi vhafumakadzi, vhane a vha ngo funzea. Fhedzi hu dovha a ha wanala uri kha vhenevho, hu na vhaṱuku-ṱuku vhane vha vha na pfunzo dza nṱha, vhe vha wana u hwalela zwithu zwa kale zwo laṱwaho, hu tshikhala tsha vhubindudzi na nḓila ya u ḓisikela mishumo. Muvhuso a u dzhieli nṱha vhubindudzi hovhu ha u hwalela zwithu zwo laṱwaho na u rengiswa hazwo. A hu na mbekanya-maitele kha muvhuso zwi tshi ḓa kha uri nḓowetshumo ya u dobela zwithu zwo laṱwaho zwi tshi dovha zwa shumiswa i fanela u tshimbila hani. Tshitshavha na tshone tshi dzhiela fhasi na u nyefula uyu mushumo. Izwi zwi ita uri vhane vha shuma uyu mushumo vha si kone u shuma zwavhuḓi, naho vha tshi khou ḓisikela mishumo na u thusa masipala u vhulunga masheleni manzhi e a vha a tshi ḓo shumisiwa kha u kunakisa mupo nga u dobela mashika na u ita uri vhupo vhu vhe hu dzuleaho khathihi na u vhulungea.M. Sc. (Environmental Management)Environmental Science
A Human Capital Perspective on Behavioral Factors Affecting Customers’ Acceptance of Crowd Logistics: A Systematic Literature Review
No full textThis paper provides a systematic review of the customer‖s behavioral deliberations that govern their choice to participate in a crowd-logistics market. Little attention has been given to the crowd logistics platforms and small businesses. This paper presents the analysis of customers' crowd logistics adoption from a behavioral perspective. The study applied a systematic literature review method and examined previous literature on crowd logistics from Science Direct and Taylor and Francis. Systematic literature review involve the principles of transparency, rigor, and replicability, which bring significant benefits over traditional literature reviews through greater objectivity. The findings suggest that customers‖ ability to use technology, safety considerations, desire to make social connections, trust, and convenience are the factors that influence people‖s decisions to participate in the crowd-logistics market. The findings of this study are valuable for empirical research in a particular setting and strengthen the body of knowledge on the adoption or acceptance of the crowd-logistics concept.Colleges of Economic and Management Science
Search for a light charged Higgs boson in t → H±b decays, with H± → cb, in the lepton+jets final state in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
No full textAbstract
A search for a charged Higgs boson, H±, produced in top-quark decays, t → H±b, is presented. The search targets H± decays into a bottom and a charm quark, H± → cb. The analysis focuses on a selection enriched in top-quark pair production, where one top quark decays into a leptonically decaying W boson and a bottom quark, and the other top quark decays into a charged Higgs boson and a bottom quark. This topology leads to a lepton-plus-jets final state, characterised by an isolated electron or muon and at least four jets. The search exploits the high multiplicity of jets containing b-hadrons, and deploys a neural network classifier that uses the kinematic differences between the signal and the background. The search uses a dataset of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy
s
= 13 TeV between 2015 and 2018 with the ATLAS detector at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, amounting to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. Observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits between 0.15% (0.09%) and 0.42% (0.25%) are derived for the product of branching fractions
B
(t → H±b) × B(H± → cb) for charged Higgs boson masses between 60 and 160 GeV, assuming the SM production of the top-quark pairs
Adapting a developed market credit risk model for the understanding and estimation of consumer credit losses in South Africa
No full textThe aim of this research was to build a developed market credit risk model and adapt it for the understanding and estimation of consumer credit losses in the emerging market of South Africa. The developed market of the United States of America was chosen since it has good quality data (the research is quantitative in nature). Credit, a contractual agreement in which a person or institution that is a party to the agreement, borrows something of value today with an undertaking to repay (often with interest) the other party at a later date(s), has existed and evolved for thousands of years. With almost every financial transaction comes credit risk. Credit risk is measured using credit risk models and reviewed literature indicates that models that have been developed have poor estimation accuracy levels. Model errors are important as they directly affect profitability, solvency, shareholder value, macro-economy, and society. From publicly available data at big databases such as the FRED (Reserve Bank Economic Data (US)), the SARB (South African Reserve Bank) and the World Bank, independent variables (with data of monthly and quarterly frequencies and spreading from 2008-2021 and 1987-2021 for SA and the US respectively) were selected. Multivariable regression analysis, amongst other analyses, was done to establish relationships between individual or sets of the selected independent variables and credit losses. Explanatory variables that capture Sentiment (defined in this research as reactions or behaviour of credit market participants in far-from-equilibrium situations - for example recessions, financial booms and busts) were coupled with economic variables and obligor characteristics. The establishment of a model building analyses blocks framework and a relatively accurate consumer credit risk model for the emerging market of South Africa (with an R-squared value of 85% and back test estimation accuracy of 88% on average) were amongst the key results of the analyses. The universal applicability, subject to the availability of quality data, of the credit risk modelling methods used in this research could motivate policymakers in South Africa and other emerging markets to adopt the data collection, storage, and organisation formats used in the FRED database.DBLBusiness Managemen
Evaluating the effectiveness of the rubella vaccination program in Lesotho using measels and rubella case-based surveillance data
Get PDFText in English, abstract in English and SothoRubella is one of the leading causes of birth defects globally and is preventable by vaccination. In this study, the purpose was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of a Rubella Containing Vaccine (RCV) on the occurrence of rubella in Lesotho. The study used a cross-sectional quantitative design. The study population was all rubella IgM results of blood samples collected using the integrated measles and rubella case-based surveillance system from January 2018 to December 2022. All samples that were submitted for purposes of surveillance and tested for rubella were considered but only filtered according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. This study reports on 1% (95% CI; 0,5% -1.8%) prevalence of rubella in Lesotho. From the study results, it is recommended that Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) are conducted to address rubella immunization gaps and that rubella surveillance is improved so that rubella prevalence can be better estimated and the effect of rubella vaccination on rubella disease burden in Lesotho can be better understood.Kokoana-hloko ea rubella, e ka thibeloang ka ente, e baloa hara mafu a etelletseng pele a bakang bokoa ba tsoalo lefatse ka bophara. Sepheo sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho hlahloba kamo ea ho tlisoa ha ente ea rubella boteng ba rubella Lesotho. Ho ile ha sebelisoa mokhoa phuputso oa boithuto ba bongata bo fapaneng. Palo ea batho ba ithutoang e ne e le liphetho tsohle tsa rubella IgM tsa lisampole tsa mali tse bokelelitsoeng ka mokhoa o kopantsoeng oa ho fuputsa ’maselese le rubella e entsoeng ka Pherekhong 2018 ho ea ho Ts’itoe 2022. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li ne li sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba datha. Boithuto bona bo tlaleha ka 1% (95% CI; 0,5% -1.8%) ea ho ata ha rubella Lesotho. Ho ipapisitsoe le liphetho tsa phuputso, ho khothaletsoa hore lets’olo la liente le etsoe ho koala likheo tsa kentelo ea rubella le hore tlhahlobo ea rubella e ntlafatsoe ho lumella tekanyetso e nepahetseng ea ho ata ha rubella le tlhahlobo ea kamo ea ente ho lefu la rubella Lesotho.M.A. (Public Health
Developing a framework for effective cyber security training in South Africa
No full textThe objective of this study was to formulate a roadmap upon which a curriculum for cybersecurity can be built to bring about a resilient cyber-workforce, thereby enabling South Africa to be on par with or ahead of international cybersecurity know-how through a fusion of innovation, research and development that sharpens the country’s academic programmes and training. The purpose of this roadmap is to emphasise sustainability strategies relating to policy, capacity, and governance.
A mixed method research design, comprising a design-based approach that was iterative, integrating, flexible, context based, pragmatic and grounded in both theory and real-world contextual situations and a case study approach that complemented the design-based research through the interrogation of real-world contextual situations, was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling with domains of exploratory, descriptive, and inductive research was used to support the case study approach. Curriculum development managers, lecturers and managers of the Media, Information and Communication Technologies Sector Education and Training Authority (MICT SETA) were approached to take part in interviews. Owing to the homogeneity of the target population, non-probability convenience sampling was also used for the study. For purposes of qualitative research, interviews were conducted to collect meaningful content, a survey questionnaire was administered to randomly sampled research respondents and online surveys were administered to purposefully sampled respondents for the quantitative triangulation of data.
The results of the study revealed that there is a great need for cybersecurity skills to guarantee the country’s cyber liberty. South Africa lacks resources, expertise, and governance processes, and this is hindering institutions’ readiness to prioritise educational programmes on computer security (CS) in response to unabated cyberattacks and rampant cyber espionage. This has systematically produced less cybersecurity professionals while the demand for skills in cryptography, secure coding, penetration testing, digital forensics, network security and cybersecurity risk management, among other things, continues to increase. The results of this study also highlight a need for coherent thinking that pulls legislators, policymakers, researchers, innovators, and educators together to plug the security holes, to ease institutional rigidity and to tackle the lack of depth and breadth in South Africa’s CS offering. The inadequate CS offering has caused multinationals and other private sector stakeholders to import or train their own talent, leaving the public sector with a shortage of cybersecurity skills
The recommendations made based on the findings of the study include the elimination of restrictive practices that work against innovation, on the one hand, and the promotion of cybersecurity investment and outside collaboration, on the other. Capacity governance, according to the model proposed in the study must augment the Cybercrimes and Cyber Security Bill which does not adequately address the cybersecurity skills agenda. The government needs to adopt medium to long-term policies that will create a sustainable supply of cybersecurity professionals in academia and industry. South Africa should embark on large-scale CS awareness-raising and public education on the importance of cybersecurity through, for example, cyber-hygiene campaigns that target different demographics of its cyber-citizenry and effect meaningful change in academic settings and hiring practices. CS courses must be introduced from the primary and secondary levels to the tertiary and postgraduate levels. Inter-institutional cooperation will be vital since we are all fighting the same adversaries in the cyber-terrain. The use of shared laboratories and simulation laboratories must be explored as a possible means of creating the resources needed to bring about a competitive CS offering. Training will be vitally important in creating champions of change in the fields of justice, law enforcement, academia, research and policy formulation. In the interest of delivering impactful education and cutting-edge resources, well-funded research is paramount to building a capable state, stimulating innovation, promoting commercialisation, and reversing the information technology import/export conundrum.Inhloso yalolucwaningo kwakungukwakha umgomo wezindlela zokwenziwa kwezifundo ze-cybersecurity ukwakha amandla okusebenza kwesibhekelele, ngakho-ke kwenza iNingizimu Afrika ibe ngokulingana noma ingaphezu kokwazi kwesibhekelele sezwe lonke ngesihlanganiso sobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa lokukhiqiza izinhlelo zokufunda nokuzimisela zezwe. Injongo yalomgomo wezindlela wkugcizelela izinhlelo zokuphila ezihlobene nemithetho, namandla nokuphatha. Uhlelo lokucwaninga oluhlanganisiwe, oluqukethe uhlelo lokwakha olubhekene nokucwaninga olubhekene nokuhlanganiswa, ukubeka kabusha, ukunquma, ukusekelwa kwendawo, ukuba nomsebenzi nokuzimisela emazingeni amaningi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesimo sangempela namazinga amaningi, kanye nohlelo lwengcwaningo lwe-case study olusekelisana nohlelo lokwakha olubhekene nokucwaninga ngokuhlola izimo zangempela, lwamukelwa kulolucwaningo. Ukutholwa kwamaphuzu okucwaninga okungokuzinikela ngamagumbi okucwaninga okuyizindaba ezihlobene. Abaphathi bezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa isifundo, abafundisi nabaphathi be-Media, Information and Communication Technologies Sector Education and Training Authority (MICT SETA) batholakala beyingxenye yemibuzo. Ngenxa yokufana kwengeniso yomphakathi wokucwaninga, ukuthukutholwa kwamaphuzu okucwaninga okungokuzinikela kwasetshenziswa kulolucwaningo.
Imiphumela yocwaningo ibonisa ukuthi kukhona isidingo esikhulu sezinhlelo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele ukuze kugcinwe inkululeko yesizwe esiyisisekelo. INingizimu Afrika inezinsiza, ubuchwepheshe, nemithetho yokuphatha, futhi lokhu kuyivimbela izikhungo ukuba zibe nesiqiniseko sokufaka isifundo se-computer security (CS) njengobuningi bobandlululo bezinkomba zesibhekelele kanye nobandlululo obunamandla wesizwe esiyisisekelo. Lokhu kwenzeke ngendlela ehambisanayo ekukhiqizeni abasebenzi abancane bezinhlelo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele ngenkathi isidingo sezinhlelo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele ezihlobene nokubhala okuvikelekile, ukubhala okuvikelekile, ukuhlola ukuvikeleka, ukubhalisa okuvikelekile, ukuvikeleka kwamakhompyutha nokuphatha izinhlelo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, siqhubeke sikhula. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibonisa futhi isidingo sokucabanga okuhlanganisiwe phakathi kwabaholi bomthetho, abaphathi bezinhlelo, abacwaningi, abaqalisi kanye nabafundisi ukuze kuvalwe izikhala zokuvikeleka, ukuqeda ukungabi namandla kwamakhungo kanye nokulwa nokungabi namandla nokubanzi kokunikezwa kwe-CS eNingizimu Afrika. Ukunikezwa okunganele kwe-CS kwenze izinkampani eziningi ezimkhulu kanye nabanye abasebenzi bezinsiza bazitholele noma bazifundise izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele, lapho isizwe esiyisisekelo sishiywe nesidingo sezinhlelo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele.
Izimpendulo ezinikezwe ngokusekelwa imiphumela yolucwaningo ziqukethe ukususa izinhlelo ezivimbayo ezisebenza ngokuphikisana nobuchwepheshe, ngakunye nokukhuthaza ukungena kwemali kanye nokusebenzisana ngaphandle. Ukuphatha amandla, ngokwesimo esiphiwe kulolucwaningo kumele kusekelise i-Cybercrimes ne Cyber Security Bill engenakwazi ukuphatha kahle isihloko sezinhlelo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele. Uhulumeni udinga ukwamukela imithetho emaphakathi esizweni esizokwakha isiqiniseko sokutholakala kwabasebenzi bezinhlelo zokusebenza kwesibhekelele emazingeni aphakeme nasezinkampanini. INingizimu Afrika kumele iqale ngokwethula imibhalo yokwazi i-CS nokufundisa umphakathi ngobalulekile bokuvikelekile kwesibhekelele ngesihlanganiso sobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe obubhekene nezihlobo ezahlukene zabantu abangabasebenzi bezinkomba zesibhekelele bese kushintsha okuqukethwe nokufundiswa emazingeni aphakeme nasezinkampanini. Izifundo ze-CS kumele zifakwe kusukela emazingeni aphansi kuze kube emazingeni aphakeme. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezikhungo kubalulekile ngoba sonke nenkinga yabantu abaningi abangabasebenzi bezinkomba zesibhekele. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-laboratory wokwabelana nokwakha amalabhorari okuhlanganisiwe, kumele kuqaphelisiswe njengendlela engenayo yokwakha izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze kube khona isifundo se-CS esinamandla.Die doel van hierdie studie was om ’n rigtingwyser te formuleer waarvolgens ’n kurrikulum vir kubersekuriteit ontwikkel kan word om ’n veerkragtige kuberwerksmag te bewerkstellig. Sodoende kan Suid-Afrika op gelyke voet met, of vóór, internasionale kubersekuriteit-kennis wees deur ’n samevoeging van innovering, navorsing en ontwikkeling wat die land se akademiese programme en opleiding verbeter. Die rigtingwyser het ten doel om strategieë vir volhoubaarheid ten opsigte van beleid, kapasiteit en bestuur te beklemtoon.
Vir hierdie studie is die volgende gebruik: ’n gemengdemetode-navorsingsontwerp bestaande uit ’n ontwerpgebaseerde benadering wat iteratief, integrerend, aanpasbaar, konteksgebaseer, pragmaties, en in teorie sowel as werklike kontekssituasies gesetel is, en ’n gevallestudiebenadering wat die ontwerpgebaseerde navorsing aanvul deur die ondersoek na werklike kontekssituasies. Doelbewuste steekproefneming met domeine van verkennende, beskrywende, en induktiewe navorsing, is gebruik om die gevallestudiebenadering te ondersteun. Kurrikulumontwikkelingsbestuurders, dosente, en bestuurders van die Media, Information and Communication Technologies Sector Education and Training Authority (MICT SETA) is genader om aan onderhoude deel te neem. Vanweë die homogeniteit van die teikenpopulasie is niewaarskynlikheid-gerieflikheidsteekproefneming ook vir die studie gebruik. Vir doeleindes van kwalitatiewe navorsing is onderhoude gevoer om betekenisvolle inhoud te bekom; ’n opnamevraelys aan ewekansige-steekproef-navorsingsrespondente gegee; en aanlyn opnames onder ewekansige-steekproef-respondente gedoen vir die kwantitatiewe triangulering van data.
Die studieresultate het getoon dat daar ’n groot behoefte aan kubersekuriteit-vaardighede is – om die land se kubervryheid te waarborg. In Suid-Afrika is daar ’n gebrek aan hulpbronne, kundigheid, en bestuursprosesse, en dit belemmer instansies se bereidheid om opvoedkundige programme oor rekenaarsekuriteit (CS) te prioritiseer in antwoord op onverswakte kuberaanvalle en onstuitbare kuberspioenasie. Dit het sistematies minder kubersekuriteit-kundiges gelewer, terwyl die vraag na vaardighede in kriptografie, beveiligde kodering, penetrasietoetsing, digitale forensies, netwerksekuriteit en kubersekuriteit-risikobestuur, onder andere, steeds toeneem. Die resultate van die studie beklemtoon ook die nodigheid van koherente denke wat wetgewers, beleidsvormers, navorsers, innoveerders en opvoeders saamvoeg om die sekuriteitsgate toe te stop; om institusionele onbuigsaamheid te verlig en om werk te maak van die gebrek aan diepte en wydte in Suid-Afrika se CS-aanbieding. Die ontoereikende CS-aanbieding het meegebring dat multinasionale maatskappye en ander belanghebbendes in die private sektor hul eie talent invoer of oplei, en sodoende die openbare sektor met ’n tekort aan sekuriteit-vaardighede laat.
Die aanbevelings wat aan die hand van die studiebevindinge gemaak word, sluit in: aan die een kant, die uitskakeling van beperkende praktyke wat innovering teenwerk, en aan die ander kant, die bevordering van kubersekuriteit-investering en samewerking van buite. Kapasiteitsbestuur, volgens die model wat in die studie voorgehou word, moet aanvullend wees tot die Wetsontwerp op Kubermisdaad en Kubersekuriteit, wat nie voldoende voorsiening maak vir die kubersekuriteit-vaardigheidsagenda nie. Die regering moet medium- tot langtermynbeleide instel wat volhoubaar kubersekuriteit-kundiges in die akademiese omgewing en die bedryf kan lewer. Suid-Afrika moet grootskaalse bewusmaking van CS en openbare opvoeding ten opsigte van die belangrikheid van kubersekuriteit aanpak, byvoorbeeld deur kuberhigiëne-veldtogte wat op verskillende demografiese kenmerke van hul kuber-burgery gerig is, en moet betekenisvolle veranderinge in akademiese kontekste en indiensnemingspraktyke bewerkstellig. CS-kursusse moet bekendgestel word van die primêre en sekondêre vlakke tot by die tersiêre en nagraadse vlakke. Inter-institusionele samewerking sal deurslaggewend wees, aangesien ons almal teen dieselfde teenstanders op die kuberterrein veg. Die gebruik van gedeelde laboratoriums en simulasielaboratoriums moet ondersoek word as ’n moontlike manier om die nodige hulpbronne te skep om ’n mededingende CS-aanbieding te bewerkstellig. Opleiding sal uiters noodsaaklik wees om kampvegters vir verandering te kweek in die regsveld, wetstoepassing, die akademiese wêreld, navorsing en beleidsformulering. Ter wille van die lewering van impakryke opvoeding en indringende hulpbronne, is goed befondsde navorsing deurslaggewend vir die bou van ’n bekwame staat, stimulering van innovering, bevordering van kommersialisering, en omkering van die inligtingstegnologie-invoer/uitvoer-strikvraag.Ph. D. (Philosophy Studies)Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theolog
Strategies to enhance nurses' participation in healthcare research in the context of HIV and AIDS transmission in Nigeria
No full textBackground: Reducing the disease-related hardships in Nigeria's HIV and AIDS transmission context needs research-based multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary strategies that scientifically inform research findings for relevant research advocacy. As health professionals, nurses play a crucial role in health-sector solutions to lower the burden of diseases such as HIV. However, the deep awareness of HIV and AIDS transmission did not convert into research generation through independent research output in this environment.
Purpose: This study aimed at developing strategies that enhance nurses' participation in healthcare research in Nigeria's HIV and AIDS transmission context.
Method: This study adopted a qualitative research approach in conjunction with exploratory and descriptive research designs as this enabled the provision of further details and information in aspects of the research field where knowledge is limited. The study population consisted of about 200 registered nurses providing nursing care at a general hospital in Ogun State, Nigeria, a 160-bed tertiary hospital providing various medical and nursing care services.
Sample: The non-probability purposive sampling technique was utilised for the selection of 31 registered nurse participants. In-depth interviews were held with 10 of these nurses, while 21were involved in three focus group discussions as part of the study’s overall data collection regime. The modified six-phase data analysis method was utilised to correlate and integrate the information from the individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions into coherent themes addressing the study’s investigated problem.
Result: The study found that nurses in Nigeria were largely aware of local and worldwide HIV trends, the mechanisms for mobilising local initiatives, and the critical role of applying research findings in effectively reducing HIV and AIDS. However, they were usually unconcerned with their role in HIV and AIDS healthcare research development. While the nurses were primarily engaged in data gathering and validation, their personal understanding did not convert into knowledge disseminated via autonomous research productivity and publications in this area. Instead, they preferred to go with the flow of events and were hesitant to challenge the status quo.
Recommendation: All nurses should be required to have a university education, and policies that promote a culture of nursing research productivity should be promoted.Health Studie
Value realisation of data analytics to improve business intelligence in the manufacturing sector in the big data era
No full textAbstracts in English and ShonaCurrently, the fourth industrial revolution is driven by cyber-physical systems through interconnected emerging technologies that produce a lot of information, referred to as the big data environment. However, extracting value from the information presents valuable opportunities and insights to those who are able to analyse the data. The current environment requires managers to use technologies such as business intelligence systems (BI) to analyse the data. Technology has advanced; managers who do not embrace it to conduct business intelligence become spectators in the world of business where they should be dominating. The aim of this research study was to explore the value to be derived from data analytics application to improve business intelligence in the manufacturing sector. The main objective was to propose suitable general frameworks that can guide managers to analyse data in the big data environment using BI to create a competitive advantage. The specific objectives were to explore how external data are integrated with internal data and to examine what is limiting managers from using BI systems to analyse the resultant data to extract value during the decision-making process. The study design was an exploratory qualitative case study that involved Executives, Senior managers, and Consultants as implementers of BI. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed using Atlas_ti to generate codes and themes. A focus group validated the findings. The results revealed that BI systems are not plug-and-play; managers lack technical skills and time due to operational commitments. External consultants lack knowledge of the business process. Internal consultants lack facilitating conditions and training. Managers are not at liberty to share their data even though the data are already structured. They are afraid of violating ethics because there are no clear frameworks to integrate systems. Four frameworks emerged from this study (i) a framework to reach the pervasive level of business intelligence maturity level (ii) the Trust benefit framework for external data sharing (iii) the BI skills imparting framework and (iv) the Framework for adopting data analytics in an environment of other emerging technologies. The research study made an original contribution to the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology theory. It suggests the incorporation of trust, risk, and ethical considerations as key moderators for sharing data and adopting data analytics.Parizvino, shanduko yechina yekubatwa kunoita mabasa mumakambani iri kufambiswa kuburikidza nematekinoroji akati wandei ari kuburwa. Matekinoroji aya anoburitsa ruzivo rwakawanda kwazvo kuumba nharaunda yakakura ye denhe reruzivo. Nekudaro, kutora kukosha kubva kuruzivo rwe nharaunda iyi kunopa mikana kune avo chete vane nzira dzekuongorora denhe idzva reruzivo iri. Iyo nharaunda itsva iyi inotoda kuti vakuru vemakambani vashandise masisitimu azvino seinonzi, bhizimusi rehungwaru (BI). Tekinoroji yafamba; zvekuti vakuru vemakambani vasingaigamuchire kuti vaite bhizimusi neungwaru vanosiiwa sevaokeri munharaunda yevemabhizinesi umo mavanofanirwa kunge vachitonga. Chinangwa cheongororo iyi chaive chekuumba hwaro hwakakodzera hunogona kushandiswa nevakuru vemakambani emuZimbabwe kuongorora denhe rerwuzivo munzvimbo huru vachishandisa sisitimu ye BI kuitira kuti vave pamusoro pevamwe vavo. Donzvo raive rekuongorora kuti denhe rerwuzivo rwekunze ringasanganiswa sei nedenhe rerwuzivo rwemukati uye zvozoongororwa kuti chii chinotadzisa vatungamiri vemakambani kushandisa sisitimu ye BI kuongorora denhe reruzivo rinenge rabuda kuti vabatsirwe panguva yekuita sarudzo yemafambiro avanoda kuzoita pabasa ravo. Nyaya iyi yakaongororwa kuchishandiswa mhando yaisanganisira vatungamiri vakuru vemakambani, vanounza masisitimu aya mumakambani, vapi vemazano vemukati avo vanoashandisa. Zvaibuda mukubvunzurudza zvakaunganidzwa nekuongororwa kuchishandiswa imwe sisitimu inonzi Atlas_ti kugadzira mipanda nemadingindira. Kaboka kadiki kakaumbwa kuti katange kanzvera zvakabuda. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti masisitimu e BI haasi ekungobayirira wobva watotanga kushandisa ipapo ipapo. Nekudaro vatungamiri vemakambani vanoshaya hunyanzvi hwekuashandisa uye nguva nekuda kwebasa ravo. Vanounza masisitimu aya mumakambani havanawo ruzivo rwemaitirwo emabhizimusi uye vapi vemazano vemukati vanoshayawo nzira yekubatsira nayo uye nguva yekuti vadzidziswe nevekunze. Zvakaratidzawo zvakare kuti vatungamira vemakambani havana kunyatso sunungukirwa nekupa denhe ravo reruzivo rwavo rwemukati nekuti hapana hurongwa hwakajeka hwekubatanidza masisitimu avo neekunze kuti vatambidzane denhe rezivo, saka vanotya kutyora mirairo yemubatanidzwa wemakambani. Kune avo vanoshandidzana havo, nzira ye denhe reruzivo rwekunze yakatogadzirwa kare asi, naivowo havanawo rusununguko rwekugovera denhe reruzivo rwavo. Zvirongwa zvina zvinotevera zvakabuda muchidzidzo chino (i) hurongwa hunodiwa kuti pasvikwe padanho rakakura rekuwedzera hungwaru (ii) Rubatsiro rwekuvimbika nehurongwa hwekugovana denhe reruzivo rwekunze (iii) hurongwa hwekupa hunyanzvi neungwaru mumabhizimisi uye (iv) Nzira inodiwa kugona kunzwera denhe reruzivo zvisinganetsi. Tsvagiridzo iyi yakaitawo kuti muono wepakutanga wekugamuchirwa kwekushandisa Tekinoroji (UTAUT) unyatso nzverwa nekugadziriswa kuti ubatanidze kuvimbika, njodzi, uye hunhu, sezvinhu zvakakosha pakugovana zivo neungwaru munharaunda hombe yedenhe reruzivo.DBLGraduate School of Business Leadershi