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A framework to develop support strategies for SMMEs in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa
Get PDFAbstract in English with Xhosa and Tswana translationsSmall, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) are the cornerstones of an economy. While there is a broad spectrum of support for these enterprises, the given support does not address all the barriers that SMMEs face. SMME support agencies do not always meet the needs of SMMEs due to their limited resources; in addition, the Northern Cape province is a widely dispersed province. The high failure rate of SMMEs in the Northern Cape province is a matter of concern. Therefore, the primary objective of the study was to develop a framework of support strategies for SMMEs in the Northern Cape province. Furthermore, the study investigated the existing support strategies for SMMEs and factors that limited SMME sustainability. Barriers to financial access, market access, and a lack of infrastructure were also determined.
This study undertook a pragmatic philosophical approach and adopted a convergent parallel mixed method design. For the quantitative phase of the study, the target population comprised of SMME owners/managers in the Northern Cape province. For the qualitative phase of the study, the target population consisted of SMME support agency officials in the Northern Cape province. Convenience and snowball sampling techniques were used for the quantitative phase of the study, and 207 participants participated in the study. The purposive sampling technique was employed for the qualitative phase of the study, where 10 participants participated in the interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, and hypotheses were tested. Statistical tests included the Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity, communalities, variance explained, scree plot, factor rotated component matrix and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The data collected from the interviews was analysed by means of content and thematic analysis.
Associations were established between Support strategies, Limitations and sustainability and Barriers to SMMEs. It was found that the support provided to SMMEs is not necessarily aligned with the needs of SMMEs, and the factors that limit SMME sustainability are reinforced by the barriers to SMMEs. The study suggests the implementation of the framework for SMME support strategies (Table 6.1). The study recommends that the synergies between SMMEs, SMME support agencies, the government and all role players involved in SMME development, be improved.Amashishini amancinci, aphakathi, kunye namancinci kakhulu (iiSMMEs) aziintsika zoqoqosho. Nangona zininzi iindlela zokuxhasa la mashishini, le nkxaso ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nayo yonke imiqobo esendleleni yawo. Iiarhente zenkxaso yeeSMMEs azisoloko zizihlangabeza izidingo zala mashishini ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemithombo yoncedo; ngaphaya koko, iphondo loMntla Koloni libanzi kakhulu. Ukungaphumeleli kweeSMMEs eMntla Koloni kuyaxhalabisa. Ngoko ke injongo engundoqo yolu phando yayikukuphuhlisa isakhelo sokusebenza samaceho okuxhasa iiSMMEs kwiphondo loMntla Koloni. Kwakhona, esi sifundo saphanda amacebo enkxaso yeSMMEs akhoyo nozinzo lwazo olunqongopheleyo. Kwaphinda kwaqwalaselwa ukufikelela ezimalini, ukufikelela ezindaweni zokuthengisa kunye nokungabikho kwezibonelelo zokusebenza.
Esi sifundo salandela indlela yophando ekuthiwa yipragmatic philosophical, apho kuthiwa into iyamkeleka ukuba isebenza kakuhle, sabuya sasebenzisa umxube weendlela zophando. Ekusebenziseni indlela yophando eqwalasela ubuninzi bamanani, isifundo sathatha isampulu yabanini/abaphathi beeSMMEs bephondo loMntla Koloni. Kwisigaba sophando ngokuzathuza isampulu yayithathwe kumagosa eearhente zokuxhasa iiSMMEs zephondo loMntla Koloni. Kwisigaba sophando esiqwalasela ubuninzi bamanani kwasetyenziswa icebo lokusampula apho abo bakhethiweyo becebisa ukuba ngobani abanye abanokusampulwa, kwaza kwakhethwa abathathi nxaxheba abangama-207 kwesi sifundo. Kwisigaba sophando ngokuzathuza isampulu yathathwa kujoliswe kwinjongo ethile, kwaqwalaselwa iimpawu ezithile, kwaza kwakhethwa abathathi nxaxheba abali-10 ekwakuza kubanjwa nabo udliwano ndlebe. Ubalo manani ngohlalutyo olucacisayo noluzathuzayo lwenziwa, kwavavanywa izigqibo ezibekwe ngaphambi kophando. Ezinye iindlela zovavanyo manani ezasetyenziswayo zezifana neCronbach’s alpha, iKaiser-Meyer-Olkin kunye neBartlett’s Test of Sphericity. Kwenziwa nohlalutyo olucacisa ukufana okanye ukungafani kweempawu ezithile ngokwamanani esampulu, oko kusenziwa ngeendlela zohlalutyo ezifana nothelekiso oluyiPearson’s correlation analysis. Idatha eyaqokelelwa kwiindliwano ndlebe yahlalutywa ngokuqwalasela iziqulatho kunye nomxholo wokuphandwayo.
Kwasekwa unxulumano phakathi kwamacebo enkxaso, ukusilela nokuzinza, kunye nemiqobo yeeSMMEs. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba inkxaso enikwa iiSMMEs ayisoloko ingqamene nezidingo zazo, kwaye izinto ezibangela ukusilela kozinzo lweeSMMEs kongezelelwa yimiqobo esendleleni yeeSMMEs. Umphandi ucebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe isakhelo sokusebenza ekuqiniseni amacebo okuxhasa iiSMMEs (Itheyibhile 6.1). Kwakhona, umphandi ucebisa ukuqiniswa kwentsebenziswano phakathi kweeSMMEs, iiarhente zokuxhasa iiSMMEs, urhulumente nabo bonke abanendima abayidlalayo ekuphuhlisweni kweeSMMEsDikgwebopotlana (diSMME) ke mooko wa ikonomi. Le fa go na le tshegetso ya dikgwebo tseno ka bophara, tshegetso e di e amogelang ga e samagane le dikgoreletsi tsotlhe tse diSMME di lebanang natso. Ditheo tsa tshegetso ya diSMME ga di fitlhelele ditlhokego tsa diSMME ka gale ka ntlha ya ditlamelo tse di tlhaelang; go tlaleletsa moo, porofense ya Kapa Bokone ke porofense e e anameng thata. Seelo se se kwa godimo sa go retelelwa ga diSMME kwa Kapa Bokone ke ntlha e e tshwenyang thata. Ka jalo, maikemisetso magolo a thutopatlisiso e ne e le go tlhama letlhomeso la ditogamaano tsa tshegetso ya diSMME tsa porofense ya Kapa Bokone. Mo godimo ga moo, thutopatlisiso e batlisisitse ditogamaano tse di gona tsa tshegetso ya diSMME le dintlha tse di kgoreletsang go tsweletsega ga diSMME. Go ne ga lebelelwa gape dikgoreletsi tsa go fitlhelela ditšhelete, go fitlhelela mebaraka, gammogo le tlhaelo ya mafaratlhatlha.
Thutopatlisiso e dirisitse molebo wa filosofi mme ya dirisa thadiso ya mmeo o o tswakaneng. Mo legatong la khwanthitatifi la thutopatlisiso, setlhophasegolo e ne e le beng/batsamaisi ba diSMME kwa porofenseng ya Kapa Bokone. Mo legatong la khwalithatifi la thutopatlisiso, setlhophasegolo e ne e le batlhankedi ba ditheo tsa tshegetso ya diSMME kwa porofenseng ya Kapa Bokone. Go dirisitswe dithekeniki tsa go tlhopha sampole tse di letlang banni le seabe go thusa go bona banni le seabe ba bangwe mo legatong la khwanthitatifi la thutopatlisiso, mme go nnile le banni le seabe ba le 207 mo thutopatlisisong. Go dirisitswe dithekeniki tsa go tlhopha sampole tse di letlang banni le seabe go thusa go bona banni le seabe ba bangwe mo legatong la khwalithatifi la thutopatlisiso, mme go nnile le banni le seabe ba le 10 mo dikopanopotsolotsong. Go dirilwe dipalopalo tse di tlhalosang le tse di dirisang didiriswa tsa tokololo go dira ditshwetso, mme ga lekelediwa haepotesese. Diteko tsa dipalopalo di akareditse alpha ya ga Cronbach, tokololo ya ntlha ya tlhotlhomiso, tekanyetso ya go lekana ga sampole ya Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, Teko ya ga Bartlett ya Seferesiti, go tlhakanela dipoelo, dipharologantsho tse di tlhalositsweng, poloto ya mola, tekanyetso ya dikarolo e e fokotsang dintlha, le tokololo ya tsamaelano ya ga Pearson. Data e e kokoantsweng go tswa mo dikopanopotsolotsong e lokolotswe ka tokololo ya diteng le go ya ka merero.
Go ne ga lebelelwa tsamaelano magareng ga ditogamaano tsa tshegetso, ditlhaelo le tsweletsego, gammogo le dikgoreletsi tsa diSMME. Go fitlhetswe gore tshegetso e e neelwang diSMME ga e lepalepane le ditlhokego tsa diSMME, mme dintlha tse di lekanyetsang tsweletsego ya diSMME di okediwa ke dikgoreletsi tsa diSMME. Mmatlisisi o tshitshinya gore go tsenngwe tirisong letlhomeso la ditogamaano tsa tshegetso ya diSMME (Lenane 6.1). Gape mmatllisisi o atlenegisa gore go nne le tirisanommogo magareng ga diSMME, ditheo tsa tshegetso ya diSMME, puso le banni le seabe botlhe ba tlhabololo ya diSMME.D. Phil. (Management Studies)Colleges of Economic and Management Science
An investigation into young people’s perceptions on the role of gangsterism in the spread of HIV/AIDS : case of Duncan village in the Buffalo City Metro Municipality
Get PDFIntroduction: Globally and in South Africa, young people are predisposed to contracting the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) due to several social challenges. These social challenges include poverty and gangsterism. In South Africa, there is a high prevalence of HIV amid a rising level of gangsterism among youths which exacerbates the spread of HIV and this negates efforts to prevent the spread of this virus among this demographic group.
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate young people’s perceptions on the role of gangsterism in the spread of HIV/AIDS in Duncan Village.
Setting: The study was conducted in Duncan Village, which is a township in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality located in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.
Study population: The study population will be young people between the ages of 18-35 years residing in Duncan village.
Sampling: Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants who were selected based on the participants’ ages. The sample size of 20 participants were reached. No data saturation was reached.
Data collection and analysis: Data was collected using in-depth interviews and a semi-structured interview guide. The data collected was analysed using Braun and Clark’s six steps of thematic analysis.
Results: A total of 20 participants were selected, most of the participants' ages ranged from 18-35 years. Young people understood gangsterism as a group of young people involved in delinquent behaviour like drug abuse and multiple sexual partnering. These gang-related activities increased the spread of HIV. Gangsterism fostered sexual violence and affected the sexual rights of women putting them at risk of contracting HIV.
Conclusion: From these findings, it was concluded that gangsterism is an enabler of the spread of HIV in Duncan Village.M.A. (Sociology)Sociolog
Investigating the induced effects of physical parameters applied during the electrode preparation, washing, and drying stages on the crystalline aspect and supercapactive performance of nickel-cobalt-aluminium-layered double hydroxides
No full textSupercapacitors are promising energy storage devices which fill the gap between conventional
capacitors and batteries. They possess several advantages compared to the latter such as safe
operation, superior capacitance than conventional capacitors and high-power density compared
to batteries. Adding to this, they can be fully charged in the order of seconds and their lifespan
is almost unlimited. Finally, they operate under high potential windows and relatively high
temperatures. However, they exhibit low energy density compared to batteries. The
performance of supercapacitors is intimately linked with the type of electrode active material
used. Nanostructured materials have greatly contributed to the improvement of supercapacitors’
performance. Compared to various reported nanostructured materials, layered double
hydroxides (LDH) are seen as promising electrode active materials for supercapacitors
application due to several advantages that they possess and the synergistic impacts of two or
more metal cations that are involved during their preparation which boosts their supercapacitive
performance. LDH materials undergo several stages during their synthesis. It is known that the
synthesis process involves various stages and during each stage different physical parameters
are applied. The literature proves that by varying those physical parameters, the properties of
the final product can be altered. Consequently, many strategies were developed whereby
various physical parameters were varied and their effects on different properties were reported.
However, the physical parameters applied during synthesis stages such as the LDH electrode
preparation, washing and drying of LDH precipitates are still not receiving any research interest
and the studies dedicated to investigating their impacts on the produced LDH structural aspect
and supercapacitive properties of LDH materials are still scarce whereas understanding their
impacts could allow improving the supercapacitive optimization rate already recorded. The
reason why, this thesis has investigated the induced effects of physical parameters applied
during the electrode preparation, washing and drying stages on the crystalline aspect and supercapacitive performance of NiCoAl-LDH products. Based on the collected results and
discussions, it was found that these physical parameters have altered the crystalline structure of
NiCoAl-LDH and affected accordingly their electrochemical performance.Ph. D. (Physics)Physic
An exploration of the impact of corruption on service delivery in the Emfuleni Local Municipality, Gauteng
No full textThis study was conducted as a result of the various media reports and complaints from the Emfuleni Local Municipality residents on the impact of corruption on service delivery in the Emfuleni local municipality. The municipality does not have any strategy to fight corruption and it only relies on the South African Police Service (SAPS) to investigate internal crimes. A qualitative research approach was used to investigate this problem. A thorough literature study and documentary analysis were used to gather the relevant data related to this topic.M.A. (Forensic Science and Technology)Criminology and Security Scienc
Exploration recidivism among male ex-offenders in the Johannesburg metropolitan area
No full textIncludes summaries in Afrikaans and SothoSouth Africa continues to experience an increase in crime rate that is arguably linked to the
high rate of recidivism. It is of great concern that the key purpose (i.e., to reduce crime) of
correctional system is producing the opposite effect of recidivism. It is important not to
haphazardly study the high rate of recidivism among male ex-offenders but also to understand
their lived experiences. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences
of male ex-offenders in the Johannesburg metropolitan areas of Soweto and Ormonde.
Literature seems to suggest that factors such as unemployment, peer pressure, the pressure of
being a man and the struggles of reintegration, including judgement and acceptance from the
community, friends and family among others, contribute to recidivism. The analytical
framework for the study comprised two theories, which are Albert Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory and the Labelling Theory by Howard Becker. An interpretivist paradigm was adopted
to understand the multiple realities that exist around recidivism of male ex-offenders. A
qualitative method was utilised to explore factors that contribute to recidivism. Six participants
aged between 32 and 41 years participated in the study. Data was collected using semi
structured, open-ended interviews. Due to the sensitivity of this study, snowball and purposive
sampling techniques were used to select participants. The participants had previously
reoffended more than once due to the challenges, such as the previous criminal record,
unemployment, stigmatisation by the community and the struggle of providing for their family.
In order to get full insight of the participants lived experiences, Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method was used to analyse data. This method of analysis
allowed me to narrow down large amount of data into five meaningful themes, and categories.
The identified themes were relevant to the research questions, and these included motivation
behind recidivism (theme 1), life in Johannesburg as an ex-offender (theme 2), notions of
reoffending (theme 3), reintegration and acceptance – a sense of belonging (theme 4), rejection
and lack of support (theme 5). The findings of this research can contribute to existing research
that has been conducted by others in exploring the lived experiences of male ex-offenders that
have contributed to recidivism.Suid-Afrika ervaar steeds 'n toename in misdaadsyfers wat verband hou met die hoë koerse van
herhaling. Dit wek groot kommer dat die sleuteldoel van fasiliteite soos die korrektiewe stelsel
om misdaad te verminder, gelei het tot 'n stryd om die gewenste uitkoms te lewer. Dit is
belangrik om nie net die hoë koerse van herhaling onder manlike oud-oortreders te bestudeer
nie, maar ook om hul geleefde ervarings te verstaan. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was
om die geleefde ervarings van manlike oud-oortreders in die Johannesburgse metropolitaanse
gebiede van Soweto en Ormonde te verken. Die studie het gefokus op die begrip van
residivisme vanuit die perspektief van manlike eks-oortreders, en hul motivering vir voorheen
heroortreding. Verskeie faktore soos werkloosheid, groepsdruk, die druk om 'n man te wees en
die stryd van herintegrasie, insluitend oordeel en aanvaarding deur die gemeenskap, vriende en
familie onder andere, is geïdentifiseer. Die analitiese raamwerk vir die studie het twee teorieë
bestaan, naamlik Albert Bandura se Sosiale Leerteorie en die Etiketteringsteorie deur Howard
Becker. Interpretivisme is as die navorsingsparadigma aanvaar om die veelvuldige realiteite
wat bestaan met betrekking tot die residivisme van manlike oud-oortreders te verstaan. 'n
Kwalitatiewe metode is gebruik om die faktore wat bydraende faktore van oud-oortreders wat
heroortree, te verstaan. Ses deelnemers van tussen 32 en 41 jaar het aan hierdie studie
deelgeneem. Data is ingesamel met behulp van oop onderhoudvrae oor manlike oud-oortreders.
Die deelnemers is gekies deur gebruik te maak van beide die sneeubal- en doelgerigte
steekproeftegnieke. Die mans het voorheen meer as een keer heroortree weens die uitdagings
van ’n vorige kriminele rekord, werkloosheid, stigmatisering deur die gemeenskap en die stryd
om vir hul gesin te voorsien. Die data is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die Interpretatiewe
Fenomenologiese Analise metode om volle insig te kry van die deelnemers se geleefde
ervarings en het dan die groot hoeveelheid data in vyf betekenisvolle temas en kategorieë
vernou.Die geïdentifiseerde temas was relevant tot die navorsingsvrae, insluitend motivering
agter residivisme (Tema 1), lewe in Johannesburg as 'n voormalige oortreder (Tema 2), idees
van heroortreding (Tema 3), herintegrasie en aanvaarding – 'n gevoel van behoort (Tema 4),
en verwerping en gebrek aan ondersteuning (Tema 5). Die bevindinge van hierdie navorsing
kan bydra tot bestaande navorsing wat deur ander gedoen is om die geleefde ervarings van
manlike eks-oortreders wat tot herhaling bygedra het, te ondersoek.Aforika Borwa e tswelapele ho ba le keketseho ya sekgahla sa botlokotsebe se hokahaneng le
sekgahla se hodimo sa phetohelo. Hoa tšoenya haholo hore morero oa bohlokoa oa ho ba le
litsi tse kang tsamaiso ea khalemelo ho fokotsa botlokotsebe o bakile ntoa ea ho hlahisa
sephetho se lakatsehang. Ho bohlokoa ho se ithute feela litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho
pheta-pheta har'a banna bao e kileng ea e-ba litlokotsebe empa hape le ho utloisisa liphihlelo
tsa bona tse phelang. Sepheo sa mantlha sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho hlahloba liphihlelo tsa
banna bao e neng e le batlōli ba molao litoropong tsa Johannesburg tsa Soweto le Ormonde.
Boithuto bo ne bo tsepamisitse maikutlo ho utloisiseng ho pheta-pheta ho tsoa ponong ea banna
bao e kileng ea e-ba batlōli ba molao, le sepheo sa bona sa ho khopisa pele. Lintlha tse 'maloa
tse kang ho hloka mosebetsi, khatello ea lithaka, khatello ea ho ba monna le mathata a ho
tsosolosoa, ho kenyeletsa kahlolo le ho amoheloa ke sechaba, metsoalle le lelapa har'a tse ling,
li ile tsa khetholloa. Moralo oa tlhahlobo oa thuto o na le likhopolo tse peli, e leng Khopolo ea
Albert Bandura ea Thuto ea Sechaba le Khopolo ea Ho Ngola ka Howard Becker.
Interpretivism e ile ea amoheloa e le paradigm ea lipatlisiso ho utloisisa linnete tse ngata tse
teng mabapi le ho pheta-pheta ha batlōli ba molao ba banna. Ho ile ha sebelisoa mokhoa oa
boleng ho utloisisa mabaka a tlatselletsang hore batlōli ba khale ba khopise. Barupeluoa ba
tšeletseng ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 32 le 41 ba nkile karolo phuputsong ena. Lintlha li ile tsa
bokelloa ho sebelisoa lipotso tsa lipuisano tse bulehileng ho banna bao e neng e le batlōli ba
molao. Barupeluoa ba khethiloe ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea ho thella lehloa le mekhoa e metle ea
ho etsa lisampole. Banna bana ba ne ba kile ba siteloa ka makhetlo a fetang le le leng ka lebaka
la liphephetso tsa tlaleho ea pele ea tlōlo ea molao, ho hloka mosebetsi, ho khesoa ke sechaba
le ho loanela ho hlokomela malapa a bona. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlobjoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ho fumana temohisiso e felletseng ea barupeluoa ba
phetseng liphihlelo ebe ba fokotsa palo e kholo ea data ka lihlooho tse hlano tse nang le
moelelo, le mekhahlelo. Lihlooho tse khethiloeng li ne li amana le lipotso tsa lipatlisiso, tse
kenyeletsang tšusumetso ea ho pheta-pheta (Tema ea 1), bophelo ba Johannesburg e le mofosi
oa khale (Tema 2), maikutlo a ho fosa hape (Tema ea 3), ho kopanya bocha le ho amoheloa -
maikutlo a ho ba setho sa motho (Morero oa 2). 4), le ho khesoa le ho hloka tšehetso (Theme
5). Liphuputso tsa phuputso ena li ka kenya letsoho liphuputsong tse seng li ntse li le teng tse
entsoeng ke ba bang ho hlahloba liphihlelo tse phelang tsa banna bao e kileng ea e-ba batlōli
ba molao ba tlatselitseng ho pheta-pheta.M.A. CommunicationPsycholog
Contextualising emotional intelligence
Get PDFRated among the top ten most desirable skills, emotional intelligence (EI) forms an integral part of our intellectual makeup. EI is complex, broad, integrated and requires conscious focus. Developing EI skills is beneficial and possible through training. Competence in EI significantly impacts one’s emotional well-being, influencing our immediate and extended social environments as we constantly migrate across the boundaries of different contexts. This study explored the practical application of EI skills learned from the Neuro-Link EI Program in the Association, Localisation, Life phase, and Methodical Contexts.
A sample of six highly qualified professionals, diverse in nationality, gender, age, culture, and profession, participated in a qualitative ethnographic research, which revealed the meaning they attach to their EI experiences in various contexts. Participants shared their life narratives via in-depth one-on-one semi-structured interviews. They unanimously agreed that EI training stimulated an ongoing soul-searching process and that acquiring EI is not a one-time event but develops systematically and requires constant practice to master and become a lifestyle. It starts with oneself and escalates to others during interactions with immediate family members, colleagues, peers and the general public.
Findings from interpretative data analysis revealed that participants understand the EI concept equally and apply it similarly. There was no distinction between South African and international participants, nor between diverse genders, ages, ethnic backgrounds, cultures, or professions. Furthermore, specific settings do not encourage EI more than others, although some circumstances are more demanding than others, which necessarily challenge and test the successful application of EI skills. The degree to which people experience the nature of the event and their EI maturity level, instead, determines how they will apply EI. EI should be a constant and continuous occurrence applied with every daily interaction regardless of scene or circumstance. Finally, EI skills are not used more intensively or differently in specific contexts than others. Thus, definite boundaries do not limit people from acting emotionally intelligently across contexts.
In conclusion, more contexts, a contextual approach from alternative angles, and expanding to a broader geographical variety of participants not represented in this study may ultimately generate a more complete research and representation of the contextualisation of EI.Ph. D. (Psychology)Psycholog
Techno-economic and sustainability assessment of solar-aided lignocellulosic biorefineries
No full textText in EnglishThe aim of this thesis is to conduct a techno-economic and sustainability assessment of solar-aided biorefineries in South Africa. Previous studies on solar-aided lignocellulosic biorefineries are limited to concept illustration and biofuel cost estimation. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of the technical performance, environmental impact and manufacturing costs of potential co-products including lignin and biochar has never been conducted. In addition, although South Africa generates about 16 million metric tonnes of corn residues per annum, and possesses one of the highest solar irradiances in the world, a techno-economic study for solar-aided lignocellulosic biorefineries in South Africa is presently lacking. In order to address the above-mentioned knowledge gaps, the conversion of corn stover into ethanol was simulated. Various scenarios in which solar energy could be added to the biorefinery to generate process steam and electricity were evaluated. Also, a novel gasification configuration allowing the integration of solar energy as a heat source for gasification chemical reactions was modelled and studied. Further, processes enabling the conversion of corn stover into methanol via gasification and CO2 hydrogenation were developed. The techno-economic and environmental performance of all modelled scenarios was then assessed. The results obtained revealed that by the incorporation of solar energy into a corn stover-to-ethanol biorefinery combined with the export of lignin as a co-product could enhance the biorefinery’s overall energy conversion efficiency from 34.3 to 53 – 77%. Moreover, for the standalone scenarios, the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) was 0.61 USD/litre (25.88 USD/GJ), which increased to 43.17 – 68.84 USD/GJ in the solar-aided scenarios. Lignin's minimum selling price was found to vary between 1.63 USD/kg to 3.55 USD/kg depending on the mode of solar energy integration. The incorporation of solar energy combined with export of lignin resulted in an overall potential environmental impact (PEI/hr) 14 to 46% lower. Also, in the solar-aided scenarios, up to 2.06 km2 of land was required by the biorefinery.
In the corn stover-to-methanol biorefinery, the export of char was found to improve the overall conversion efficiency from 46.1 to 61.5%. Further, the introduction of a solar-aided gasifier enhanced net gasification efficiency by 56 to 87%. The minimum methanol selling price (MMSP) for the standalone and solar-aided configurations were respectively found to be 0.31 USD/litre (17.47 USD/GJ) and 0.50 USD/litre (27.88 USD/GJ). While the biochar minimum selling price was estimated to be 13.04 USD/GJ (0.37 USD/kg). The overall PEI/hr for the solar-aided biorefinery was found to be 36% lower that the standalone configuration. Also, the integration of solar energy required a total land area of 6.92 km2, which is substantial. Data generated in this study are expected to serve as a building block for the future implementation of the circular bioeconomy production concept. The study is also expected to be value-added to the literature by providing data that could be used as a reference point for the efficient integration of solar energy into lignocellulosic biorefineries.D. Phil. (Chemical Engineering)Civil and Chemical Engineerin
Measurement of transformational leadership in South Africa: Assessed from an etic perspective
No full textOrientation: It is scientifically questionable whether a predominantly Western construct and instrument could be used in the culturally diverse South African context. The sound measurement of transformational leadership in a multicultural context with the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire (TLQ), developed by Podsakoff et al. (1990), is studied from an etic perspective.
Research purpose: Our study aimed to investigate the TLQ in terms of its construct validity. The instrument was developed outside the South African and the broader African and context; our study thus adopted an etic approach.
Motivation for the study: The psychometric properties of the TLQs are examined through a contextual lens (the South African context), building on the previously conducted work of Podsakoff et al. (1990) and Podsakoff et al. (2012).
Research approach/design and method: This research employed a typical empirical paradigm using a cross-sectional design and quantitative analysis. The sample comprised 3805 respondents. A multi-factorial model was explored and confirmed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results support the original conceptualisation of the overall construct, but with an adjusted factorisation.
Main findings: Two factors of transformational leadership were confirmed, namely leadership focused on organisational, group and individual transformation and leadership focused on creativity and innovation. Good psychometric properties, in terms of good fit and acceptable levels of convergent and discriminant validity were reported for a two-factor model.
Practical/managerial implications: The adapted TLQ was found to be valid on structural (factorial) as well as external levels, and it was found to be reliable. The results suggest that transformational leadership could be used with confidence within the South African context.
Contribution/value-add: Our study established a valid measure of transformational leadership from an etic approach. The necessity for our study originated from the diverse nature of the South African workforce. Participants from both the private and public sectors were included in our study.Graduate School of Business Leadershi
Pentecostalism and the broadcasting media in Africa: a critical study of the Church of Pentecost and their Pentecost Hour TV programme in Ghana
No full textThe strand of Christianity called Pentecostalism, traces its origin to the out-pouring of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:1ff). It has spread to different parts of the world and Africa, utilising various strategies, including broadcasting, to win souls, although this practice is relatively expensive. Some scholars, such as Paul Gifford, are critical of it, while Ogbu Kalu, among others, appears to support it. This study presents an overview of broadcasting in Africa including religious broadcasting. The broadcasting of religious content by Christians, Muslims and African Traditionalists have been essential elements in African broadcasting. These religions broadcast through radio, TV and other traditional and social media networks.
The Church of Pentecost (COP) in Ghana, West Africa which broadcasts the Pentecost Hour TV programme have a membership of about 10% of the total population of the Republic of Ghana. What is the nature of their TV broadcasting?
This study uses primary and secondary data as well as quantitative and diverse qualitative research methods to answer the critical question of this study by; systematically tracing the genesis of religious broadcasting in Ghana and the entry by Pentecostals and COP in particular. This study critically analyses the COP TV sermons, which are the main content of the programme. In addition, it examines the audience's reaction to the programme. Through critical analyses, findings have been reached that shed light on the nature of the COP TV broadcast, Pentecost Hour TV. As a result, some recommendations.
In Ghana, broadcasting can hardly be done without religion, particularly Christianity. This work has identified that radio officially began in the Gold Coast, now Ghana, on 31st July 1935, by the Colonialists, while an indigenous Ghana government started TV broadcasting in Ghana in 1965. Furthermore, the study presents an original narrative of the history of religious broadcasting in Ghana. It provides a case for understanding the role of broadcasting in Christian mission in Africa of the strand of Pentecostalism called Classical Pentecostal Christianity and, in particular, COP in Ghana. This understanding is different from that of the Neo-Pentecostals. Finally, this study helps to reshape a generally held thought by many that broadcasting promotes the mission of Pentecostals in Africa.D. Th. (Missiology)Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiolog
Towards developing a cyberbullying policy for private schools in South Africa : policy considerations at a private school in Gauteng province, South Africa
No full textAbstracts in English, Afrikaans and SothoCyberbullying is a growing problem in schools, posing unique legal and management challenges. I conducted a qualitative, case study grounded in the critical realism paradigm and employed multiple data-collection methods, such as a document study, document analysis, semi-structured interviews, focus groups and qualitative questionnaires. Using criterion-based, purposive sampling, I recruited information-rich participants such as the principal, deputy-principal, school counsellor, educators, and learners. A document study of the legal framework governing cyberbullying brought to the fore an absence of a departmental policy regulating cyberbullying in schools and thus the need to consider various general and education specific law and policy when adopting a school cyberbullying policy. The empirical study confirmed the need to follow a whole-school approach during policy development. Using both the legal framework and the findings from the empirical study, I compiled a prototype cyberbullying policy for private schools; so doing, realising the aim of the study.Kuberafknouery is ’n toenemende probleem by skole en hou unieke regs- en bestuursuitdagings in. Ek het ’n kwalitatiewe gevallestudie gedoen wat in kritiese realisme gefundeer is en veelvuldige data-insamelingsmetodes gebruik, soos ’n dokumentstudie, dokumentontleding, semigestruktureerde onderhoude, fokusgroepe en kwalitatiewe vraelyste. Deur kriteriumgebaseerde, doelbewuste steekproefneming te gebruik, het ek deelnemers wat oor baie inligting beskik, soos die skoolhoof, adjunkskoolhoof, skoolberader, opvoeders en leerders van die deelnemende skool, gewerf. ’n Literatuurstudie van die regsraamwerk wat kuberafknouery reguleer, het die afwesigheid van ’n departementele beleid vir die regulering van kuberafknouery in skole uitgewys, en derhalwe die behoefte om verskeie algemene en onderwysspesifieke wetgewing en beleide te oorweeg wanneer ’n beleid ten opsigte van skoolkuberafknouery aangeneem word. Die empiriese studie het die behoefte bevestig om ’n geheelskoolbenadering tydens beleidontwikkeling te volg. Deur die regsraamwerk en die bevindings van die empiriese studie te gebruik, het ek ’n prototipe kuberafknouerybeleid vir privaat skole saamgestel om sodoende die doelwit van die studie te bereik.Cyberbullying ke bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha dikolong, bo bakang mathata a ikgethang a molao le tsamaiso. Ke entse phuputso ya boemo bo botle, e thehilweng ho bonnete ba nnete ba ditaba le ho sebedisa mekgwa e mengata ya ho bokella dintlha, jwalo ka boithuto ba dingolwa, hlahlobo ya ditokomane, dipuisano tse hlophisitsweng hantle, dihlopha tse tsepamisitsweng maikutlo le dipotso tsa boleng. Ke sebedisa mehlala e thehilweng ho melaotheo, e nang le morero, ke ile ka thaotha barutehi ba nang le boitsebelo bo bongata ba kang mosuwehlooho, motlatsi wa mosuwehlooho, moeletsi wa sekolo, barupelli le baithuti ba tswang sekolong se neng se nka karolo. Boithuto ba lingolhwa mabapi le moralo wa molao o laolang bompodi ba marangrang bo hlakisitse ho ba siyo ha leano la lefapha le laolang bompodi dikolong, kahoo e totobatsa tlhoko ya ho nahana ka melao le maano a fapaneng a akaretsang le a tobaneng le thuto ha ho amohelwa leano la sekolo la bompodi ba marangrang. Boithuto bo matla bo netefaditse tlhoko ya ho latela mokgwa wa sekolo kaofela nakong ya ntlafatso ya maano. Ka ho sebedisa moralo wa molao le diphumano tsa boithuto bo matla, ke ile ka hlophisa leano la mohlala la bompodi ba marangrang bakeng sa dikolo tsa poraefete, ka hona ke ile ka hlokomela sepheo sa thuto.M. Ed. (Education Management)Educational Leadership and Managemen