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Leveraging on the effects of earnings volatility, government borrowing, and liquidity on South African banks' capital structure
No full textAbstract in English with Xhosa and Northern Sotho translationsThe thesis aimed to investigate the effect of earnings volatility, government borrowing and liquidity on the capital structure of financial firms utilising a sample of registered commercial banks in South Africa from 2012 to 2021. Despite the extensive literature on this association, few prominent researchers have studied this phenomenon in the banking sector. Applying the generalised method of moments model, the study found a positive but significant relationship between earnings volatility and capital structure measured by total debt ratio. This suggests that the higher the volatility, the higher the debt. On the contrary, but in line with the theoretical prediction, the study finds a negative but significant relationship between earnings volatility and long-term debt ratio and short-term ratio. This implies that firms with fluctuating earnings may limit their lending capacity since raising debt formally commits the firm to make borrowing obligations. The study also established a positive but significant relationship between government borrowing and the capital structure. Contrary to the crowding-out effects detects, results revealed a positive but significant relationship between government borrowing and capital structure. The crowding-in effect better explains these results, where government borrowing stimulates the local market, motivating banks to borrow more. The results imply that government borrowing does not stifle the private sector. Therefore, the South African government should not worry about crowding out effects. If government borrowing is earmarked for the productive sector, this will stimulate the economy and increase the gross domestic product. The results of the study revealed a positive but significant relationship between the current ratio and capital structure. The study also shows a positive and significant link between liquidity coverage ratio and total debt ratio. Yet, a positive but insignificant relationship exists between liquidity coverage ratio and short-term ratio. There was a negative but insignificant link between liquidity coverage ratio and long-term debt ratio. The study indicated a positive but significant nexus between the bank liquidity mismatches index. This implies that banks can still borrow despite worrying about liquidity as a there is positive between bank liquidity mismatches index and capital structure. The result of the study also shows a positive and significant link between COVID-19 and total debt ratio. However, there is a negative but significant link between COVID-19 and long-term debt ratio. The study shows a negative but insignificant association between COVID-19 and short-term ratio. Future research should test the cointegrating and causality relationship between government borrowing and bank capital structure. Also, given that the banking sector is constrained by Basel III's Capital adequacy requirement, controlling for this factor is critical in future research.
Our main contribution was investigating how the bank liquidity mismatches index (BLMI) influences capital structure. The bank liquidity mismatch index is a new measure of liquidity that incorporates three dimensions: the funding side, the asset side, and the liquidity spiral; this has never been tested before, so that is one of our main contributions. Furthermore, as indicated, we also looked at the government borrowing effect on a capital structure and whether it affected the crowding-in effect or the crowding-out effect. The results even showed that contrary to theory, actual government borrowing in South Africa has a crowding-in effect.Le thisisi ibijolise ekuphandeni isiphumo sokuguquguquka kwemivuzo, ukuboleka kukarhulumente kunye nokuhlawulwa kwamatyala kwisakhiwo semali seenkampani zemali, isebenzisa isivandlakanyi seebhanki zorhwebo ezibhalisiweyo eMzantsi Afrika ukususela ngo2012 ukuya ku2021. Nangona kukho uncwadi olubanzi kolu nxulumano, bambalwa abaphandi abadumileyo abaye baphanda le meko kwicandelo lebhanki. Olu phando lufumanise ubudlelwane obulungileyo nobubalulekileyo phakathi kokuguquguquka kwemivuzo kunye nesakhiwo semali esilinganiswe ngomlinganiselo opheleleyo wamatyala ngokusebenzisa indlela eqhelekileyo yemodeli yamaxesha amafutshane (moments model). Oku kubonisa ukuba apho ukuguquguquka kuphezulu, kulapho ityala liphezulu khona. Ngokwahlukileyo
v
koko, kodwa ngokuhambelana noqikelelo lwethiyori, olu ophando lufumanisa ubudlelwane obungalunganga kodwa obubalulekileyo phakathi kokuguquguquka kwemivuzo kunye nomlinganiselo wamatyala exesha elide kunye nomlinganiselo wexesha elifutshane. Oku kuthetha ukuba amashishini anomvuzo oguquguqukayo anokunciphisa ukubolekisa kwawo nanjengoko ukunyusa ityala ngokusesikweni kubophelela ishishini ukuba lenze izibophelelo zokubolekisa. Uphando luphinde labonisa ubudlelwane obulungileyo nobubalulekileyo phakathi kokuboleka kukarhulumente kunye nesakhiwo semali. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiziphumo zokungafezeki okanye zokusilela kwenkcitho yotyalomali yecandelo labucala enciphayo ngenxa yokwanda kokuboleka kukarhulumente kurhwebo lweengxowamali ezibolekisayo (eyaziwa ngokuba yicrowding-out), iziphumo zibonise ubudlelwane obulungileyo nobubalulekileyo phakathi kokuboleka kukarhulumente kunye nesakhiwo semali. Isiphumo senkcitho ephezulu karhulumente ekhuthaza amashishini ukuba atyale imali eninzi (eyaziwa ngokuba yicrowding-in) sizichaza ngcono ezi ziphumo, apho ukuboleka kukarhulumente kuvuselela urhwebo lwasekhaya, kukhuthaza iibhanki ukuba zibolekise ngaphezulu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuboleka kukarhulumente akuthinteli icandelo labucala. Ngoko ke, urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika makangaxhalabi ngeziphumo zenkcitho yotyalomali yecandelo labucala enciphayo ngenxa yokwanda kokuboleka kukarhulumente kurhwebo lweengxowamali ezibolekisayo (crowding-out). Oku kuya kuvuselela uqoqosho kwaye kwandise imveliso epheleleyo yonyaka yelizwe, ukuba ukuboleka kukarhulumente kubekelwe ecaleni kwicandelo lemveliso. Iziphumo zophando zibonise ubudlelwane obulungileyo nobubalulekileyo phakathi komlinganiselo wangoku kunye nesakhiwo semali. Olu phando lukwabonisa unxibelelwano olulungileyo nolubalulekileyo phakathi komlinganiselo wokubandakanywa kokuhlawulwa kwamatyala kunye nomlinganiselo opheleleyo wamatyala. Ukanti, ubudlelwane obulungileyo kodwa obungabalulekanga bukhona phakathi komlinganiselo wokubandakanywa kokuhlawulwa kwamatyala kunye nomlinganiselo wexesha elifutshane. Kubekho unxibelelwano olungalunganga kodwa olungabalulekanga phakathi komlinganiselo okubandakanywa kokuhlawulwa kwamatyala kunye nomlinganiselo wamatyala exesha elide. Uphando lubonise unxibelelwano olulungileyo nolubalulekileyo phakathi kwesalathisi sokungangqinelani kokubhatalwa kwamatyala ebhanki (bank liquidity mismatches index). Oku kuthetha ukuba iibhanki zisenokubolekisa nangona zixhalabile malunga nokubhathalwa kwamatyala nanjengoko kukho okulungileyo phakathi kwesalathisi sokungangqinelani kokubhatalwa kwamatyala ebhanki kunye nesakhiwo semali. Isiphumo sophando sikwabonisa unxibelelwano olulungileyo nolubalulekileyo phakathi kweCOVID-19 kunye nomlinganiselo wamatyala ewonke. Nangona kunjalo, kukho unxibelelwano olungalunganga kodwa olubalulekileyo phakathi kweCOVID-19 kunye nomlinganiselo wamatyala exesha elide. Olu phando lubonisa unxulumano olungalunganga nolungabalulekanga phakathi kweCOVID-19 kunye nomlinganiselo wexesha elifutshane. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka luvavanye ubudlelwane obude kunye nobufutshane phakathi kwezi nkalo zimbini kunye nobudlelwane obubonisa isiphumo sento ethile ngenxa yenye into ethile okanye ifuthe lazo zombini enye kwenye (cointegrating and causality relationship), phakathi kokuboleka kukarhulumente kunye nesakhiwo semali sebhanki. Kwakhona, nanjengokuba icandelo lebhanki lithintelwa yimfuneko yokwaneliseka yeBasel III's Capital, ukulawula le mpembelelo kubalulekile kuphando lwexesha elizayo.
Igalelo lethu eliphambili ibikukuphanda indlela isalathisi sokungangqinelani kokubhatalwa kwamatyala ebhanki ibank liquidity mismatches index (BLMI) esichaphazela ngayo isakhiwo semali. Isalathisi sokungangqinelani kokubhatalwa kwamatyala ngumlinganiselo omtsha wokungabhatalwa kwamatyala obandakanya iinkalo ezintathu: icala lenkxasomali, icala lezixhobo zokusebenza, kunye nemeko apho ukuhla kwamaxabiso ezixhobo zokusebenza kunokukhuthaza iibhanki ukuba zinciphise ukunikezelwa kwamatyala, okuye kubangele ukuhla ngakumbi kwamaxabiso ezixhobo zokusebenza (okwaziwa ngokuba yiliquidity spiral); oku akuzange kwavavanywa ngaphambili, ngoko ke eli lelinye igalelo lethu eliphambili. Ngaphezu koko, nanjengoko kubonisiwe, siphinde sajonga isiphumo sokuboleka kukarhulumente kwisakhiwo semali nokuba sisichaphazela njani isiphumo senkcitho ephezulu karhulumente ekhuthaza amashishini ukuba atyale imali eninzi (crowding-in effect) okanye isiphumo senkcitho yotyalomali yecandelo labucala enciphayo ngenxa yokwanda kokuboleka kukarhulumente kurhwebo lweengxowamali ezibolekisayo (crowding-out effect). Iziphumo ziye zabonisa ukuba ngokuchasene nethiyori, ukuboleka ngokwenene kukarhulumente eMzantsi Afrika kunesiphumo senkcitho ephezulu karhulumente ekhuthaza amashishini ukuba atyale imali eninzi.Sengwalwanyakišišo se be se ikemišeditše go nyakišiša ka ga seabe sa go ba kotsing ga letseno, go adima ditšhelete ga mmušo le go phuhlama ga sebopego sa letlotlo la dikhamphani tša ditšhelete ka go šomiša sampole ya dipanka tša kgwebo tše di ngwadišitšwego ka Afrika Borwa go thoma ka 2012 go fihla ka 2021.Ka ntle ga dingwalwa tše ntši ka ga seemo se, ke fela banyakišiši ba mmalwa ba go tsebega bao ba nyakišišitšego ka maemo a ka lekaleng la dipanka. Ka go diriša mokgwakakaretšo wa mekgwa ya sebjalebjale, dinyakišišo di hweditše gore go na le kamano ye kaone eupša ye bohlokwa magareng ga go ba kotsing ga letseno le sebopego sa letlotlo ge di elwa ka kelo ya palomoka ya sekoloto. Se se šišinya gore ge letseno le eba kotsing kudu, dikoloto di ba godimo. Go fapana le se, eupša go sepelelana le kakanyo ya teori, dinyakišišo di hwetša kamano ye e sa kgahlišego eupša ye bohlokwa magareng ga go ba kotsing ga letseno le kelo ya sekolo ya lebaka le letelele le kelo ya lebaka le lekopana. Se se ra gore dikhamphani tšeo di nago le letseno la go fetogafetoga di ka fokotša maatla a tšona a kadimo ya ditšhelete ka ge go oketša dikoloto ka semmušo go gapeletša khamphani yeo go dira ditlamego tša dikadimo. Dinyakišišo gape di utollotše gore go na le kamano ye kaone eupša ye bohlokwa magareng ga kadimo ya mmušo le sebopego sa letlotlo. Go fapana le dikutollo tša diabe tša go beeletša ga mmušo, dipoelo di utollotše gore go a le kamano ye kaone eupša ye bohlokwa magareng ga kadimo ya mmušo le sebopego sa letlotlo. Seabe sa go beeletša ga mmušo ka mebarakeng go hlaloša bokaone dipoelo tše, fao kadimo ya mmušo e hlohleletšago mmaraka wa ka nageng, fao go hlohleletšago dipanka go adima kudu. Dipoelo di laetša gore kadimo ya mmušo ga e gatelele lekala la phraebete. Ka fao, mmušo wa Afrika Borwa ga se wa swanela go tshwenyega ka go beeletša ga mmušo ka mebarakeng. Ge e le gore kadimo ya mmušo e ikemišeditše gore go be le lekala la go ba le tšweletšo, se se tla hlohleletša ekonomi le go oketša palomoka ya letseno la ka nageng. Dipoelo tša dinyakišišo di utollotše gore go na le kamano ye kaone eupša ye bohlokwa magareng ga kelo ya bjale le sebopego sa letlotlo.Dinyakišišo di laeditše gape gore go na le kamano ye kaone le ye bohlokwa magareng ga kelo ka kakaretšo ya go phuhlama ga dikgwebo le kelo ya palomoka ya dikoloto. Le ge go le bjale, kamano ye kaone eupša ye bohlokwa e gona magarteng ga kelo ya kakaretšo ya go phuhlama ga dikgwebo le kelo ya lebaka le lekopana. Go bile le kamano ye e sego ya loka eupša ye e sego ye bohlokwa magareng ga kelo ya kakaretšo ya go phuhlama ga dikgwebo le kelo ya dikoloto ya lebaka le letelele. Dinyakišišo di laeditše kgokagano ye kaone eupša ye bohlokwa magareng ga dipalopalo tša go se sepelelane ga go phuhlama ga dipanka. Se se ra gore dipanka di ka tšwela pele go adima ditšhelete ka ntle le go tshwenyega ka ga go phuhlama ga tšona ka ge go na le kamano ye kaone magareng ga dipalopalo tša go se sepelelane ga go phuhlama ga dipanka le sebopego sa letlotlo. Dipoelo tša dinyakišišo le tšona di aletša gore go na le kamano ye kaone le ye bohlokwa magareng ga COVID-19 le palomoka ya kelo ya dikoloto. Le ge go le bjale, go na le kamano ye e sego ya loka eupša ye bohlokwa magareng ga COVID-19 le kelo ya dikoloto ya lebaka le letelele. Dinyakišišo di laetša gore go na le kamano ye e sego ya loka eupša le ye e sego ye bohlokwa magareng ga COVID-19 le kelo ya lebaka le lekopana. Dinyakišišo tša ka moso di swanetše go leka kamano ya mabakanako a go se swane le ye e sego ya thwii magareng ga kadimo ya mmušo le sebopego sa letlotlo la panka. Gape, ka ge lekala la dipanka le iletšwa ke nyakego ya go ba maleba ga Letlotlo go ya ka Basel III, go laola lebaka le go bohlokwa ka dinyakišišong tša ka moso.
Seabe sa rena se segolo e bile go nyakišiša ka fao dipalopalo tša go se sepelelane ga go phuhlama ga dipanka (BLMI) go huetšago sebopego sa letlotlo. dipalopalo tša go se sepelelane ga go phuhlama ga dipanka ke kelo ye mpsha ya go phuhlama ga dipanka yeo e akaretšago mahlakore a mararo: lehlakore la thušo ya ditšhelete, lehlakore la dithoto, le lebakanako la kamano ya go phuhlama; se ga se sa ka sa lekwa mo nakong ye e fetilego, gore e be ye nngwe ya diabe tša rena tše kgolo. Godimo ga fao, ka ge go laeditšwe, re lebeletše gape le sabe sa kadimo ya mmušo go sebopego sa letlotlo le ge eba e amile go se beeletše ga mmušo goba go beeletša ga mmušo ka mebarakeng. Dipoelo di tloga di laeditše gore go fapana le teori, kadimo ya mmušo ya mmakgonthe ka Afrika Borwa e na le seabe sa go beeletše ga mmušo.D. Phil. (Management Studies (Finance))Colleges of Economic and Management Science
Catalyzing change: A framework for equitable health among MSM—insights from South Africa for developing nations
No full textThis research paper seeks to close health disparities
among MSM in developing countries by presenting a
holistic framework that will ensure equal access to
healthcare services. Conducted in South Africa with 25
MSM participants, employing qualitative methods and
Nvivo software for analysis, the framework integrates
WHO's social health determinants and systems theory
principles into three dimensions: Input, process, and
output. The main components are sensitization train ing, community engagement, MSM empowerment,
health promotion coupled with the look at finances,
human resources, and infrastructure. The study under lines the importance of collective action by MSM and
other stakeholders for achieving health equity and
offers valuable lessons for policy makers and
healthcare professionals in terms of inclusiveness and
equal health service delivery. It highlights the critical
role of inter-disciplinary strategy comprising of com munity participation and resource allocation to erase
the health inequality among MSM in developing
countriesCollege of Human Science
Measurement of the t t ¯ production cross-section in pp collisions at s = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector
No full textAbstract
The inclusive top-quark pair (
t
t
¯
) production cross-section
σ
t
t
¯
is measured in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy
s
= 5.02 TeV, using 257 pb−1 of data collected in 2017 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The
t
t
¯
cross-section is measured in both the dilepton and single-lepton final states of the
t
t
¯
system and then combined. The combination of the two measurements yields
σ
t
t
¯
=
67.5
±
0.9
stat
.
±
2.3
syst
.
±
1.1
lumi
.
±
0.2
beam
pb
,
where the four uncertainties reflect the limited size of the data sample, experimental and theoretical systematic effects, and imperfect knowledge of both the integrated luminosity and the LHC beam energy, giving a total uncertainty of 3.9%. The result is in agreement with theoretical quantum chromodynamic calculations at next-to-next-to-leading order in the strong coupling constant, including the resummation of next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic soft-gluon terms, and constrains the parton distribution functions of the proton at large Bjorken-x
Experiences, challenges, and coping strategies of Zimbabwean mothers caring for their minor children without family support whilst residing in South Africa
Get PDFText in English with abstracts and keywords in English and Northern SothoBackground to the study: Family support and Zimbabwean migration is commonly
alluded to by various researchers globally and in South Africa. The reason for migration is
mainly financial opportunities. One of the common encounters migrants come across is the
lack of support from family members left behind. There is a deficiency of research
assessing the experiences, challenges, and coping strategies of Zimbabwean mothers
caring for their minor children without family support whilst in South Africa. Research is
required as the number of Zimbabwean mothers migrating to South Africa is not
decreasing, and the challenges they experience add to the overwhelming high volumes of
cases needing social service intervention.
Aim: The research aimed to investigate the experiences, challenges and coping strategies
of Zimbabwean mothers caring for their minor children without family support.
Methods: Qualitative research methods were employed to explore and describe the
experiences, challenges and coping strategies of Zimbabwean mothers caring for children
without family support whilst residing in South Africa. A qualitative study from
phenomenological research design supported by explorative, descriptive, and contextual
strategies was implemented. The theoretical framework underpinned by the strength based approach and coping theory to guide this study was employed. The population is
comprised of Zimbabwean mothers who are caring for their children. Purposive and
snowball sample selection was applied, and data was collected by conducting semi structured interviews inclusive of open-ended questions enclosed in an interview guide.
The six stages of data analysis proposed by Clarke and Braun (2013) were applied and for
data verification, Guba’s model was implemented (cited in Bryman 2016). Ethical principles
such as informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and compensation management of
information were adhered to and participants in need of debriefing were referred. Results: The results of the research study revealed certain themes such as family
relationships and relationships with community members; source of income; experiences
of Zimbabwean mothers about lack of family support; emotional expressions and emotions
about lack of family support; challenges encountered without family support; emotional
feelings from experiences and challenges due to lack family support; adopted strategies to
cope with challenges and experiences about lack of support from family members. There
were varying and common events in their responses that contributed to the presentation
of this report. Summaries, conclusions and recommendations for social workers, education
and continued development training and future research were deliberated.Lemorago la patlisiso eno: Badiradipatlisiso ba le bantsi mo lefatsheng le ka mo nageng
ya Aforika Borwa ba a tle ba kwale dipatlisiso mo ba umakang ntlha ya go ema nokeng
malapa a baagi ba kwa nageng ya Zimbabwe ba ba direlang kgakala le legae la bona.
Gore batho ba direle kgakala le magae a bona go le gantsi ke ka ntlha ya gore ba kgone
go iponela madi a ba ka iphedisang ka ona. E nngwe ya dikgwetlho tse batho ba ba
direlang kgakala le magae a bona ba kopanang le yona ke go se enngwe nokeng ke
balelapa ba ba setseng kwa gae. Ga go na dipatlisiso tse di phuruphutshang seo bomme
ba kwa Zimbabwe ba itemogelang sona, dikgwetlho tse ba kopanang le tsona le gore ke
eng se ba se dirang gore ba kgone go itshokela seno jaaka ba malapa a bona ba sa ba
thuse go godisa bana ba bona fa bona ba tlile mo tirong mo nageng ya Aforika Borwa. Go
botlhokwa gore go diriwe dipatlisiso ka ga seno gonne palo ya bomme ba kwa Zimbabwe
ba ba tswelela go nna ba ntse ba tla go batlana le ditiro ka fa nageng ya Aforika Borwa ga
e fokotsege e bile dikgwetlho tse ba kopanang le tsona di oketsa mathata a mantsi a ba
nang le ona a a tlhokang go thusiwa ka ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya baagi.
Maikemisetso a patlisiso: Maikemisetso a patlisiso eno ke go phuruphutsha seo bomme
ba kwa Zimbabwe ba itemogelang sona, dikgwetlho tse ba kopanang le tsona le gore ke
eng se ba se dirang gore ba kgone go itshokela seno jaaka ba malapa a bona ba sa ba
thuse go godisa bana ba bona fa bona ba tlile mo tirong.
Mekgwa e e dirisitsweng mo patlisisong: Mo patlisisong eno go dirisitswe mekgwa ya
go dira dipatlisiso ka go ela maemo tlhoko mme ka yona go etswe tlhoko maitemogelo a
bomme ba kwa Zimbabwe le go tlhalosa maitemogelo a bona, dikgwetlho tse ba kopanang
le tsona le gore ke eng se ba se dirang gore ba kgone go itshokela seno jaaka ba malapa
a bona ba sa ba thuse go godisa bana ba bona fa bona ba tlile mo tirong mo nageng ya
Aforika Borwa. Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa go dira dipatlisiso ka go ela tlhoko maitemogelo
a batho ba bangwe mme ona o tshegediwang ke maano a go ela tlhoko, a go tlhalosa le a
go bua ka seo patlisiso e ikaegileng ka sona. Mo go kaeleng patlisiso eno go dirisitswe kakanyo ya leano la go tsamaisa tiro e e itshetlegileng bogolosegolo ka dikgato tsa go tla
ka ditharabololo mmogo le kakanyo ya dikgato tsa go itshoka. Batho ba dipatlisiso tseno
di dirilweng mo go bona ke bomme ba kwa Zimbabwe ba ba ikgodisetsang bana ba bona.
Go dirisitswe dikgato tse maitlhomo a tsona e leng go fitlhelela ntlha e e rileng mmogo le
dikgato tsa go dira dipatlisiso tse di golaganeng, mme tshedimosetso e bokeleditswe ka
go tshwara dikopano le batho ba go diriwang dipatlisiso ka bona go ba botsolotsa dipotso
tse di botlhotshwana tse di tsentsweng ka fa teng ga lenaneo la dipotsolotso. Go dirisitswe
gape le dikgato di le thataro tsa go sekaseka tshedimosetso tse di kwadilweng ke Clarke le Braun (2013), mme go netefatsa boammaruri jwa tshedimosetso eno go dirisitswe
mokgwa wa netefatso ya boammaruri jwa tshedimosetso wa Guba o o fitlhelwang mo go
(Bryman 2016). Go latetswe gape le metheo yotlhe ya maitsholo a a amogelesegileng a
go dira patlisiso a a jaaka go neelwa tetla ya go ka dira patlisiso ke batho ba o dirang
patlisiso ka bona, go netefatsa gore tshedimosetso e e ka ga bona ga e pepesiwe gotlhe,
go fitlha maina a bona a nnete, go latela thulaganyo ya go duelela bao ba neelaneng ka
tetla ya go dirisa tshedimosetso ya bona. Batho botlhe ba ba tsayang karolo mo patlisisong
eno ba ba tlhokang go tlhalosetswa gape ka botlalo mosola wa patlisiso eno le bona ba
tseetswe matsapa a go tlhalosetswa.
Dipoelo tsa patlisiso eno: Dipoelo tsa patlisiso di ribolotse dintlha tse di rileng: go utlwana
ga masika le baagi mo motseng; fo megolo e tswang teng; maitemogelo a bomme ba kwa
Zimbabwe ba ba sa thusiweng go godisa bana; ka fao ba ntshang botlhoko jo ba bo
utlwang le ka fao ba sa thusiweng ke masika a bona; dikgwetlho tse ba kopanang le tsona
ka ntlha ya go se thusiwe ke ba maseika a bona; kutlobotlhoko e ba leng mo go yona ka
ntlha ya maitemogelo a bona le dikgwetlho e leng ka ntlha ya go se thusiwe ke masika a
bona; dilo tse ba di dirang gore ba kgone go itshokela mathata a go se enngwe nokeng ke
bamalapa le masika. Mo dikarabong tse ba di neileng, e leng tsona tse di dirileng gore go
kgonagale gore go tlhagisiwe pegelo eno, go ne go na le mo dikarabo tsa bona di neng di
tshwana le mo dikarabo tsa bona di neng di farologana. Mo pegelong eno go samaganwe
le ditemana tsa tshosobanyo, tsa go garela kgang le tsa ditshitshinyo go tswela mosola
batlhankedi ba ba thusang baagi, barutabana le go thusa mo mererong ya katiso ya go
tsweletsa tlhabologo le ya dipatlisiso tsa mo isagong.M.A. (Social Work)Social Wor
Teachers’ strategies of managing learners’ behavioural challenges in mainstream primary schools of Circuit 3 in Tshwane South
Get PDFLearners’ challenging behaviours continue to dominate all forms of media, globally. One of the components of teaching—and perhaps one of the reasons why teachers are quitting their jobs early—is managing learners’ challenging behaviours. Challenging behaviours can take many forms and hence the strategies of managing them cannot be a one size fits all scenario. Research studies have been conducted to help teachers to manage learners’ behavioural challenges in the classrooms, however, most teachers still struggle to manage these behaviours to date. Furthermore, literature also show a plethora of research about the inclusion of learners with behavioural challenges in mainstream classrooms. However, teachers’ dilemma and reality to manage learners’ behavioural challenges remain scant in literature.
Using the qualitative approach, this exploratory case study explored strategies that teachers use to manage learners with challenging behaviours in primary schools of Tshwane D4 Circuit. Ubuntu and Skinner's operant conditioning theories were used as lenses to explore strategies that teachers use to manage learners’ behavioural challenges. Three (3) teachers from each phase of the three (3) primary schools which made a total of nine (9) teachers were purposefully sampled. In addition, two (2) members of the School Management Teams (SMTs) in each school which was a total of six (6) SMT members were sampled. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Creswell (2013)’s model of data analysis was used to analyse the collected data. Five findings emerged and recommendations are presented in this study.M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)Inclusive Educatio
New techniques for jet calibration with the ATLAS detector
No full textAbstract
A determination of the jet energy scale is presented using proton–proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy of
s
=
13
TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb
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1
collected using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed using the ATLAS particle-flow method that combines charged-particle tracks and topo-clusters formed from energy deposits in the calorimeter cells. The anti-
k
t
jet algorithm with radius parameter
R
=
0.4
is used to define the jet. Novel jet energy scale calibration strategies developed for the LHC Run 2 are reported that lay the foundation for the jet calibration in Run 3. Jets are calibrated with a series of simulation-based corrections, including state-of-the-art techniques in jet calibration such as machine learning methods and novel in situ calibrations to achieve better performance than the baseline calibration derived using up to 81 fb
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1
of Run 2 data. The performance of these new techniques is then examined in the in situ measurements by exploiting the transverse momentum balance between a jet and a reference object. The b-quark jet energy scale using particle flow jets is measured for the first time with around 1% precision using
γ
+jet events
Analysing the sustainable livelihoods of domestic female migrants in Dunoon, Cape Town in the Western Cape of South Africa
No full textIncludes summaries in Afrikaans and TsongaThere is proof that women continue to migrate from other countries to seek better ways of survival and to increase their sustainable livelihood. These women’s migration is linked to their provisional efforts and the challenges they encounter in salvaging and bettering lives within households (Kim 2014:553). When they migrate, a solid number of these women acquire jobs as domestic workers in the host countries.
The main purpose of this study has been to investigate the sustainable livelihoods of domestic female migrants in Dunoon, Cape Town in the Western Cape of South Africa. Sustainable livelihood is described as a person’s capacity to support themselves in a way that is viably long (Serrat 2017). The research implemented primary and secondary data collection methods. The study employed a qualitative research method to investigate, in this context, thirty (30) migrant women working as domestic workers. Ten (10) domestic workers’ employers, two (2) officials from the Department of Social Development and two (2) foreign community representatives were also interviewed and two (2) focus groups discussions were held to gather primary data. A snowball sampling technique was applied to select the respondents.
Evidence shows that the lives of women working as migrant domestic workers have improved positively when compared to their circumstances in their places of origin. When these women obtain jobs as domestic workers, they notice improvement in their livelihoods. However, they face difficulties at work and come across social challenges in the places where they live. Poor infrastructure, robbery, intolerance of foreigners, and uncooperative employers, inter alia, in the host countries are cited as detrimental rudiments to their progress. While policies are available to protect them, a vast number of these women fail to acquire such services due to lack of information, time, funds, and assistance to leverage these. Although the South African government provides services to assist and protect all women regardless of their country of origin, evidence shows that more programmes and facilities are needed and should be established to empower all women living in South Africa.Kunobufakazi bokuthi abesifazane bayaqhubeka nokufuduka besuka kwamanye amazwe beyofuna izindlela ezingcono zokuphila futhi bakhulise ukuphila kwabo okuzinzile. Ukufuduka kwalaba besifazane kuxhumene nemizamo yabo yesikhashana kanye nezinselela abahlangabezana nazo ekusindiseni nasekuthuthukiseni izimpilo zabo emakhaya (Kim 2014:553). Lapho befuduka, inani elikhulu lalaba besifazane bathola imisebenzi njengabasebenzi basezindlini emazweni asekhaya.
Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuphenya izimpilo ezisimeme zabesifazane basekhaya abafudukayo eDunoon, eKapa eNtshonalanga Kapa yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ukuphila okusimeme kuchazwa njengamandla omuntu okuzisekela ngendlela ende (Serrat 2017). Ucwaningo lwenze izindlela zokuqoqa imininingwane eziyinhloko nezesibili.
Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela yocwaningo echazayo ukuphenya, kulesi simo, abesifazane abangamashumi amathathu (30) abafudukayo abasebenza njengabasebenzi basezindlini. Abaqashi babasebenzi basezindlini abayishumi (10), izikhulu ezimbili (2) zoMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi kanye nabamele umphakathi wangaphandle ababili (2) nabo kwaxoxwa nabo futhi kwaba nezingxoxo zamaqembu amabili (2) okugxilwe kuwo ukuze kuqoqwe imininingwane eyinhloko. Kusetshenziswe indlela yesampula engenakwenzeka ukuze kukhethwe abaphendulayo.
Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi izimpilo zabesifazane abasebenza njengabasebenzi basezindlini abaphuma kwamanye amazwe zibe ngcono kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezimo zabo ezindaweni abazalelwa kuzo. Lapho laba besifazane bethola imisebenzi yasezindlini, babona intuthuko endleleni yabo yokuziphilisa. Nokho, babhekana nobunzima emsebenzini futhi bahlangabezane nezinselela zomphakathi ezindaweni abahlala kuzo.
Ingqalasizinda empofu, ukugetshengwa, ukungabekezelelani kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe, nabaqashi abangabambisene nabo, phakathi kokunye, emazweni abambe iqhaza abalulwa njengezisekelo ezilimaza inqubekelaphambili yabo. Nakuba izinqubomgomo zitholakala ukubavikela, inqwaba yalaba besifazane bayehluleka ukuthola lezi zinsizakalo ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi, isikhathi, izimali kanye nosizo lokusebenzisa lezi zinsiza. Yize uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokusiza nokuvikela bonke abantu besifazane kungakhathaliseki ukuthi badabuka kuphi, ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi kudingeka ezinye izinhlelo nezinsiza futhi kumele zisungulwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe bonke abesifazane abahlala eNingizimu Afrika.Daar is bewyse dat vroue steeds vanuit ander lande migreer op soek na beter maniere om te oorleef en hul volhoubare lewensbestaan uit te brei. Die migrasie van hierdie vroue hou verband met hul pogings om te voorsien en die uitdagings wat hulle te bowe moet kom om lewens binne hul huishoudings te bewaar en te verbeter (Kim 2014:553). Wanneer hulle migreer, word heelwat van hierdie vroue in die gasheerlande as huiswerkers in diens geneem.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die volhoubare lewensbestaan van vroulike migrante wat as huiswerkers werk in Dunoon, Kaapstad, in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Volhoubare lewensbestaan word beskryf as ‘n persoon se vermoë om hom- of haarself te onderhou op ‘n manier wat lewensvatbaar lank is (Serrat 2017). Die navorsing het primêre en sekondêre data-insamelingsmetodes geïmplementeer. Die studie het ook ‘n kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode aangewend om in hierdie konteks ‘n ondersoek te doen na dertig (30) migrantvroue wat as huiswerkers werk. Onderhoude is ook gevoer met tien (10) werkgewers van huiswerkers, twee (2) amptenare van die Departement van Maatskaplike Ontwikkeling en twee (2) verteenwoordigers van die buitelandse gemeenskap, en twee (2) fokusgroepbesprekings is gehou om primêre data te versamel. ‘n Sneeubalsteekproeftegniek is gebruik om die respondente te selekteer.
Die bewyse dui daarop dat die lewens van vroue wat as migranthuiswerkers werk, positief verander het in vergelyking met hul omstandighede in hul plek van oorsprong. Wanneer hierdie vroue as huiswerkers aangestel word, ervaar hulle ‘n verbetering in hul lewensbestaan. Hulle kom egter te staan teen probleme by die werk asook maatskaplike uitdagings op die plekke waar hul woon. Swak infrastruktuur, diefstal, onverdraagsaamheid jeens buitelanders, en werkgewers wat onwillig is om hul samewerking te gee in die gasheerlande, word onder andere genoem as grondbeginsels wat hul vooruitgang nadelig beinvloed. Alhoewel beleide bestaan om hulle te beskerm, verkry ‘n groot aantal van hierdie vroue nooit toegang tot sulke dienste nie weens ‘n gebrek aan inligting, tyd, fondse en hulp om dit optimaal te benut. Alhoewel die Suid-Afrikaanse regering dienste verskaf om alle vroue ongeag hul land van oorsprong by te staan en te beskerm, dui getuienis daarop dat meer programme en geriewe nodig is en ingestel moet word om alle vroue wat in Suid-Afrika leef, te bemagtig.M.A. (Development Studies)Development Studie
Improving access to SME finance : Alternative financing approaches
No full textABSTRACT
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are critical contributors to economic growth and job creation. The Covid-19 pandemic has reduced bank lending and affected SMEs. The lecture reviews the spectrum of alternative financing approaches for SME financing towards small businesses' establishment, growth and sustainability. Literature has shown that the expansion of SMEs enhances global economic growth, but these businesses face financing constraints at the start-up phase that hinder their growth and sustainability. They experience a high failure rate due mainly to a lack of startup and development funding. In this lecture, I investigate the challenges SMEs face when accessing finance, their role in economic development, traditional lending technologies, alternative SME funding approaches and the government’s response to these issues. Finally, the lecture discusses how the policy can influence the uptake of alternative financing approaches, enabling SMEs to establish and grow into sustainable entities in developing countries.Finance, Risk Management and Bankin
Analysing stakeholder inclusivity in strategic decision-making processes of the Hlanganani South circuit
Get PDFThis study explored the necessity of stakeholder inclusivity in the planned decision-making processes of the Hlanganani South Circuit in the Vhembe West district of Limpopo. The study is relevant to Hlanganani South Circuit as it is found in rural area with a high population of elderly illiterate people. Leaders in rural communities and schools tend to lead autocratically, with a perception that the people they lead are old, illiterate, and not interested in decision made. As a result, leaders do not see the necessity of employing an inclusivity approach in decision making processes. Hence, it was deemed necessary for the study to present a different perception that the current and argue based on empirical evidence that even elderly people and illiterate are interested in decision making process and that it is necessary to practice inclusivity in this regard. The sustainability of any modern school is characterised by collaboration which incorporates the inclusivity of all related parties in the resolution-making processes. However, one of the challenges facing the education sector is the lack of an understanding of engaging stakeholders. When communication sent to stakeholders lack two-way interaction it results in the organization failing to implement its mandate accordingly. The literature views stakeholder inclusivity as a key element in strategic decision-making processes. However, the current body of knowledge does not highlight the issue of stakeholder inclusivity in basic education. The study, therefore, maintains that documenting a study that focuses on adopting a consultative approach in the strategic decision-making processes of basic education schools bridges that gap. Through a qualitative approach that employed semi-structured in-depth interviews, the study found that stakeholders like teachers and school governing body (SGB) are included in decision-making processes, but parents are not participating in the resolution-making processes. The interviews conducted were fifty-four (54) in six (6) schools of the Hlanganani South Circuit. The study recommends that all stakeholders including parents form an essential part of the decision-making processes of their children’s school and should, therefore, be included in decision-making processes.Communication Scienc
An integrated leadership approach in improving service delivery in health care : a case study of a district hospital in the Limpopo Province in South Africa.
Get PDFThis study explored the relationship between leadership styles adopted by managers in the district hospital in the Limpopo province in South Africa (SA) and service delivery to rural communities in the area. This study was essential as over 70% of district hospitals in SA are non-compliant with meeting its service delivery commitments. There was a need to investigate whether the challenges associated with the poor service delivery were related to the leadership styles adopted by managers in the district hospital. Both transformational and transactional leadership styles formed the basis of the study. A quantitative research methodology and case study were used. A Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to determine which leadership styles were adopted and the outcomes at the hospital. The survey was completed by seventy managers in the hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the data analysis. The findings of the study revealed that certain leadership styles, as well as attributes impacted on service delivery to communities. The data suggested that, although some transformational leadership traits were exhibited by managers at the hospital, this had not necessarily led to improved service delivery to communities. The study was therefore critical, as it has become evident to policymakers that an expansion in the scope and quality of health care to rural communities in SA is vital. Recommendations were made for the improvement of service delivery by the hospital. An integrated leadership approach is therefore essential with a view to addressing challenges in the hospital and improving service delivery to the community.Public Administration and Managemen