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The challenges faced by Grade 7 Mathematics teachers in integrating digital technologies to teach data handling
No full textThis study explored the challenges faced by mathematics teachers in integrating digital technologies in teaching Data handling in Grade 7 in Ohangwena Region, Namibia. In this digital era, it is crucial for teachers to realise the significant role that technologies play in learners’ performance. A qualitative case study approach was adopted for this study. The sample includes two (2) Grade 7 Mathematics teachers and twenty-six (26) Grade 7 Mathematics learners. Semi-structured interviews and observations were used to collect data. Data from interviews and observations were analysed using deductive thematic analysis and the TPACK theory guided this study. The results of this study show that teachers are faced with several challenges in integrating technology in teaching. The challenges include the inadequate technological skills in teachers on integrating technology in teaching, insufficient technological tools in schools, negative perspectives among teachers towards the utilisation of technology to teach and limited scope on the integration of technology in the curriculum. This study thus recommends the provision of sufficient digital tools in schools. The study also recommends that in-service teachers be provided with continuous professional development to improve the technical skills and sufficient training of pre-service teachers on technology integration in teaching Mathematics. It is further recommended that curriculum developers need to revise the curriculum and improve it to accommodate technological integration in teaching.M. Ed. (Mathematics Education)Mathematics Educatio
Adopting accountability principles in the government communication and information systems (GCIS) stakeholder engagements : a conceptual framework
Get PDFAccountability is described as the practice of answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of account-giving. Accountability is governed by principles used by a broad spectrum of organizations to demonstrate leadership and performance in an accountable, responsible, and sustainable manner. Companies, government, and nongovernment managers are increasingly confronted with stakeholder expectations of organizational accountability. That is why ethical, honest, open, and fair engagement with stakeholders is necessary for an entity to function properly. The adoption of accountability principles in the engagement of the government and the public, allows the public and government to have the same perspectives on the actions, milestones, commitments, and challenges of their country. This, therefore, generates mutual understanding between them. Currently, the literature does not present guidelines for implementing the principles. Also, the literature does not consider the distinctive environment of the government sector (which may affect the practice of accountability in stakeholder engagement). This is a research gap that this study endeavoured to fill.
Through a mixed method approach, the study explored and described accountability principles fit for the public sector, investigated how the Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) adopted accountability principles and developed a framework that will act as a guide for the adoption of these accountability principles. The study found that the literature and the documents on stakeholder engagement between the South African government and its citizens advocate for the adoption of transparency, inclusivity, legitimacy, responsiveness, dialogue, good governance, and integrity as essential accountability principles for government engagements with citizens. The surveys administered to citizens to measure the extent to which the GCIS adopts the principles of accountability revealed that the government of South Africa is not transparent, not legitimate, not responsive and does not uphold the stakeholder inclusivity principle with citizens, does not govern with integrity, and, as a result, is not deemed as governing with the notion of good governance.
The study then concluded that the South African government is acquainted with principles of accountability that need to be adopted when engaging with citizens. However, there are limited guidelines on how to implement these practices. A conceptual framework proposing possible accountability principles to be adopted in stakeholder engagements of GCIS for mutual understanding was therefore developed and presented.
The study recommends that this framework be used to guide how adopting accountability principles in the GCIS stakeholder engagements can become a reality. The conceptual framework was based on three elements: principles of accountability, avenues of adopting accountability principles and the attainment and maintenance of adopting accountability principles when engaging with citizens. The main contribution of this study was the formulation of a conceptual framework for adopting accountability principles in stakeholder engagement of the GCIS for mutual understanding.Ukuziphendulela kuchazwa njengenqubo yokuphendula, ukusolwa, icala, kanye nokulindeleka ukuba uchaze. Ukuziphendulela kulawulwa yizimiso ezisetshenziswa yizikhungo eziningi ukuze ziveze ubuholi nokusebenza ngendlela enesibopho, enomthwalo, nenokusimama. Izinkampani, uhulumeni, nezimenenja ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ziya ngokuya zibhekana nokulindelwe ngababambiqhaza ekuziphenduleleni emsebenzini. Yingakho ukuziphatha ngendlela enokulunga, enokwethembeka, enokuvuleleka, nenokungakhethi nababambiqhaza kuyisidingo ukuze isikhungo sisebenze kahle. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokuziphendulela ekuxhumaneni kukahulumeni nomphakathi kwenza ukuba umphakathi nohulumeni bakwazi ukubona ngaso linye maqondana nezenzo, izinyathelo ezibalulekile, ukuzibophezela, nezinselele zezwe labo. Ngakho, lokhu kudala ukuzwana phakathi kwabo. Okwamanje, izincwadi aziyivezi imihlahlandlela yokuqala ukusebenzisa lezi zimiso. Okunye, imibhalo ayisibheki isimo esihlukile somkhakha kahulumeni (esingahle sibe nomthelela enqubweni yokuziphendulela ekuxhumaneni kwababambiqhaza). Leli yigebe lolu cwaningo oluzama ukulivala.
Ngokusebenzisa indlela exubile, ucwaningo luhlolisise futhi lwachaza izimiso zokuziphendulela ezifanele emkhakheni kahulumeni; lwaphenya ukuthi uHlelo Lukahulumeni Lwexokuxhumana Nolwazi (i-GCIS) lwazamukela kanjani izimiso zokuziphendulela; lwaphinde lwakha uhlaka oluzosebenza njengomhlahlandlela wokuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa kwalezi zimiso zokuziphendulela. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi imibhalo kanye nemiqingo emayelana nokuxhumana kwababambiqhaza phakathi kukahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika nezakhamuzi zawo ikhuthaza ukuba kungafihlwa lutho, kubandakanywe bonke abantu, kwenziwe izinto ngendlela esemthethweni, kube nokuphendula, ukuxoxisana, ukubusa ngendlela kanye nobuqotho njengezimiso ezibalulekile zokuziphendulela ekusebenzisaneni kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Izinhlolovo ezanikwa izakhamuzi ukuze zilinganise izinga i-GCIS esebenzisa ngalo izimiso zokuziphendulela zaveza ukuthi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika awuvezi izinto obala; awuzenzi ngendlela esemthethweni; awuphenduli; awusekeli isimiso sokubandakanyeka kwabo bonke ababambiqhaza nezakhamuzi; awubusi ngobuqotho; kanti ngenxa yalokho, awuthathwa njengolawula ngendlela yokubusa efanele.
Ucwaningo lwabe seluphetha ngokuthi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika uzazi kahle izimiso zokuziphendulela ezidinga ukulandelwa ngenkathi uxhumana nezakhamuzi. Nokho, kunemihlahlandlela enomkhawulo maqondana nokuthi zingaqaliswa kanjani ukusebenza lezi zindlela. Kwasungulwa futhi kwethulwa uhlaka lomqondongqangi oluphakamisa izimiso zokuziphendulela okungenzeka zisetshenziswe ekuxhumaneni kwababambiqhaza be-GCIS ukuze kube nokuqondana.
Ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi lolu hlaka lusetshenziselwe ukuqondisa ukuthi izimiso zokuziphendulela zizosetshenziswa kanjani ngokwempela ekuxhumaneni kwababambiqhaza be-GCIS. Uhlaka lomqondongqangi lwalususelwe ezintweni ezintathu: izimiso zokuziphendulela; izindlela zokwamukela izimiso zokuziphendulela; kanye nokufinyelela nokulondolozwa kokwamukelwa kwezimiso zokuziphendulela ngenkathi kuhlanganyelwa nezakhamuzi. Igalelo elikhulu lwalolu cwaningo kwakungukwakhiwa kohlaka lomqondongqangi lokwamukela izimiso zokuziphendulela ekuxhumaneni kwababambiqhaza be-GCIS ukuze kube nokuqondana.Vhudifhinduleli vhu talutshedzwa sa nyito ya u kona u imela ndavha dzau, u sa vha na phoswo, u hwala mahadani au, na ndavhelelo ya u nga zwi imela wa talutshedza. Vhudifhinduleli vhu vhuswa nga milayo i shumiswaho nga madzangano o fhambanaho u sumbedza vhurangaphanda na kushumele nga ndila ire na vhudifhinduleli nahone i sa nyethi. Minidzhere dza khamphani, muvhuso na madzangano a si a muvhuso kanzhi vha livhana na ndavhelelo dza vhashumisani dza vhudifhinduleli ha tshiimiswa. Ndi ngazwo zwi zwa ndeme u vha na mikhwa, u fulufhedzea, u vha khagala na u sa dzhia sia musi vha tshi shumisana na vhashumisani saizwi zwi zwa ndeme uri tshiimiswa tshi shume zwavhudi. U dzhiiwa ha milayo ya vhudifhinduleli kha u shumisana na muvhuso na tshitshavha, zwi tendela tshitshavha na muvhuso uri vha vhe na kuvhonele ku fanaho kha mishumo, maga o swikelelwaho, vhudikumedzeli na khaedu dza shango ḽavho. Hezwi zwi amba uri, zwi bveledza u pfesesana hu fanaho vhukati havho. Zwa zwino, maṅwalwa ha na nyendedzi ya u shumisa milayo. Nahone, maṅwalwa ha dzhieli ntha vhupo ho fhambanaho ha sekithara ya muvhuso (vhune ha nga kwama maitele a vhudifhinduleli kha vhukwamani vha vhashumisani). Itshi ndi tshikhala tsha thodisiso tshine ngudo ya lingedza u tshi dadza.
Nga kha maitele a ngona yo tanganelanaho, ngudo yo sedza na u talutshedza milayo ya vhudifhinduleli yo teaho kha sekithara ya nnyi na nnyi, u sengulusa uri Sisiteme ya Mafhungo a Vhudavhidzani ha Muvhuso (GCIS) yo dzhia milayo ya vhudifhinduleli na u bveledza muhanga wa kushumele une wa do shuma sa nyendedzi ya u dzhiiwa ha milayo iyi ya vhudifhinduleli. Ngudo dzo wana uri maṅwalwa na zwo bveledzwaho nga vhukwamani vhukati ha vhashumisani vha muvhuso wa Afrika Tshipembe na vhadzulapo zwi tikedza u dzhiiwa ha u vha khagala, u katela vhothe, u vha mulayoni, u fhindula, mufhindulano, vhuvhusi havhudi na tshirunzi sa milayo ya vhudifhinduleli ya ndeme u itela vhukwamani ha muvhuso na vhadzulapo. Tsedzuluso dzo itwaho kha vhadzulapo u itela u kala vhuphara hune GCIS ya dzhia na u shumisa milayo ya vhudifhinduleli dzo sumbedza uri muvhuso wa Afrika Tshipembe a u khou vha khagala, a u iti zwithu lwa mulayo, a u fhindulu nahone a u takuleli ntha milayo ya u katela vhashumisani na vhadzulapo, a u vhusi nga tshirunzi, nahone nga ṅwambo wa izwo a u vhonali sa mivhuso u vhusaho wo sedza zwa kuvhusele kwavhudi.
Ngudo dzo khunyeledza uri muvhuso wa Afrika Tshipembe u a divha milayo ya vhudifhinduleli ine ya tea u dzhiiwa musi hu tshi kwamiwa vhadzulapo. Fhedzi, hu na nyendedzi dzi si gathi dza nga ha kushumisele kwa maitele aya. Muhanga wa kushumisele wa mutalukanyo u dzinginyaho milayo ya vhudifhinduleli ine ya tea u dzhiiwa kha vhukwamani na vhashumisani na GCIS u itela u pfesesana wo bveledzwa na u kumedzwa.
Ngudo dzi themendela muhanga uyu uri u shumiswe u endedza u dzhia milayo ya vhudifhinduleli kha vhukwamani na vhashumisani na GCIS zwi nga vha hani ngoho. Muhanga wa kushumele wa mutalukanyo wo disendeka nga zwiteṅwa zwiraru: mulayo wa vhudifhinduleli, ndila dza u dzhia mulayo wa vhudifhinduleli na u swikelela na u londota u dzhia milayo ya vhudifhinduleli musi hu khou itwa vhukwamani na vhadzulapo. Tshi dzhenelelaho vhukuma kha ngudo iyi ho vha u sikwa ha muhanga wa kushumele wa mutalukanyo wa u dzhia milayo ya vhudifhinduleli kha vhukwamani na vhashumisani na GCIS u itela u pfesesana rothe.PhD. (Communication)Communication Scienc
An empirical analysis of the relationship between market multiples and share returns using South African data
No full textFor many years, there has been an attempt to change the study of economic environment to pure science, and even if this has been elusive, significant effort has been made. The aim is to understand and predict economic environments for decision-making that enables successful investment. One such phenomenon has been the development of metrics such as multiples to understand the health of businesses. This study seeks to investigate the nexus between price multiples and share returns using South African data. A sample is obtained from the Top 40 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) - listed companies for the period from 2010 to 2021. These data are then analysed through regression analysis to establish the strength as well as the direction of the relationship. The study established a negative relationship between Price-to-Earnings (P/E) and Price-to-Sales (P/S) ratios with share returns while a positive relationship was found with Price-to-Book (P/B), Price-to-Cash Flow (P/CF) and Price-to-Earnings Before Interest, Taxes , Depreciation and Amortisation (P/EBITDA) ratios. The results obtained provide an impetus for further studies to incrementally develop finance theory for the betterment of successful investment decisions in emerging markets in general and South Africa in particular. South Africa is the biggest investment destination in Africa but there is a paucity of information on how the market multiples relate to share returns, which relationship has helped investor decision-makers in developed as well as some emerging markets in Asia.M. Com. (Business Management)Business Managemen
Citizenship and urban sense of belonging: a case study of Congolese immigrants in Tshwane (Pretoria)
Get PDFAbstract in English with French, SePedi and Tsonga translationsSince 1994, a number of immigrants from African countries have settled in South African cities. In this thesis, the everyday lives of Congolese migrants in an urban enclave in Tshwane were explored through the application of Lefebvre’s triad in the production of space. The study was designed as a qualitative inquiry. The data-gathering process included multiple sources: face-to-face interviews (n=48), participant observations, field notes, and memos. Salient themes and patterns capturing Congolese immigrants’ citizenship and sense of urban belonging in Tshwane were developed through Lefebvre’s spatial triad. Conceived space is produced through the body of legal frameworks on immigration that shapes and regulates the citizenship stratification of immigrants. Lived space relates to the experiences of Congolese migrants in accessing urban services. Poor access to employment, education, healthcare, and housing shows that this lived space is dominated by a lack of social protection. Perceived space relates to how Congolese immigrants reappropriate urban space through participation in their social networks to resist and overcome their social and economic exclusion. These social networks offer a safety corridor that forges a sense of belonging through everyday urban struggles. In keeping with the notion of the right to the city, this study advocates the reformulation of urban policies to be more inclusive of migrantsDepuis 1994, les villes sud-africaines abritent un certain nombre d'immigrants en provenance de pays africains et qui s’ y sont installés. En appliquant la théorie de la triade de Lefebvre dans la production de l’espace, cette thèse explore la vie quotidienne des migrants congolais dans la ville de Tshwane. L'étude a été conçue comme une enquête qualitative. La collecte de données a regroupé plusieurs sources notamment 48 entretiens face-à-face, des observations des participants dans leurs différents milieux de vie, des notes de terrain et des mémos. Les thèmes et modèles saillants capturant la citoyenneté et le sentiment d’appartenance urbaine des immigrants congolais à Tshwane ont été développés à travers la triade spatiale de Lefebvre. L’espace conçu est produit à travers l’ensemble des cadres juridiques sur l’immigration qui façonnent et régulent la stratification citoyenne des immigrants. L'espace vécu représente les expériences des migrants congolais à travers l'accès des services urbains. Le faible accès à l’emploi, à l’éducation, aux soins de santé et au logement montre que cet espace vécu est dominé par un manque de protection sociale. L’espace perçu dévoile la manière dont les immigrés congolais se réapproprient l’espace urbain en exploitant leurs réseaux sociaux pour résister et surmonter leur exclusion sociale et économique de la cité. Au quotidien, ces réseaux sociaux offrent un corridor de sécurité qui forge un sentiment d’appartenance à travers les luttes urbaines. Conformément à la notion de droit à la ville, cette étude préconise la reformulation des politiques urbaines pour qu’elles soient plus inclusives envers les migrants.Go tloga ka 1994, bafudugedi ba le mmalwa ba ba tswang kwa dinageng tsa Aforika ba dula mo ditoropokgolong tsa Aforikaborwa. Mo thesiseng eno, go sekasekilwe matshelo a letsatsi le letsatsi a bafudugedi ba ba tswang kwa Congo mo lefelobodulong le go nnang bone fela ka ntlha ya bosetšhaba jwa bone, le le mo toropong ya Tshwane, ka go dirisa dintlhatharo tsa ga Lefebvre mo go tlholweng ga lefelo. Thutopatlisiso e dirilwe jaaka mokgwatlhotlhomiso wa go sekaseka maitemogelo a batho. Tirego ya go kgobokanya deitha e akareditse metswedi e mentsi: dipotsolotso tse di diregang ka tlhamalalo le ka namana (n=48), ditebelelo ka kelotlhoko tsa batsayakarolo, dintlha tsa tlhotlhomiso e e sa direlweng mo laboratoring, le di-memo. Meono le diphethene tsa botlhokwa tse di tlhagisang boagi jwa bafudugedi ba kwa Congo le mowa wa gore ke karolo ya Tshwane di dirilwe ka go dirisa dintlhatharo tsa lefelo go ya ka Lefebvre. Lefelo ka moo re le akanyang ka teng le dirilwe ka go dirisa setlhopha sa matlhomeso a semolao ka ga bofudugedi a a dirang le go laola karologantsho ya bafudugedi go ya ka boagi jwa bone. Lefelo le go tshelwang mo go lone le amana le maitemogelo a bafudugedi ba ba tswang kwa Congo a go fitlhelela ditirelo tsa mo toropong. Phitlhelelo e e bokoa ya ditiro, thuto, tlhokomelo ya pholo, le matlo e bontsha gore lefelo leno le go tshelwang mo go lone le tlhotlhelediwa le go laolwa ke go sa nne teng ga mananeo le dipholisi tse di fokotsang le go thibela khumanego. Lefelo ka moo re le bonang ka teng le amana le tsela e bafudugedi ba ba tswang kwa Congo ba fetolang lefelotoropo ka go tsaya karolo mo dikamanong tsa bone le batho go emelana le go laola go sa akarediwe ga bone mo loagong le ikonomi. Dikamano tseno tsa batho di neela lefelo le le tlhokang tokafatso ya pabalesego le le agang mowa wa go nna karolo ya batho mo dikgaratlhong tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa mo toropong. Go tsamaisana le kakanyo ya tshwanelo ya go nna mo toropokgolong, thutopatlisiso eno e atlanegisa tlhamoseša ya dipholisi tsa ditoropo gore di akaretse thata bafudugedi.U bva 1994, vhunzhi ha ṱhunḓu u bva mashangoni a Afrika vho ḓa vha dzula ḓoroboni khulwane dza Afrika Tshipembe. Kha thesisi heyi, vhutshilo ha ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe ha ṱhunḓu dza Congolese kha vhupo ha Tshwane ho wanulusa nga kha vhuṱumani ha Lefebvre nga kha u bveledza tshikhala. Ngudo yo bveledzwa sa ṱhoḓisiso ya khwanthithethivi. Kuitele kwa u kuvhanganya data kwo katela zwiko zwo vhalaho: inthavuwi dza u tou livhana zwifhaṱuwo (n=48), u sedza nga vhadzheneli, u ṅwala notsi musi vha tshi khou ita ṱhoḓisiso, na mimemo. Thero khulwane na phatheni dzo dzheniswaho kha vhadzulapo vha ṱhunḓu dza na vhuvha ha ḓorobo khulwane dzine vha dzula khadzo Tshwane dzo bveledzwa nga kha vhuṱumani ha vhupo ha Lefebvre. Tshikhala tsho bveledzwaho tshi bveledzwa nga kha furemiweke dza mulayo dzine dza fhaṱa na u langula khethekanyo ya vhudzulapo ha ṱhunḓu. Fhethu ha vhudzulo hu ṱumanya tshenzhemo dza ṱhunḓu dza Congolese kha u swikelela tshumelo dza ḓoroboni khulwane. U shaya u swikelela mushumoni, pfunzo, ndondolo ya mutakalo, na dzinnḓu zwi sumbedza uri fhethu ha vhudzulo ho ḓala u shaya tsireledzo ya matshilisano. U dzhiela nṱha tshikhala tshi elanaho na nga ha uri ṱhunḓu dza Congolese dzi wanulusa hani tshikhala ḓoroboni nga kha u dzhenelela kha netiweke dza matshilisano dzavho u hana na u kunda u siwa nnḓa kha zwa matshilisano na zwa ikonomi. Netiweke ya matshilisano i ṋetshedza nḓila ine ya fhaṱa vhuvha ha u tea nga kha u lusa ha ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe ha ḓorobo khulwane. Kha u dzudza muhumbulo wa pfanelo dza ḓorobokhulwane, ngudo yo tikedza u bveledzwa hafhu ha mbekanyamaitele dza ḓorobo khulwane u katela zwihulwane ṱhunḓu.D. Phil. (Department of Philosophy (College of Agriculture and environmental Sviences))College of Agriculture and Environmental Science
An integrated attitude-intention model describing the essence of South African consumer attitudes toward UHT milk alternative products
No full textWhile various factors such as health conditions, lifestyle trends and special nutritional requirements create increased consumer interest in the UHT milk alternative category, little is known about the South African market and the meaning consumers ascribe to these products. This remains a hindrance to marketing strategies and the development of products which meet consumer requirements. The industry needs to understand what influences consumer decisions to purchase products in this unique category. The purpose of the study was to gather deeper insights into the essence of South African consumer attitudes toward UHT milk alternatives and their related purchase intentions.
The research utilised a postpositivist, qualitative approach to shape the perspective of the exploratory-descriptive phenomenological study. The geographical location of the study was within the borders of South Africa, to gather insight from South African consumers shopping in the South African retail market. The original research plan was to gather data through in-person mini-focus groups. Due to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic restrictions on in-person meetings implemented during the data-gathering phase of the research, data-gathering methods were continued online rather than in person. The study used two in-person mini-focus groups, eight online mini-focus groups and eleven semi-structured online interviews, collecting data from 35 participants. Participants for the in-person mini-focus groups were initially recruited from the UNISA Main and Florida campuses via the university’s internal email communication network. However, due to limitations placed on in-person meetings during the COVID-19 pandemic and a change to online mini-focus groups and semi-structured interviews, the recruitment strategy was expanded to requests for participation posted on social media (Facebook) for individuals with a potential interest in milk alternatives. Participants in both recruitment strategies were self-selected by choosing to participate or not in the online mini-focus groups and booking a timeslot using the online SignUp Genius platform. Individuals who could not join the timeslots of online mini-focus groups were accommodated with semi-structured online interviews. The number of participants was not pre-determined, instead, participant recruitment and data-gathering concluded once a point of saturation was established from the new insights gathered from the thematic data analysis.
A discussion guide was used to initiate discussions during data-gathering activities. The discussion was guided by the research questions and objectives. The same discussion guide was used for the mini-focus groups and semi-structured interviews. The questions were used as a guideline only to initiate discussions to maintain the emergent design of the study and enough flexibility to explore new concepts which arose during the discussions.
Questions from the discussion guide were occasionally rephrased and follow-up questions were formulated during the discussions to adapt to and expand on new insights as provided by participants, allowing the research to continue in its emergent design.
The research proposal, including the research methodology, was approved by the Ethics Committee of the College of Agriculture and Environmental Science at the University of South Africa for approval before the study commenced and adhered to during the entire research process. The trustworthiness of the findings was supported by credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability and reflexivity. Data was analysed using an inductive-deductive thematical analysis approach. During the inductive thematic analysis phase, data was analysed to find the emerging codes, subthemes and themes. A deductive thematic analysis phase followed the inductive phase to verify that the data supported the subthemes and themes found during the first phase and that any gaps or duplications of themes were addressed. Once a point of saturation was reached, as determined by the number, or lack of, new insights gained with each participant response, data-gathering activities were concluded.
Findings were described, visualising the links between themes and subthemes which collectively shape consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward UHT milk alternative products within the South African market. Meaningful links were discovered from the multiple participant perspectives, developing a complex representation of the factors involved in their purchase intentions. Consumer product-related attitudes specifically focused on the participant’s meaning ascribed to the product category, were comprised of the consumer product beliefs and their evaluation of the product, with all its supporting sub-themes. Non-product-related attitudes, such as attitudes toward expected outcomes, the social norm and control, were also found to impact consumers’ purchase intentions. The research found that none of the factors could be used in isolation to describe participant attitudes and purchase intentions. These attitudes and intentions must be considered holistically for the essence of South African consumer attitudes toward UHT milk alternative products and purchase intentions to be understood, leading to the development of the Integrated Attitude-Intention Model. The proposed Integrated Attitude-Intention Model was developed to visually depict the impact of consumer product beliefs (cognitive attitude component) and evaluation of product (affective attitude component), collectively suggested to be product-related attitudes, as well as expected outcomes, the social norm and control (cognitive attitude component), collectively suggested shaping non-product-related attitudes, on consumer purchase intentions.
The research contributions include practical recommendations to industry to provide insight for product development and marketing strategies, as well as contributions to theory through the proposed model, addressing gaps in the body of literature and contributing to research methodology. Limitations of the study were indicated as applicable to theory, the research design and methodology and in context of the interpretation and application of the research findings. Finally, recommendations for future research were presented to expand on the depth of understanding through further qualitative research, as well as testing and confirming research findings further through quantitative research.Le hoja dintlha tse fapaneng tse kang maemo a bophelo bo botle, mekgwa ya bophelo le ditlhoko tse kgethehileng tsa phepo di baka thahasello e eketsehileng ya bareki sehlopheng sa mefuta e meng ya lebese la UHT, ha ho tsejwe hakaalo ka mmaraka wa Afrika Borwa le moelelo wa bareki ba dihlahiswa tsena. Sena e ntse e le tshitiso ho maano a papatso le ntshetsopele ya dihlahiswa tse fihlelang ditlhoko tsa bareki. Indasteri e hloka ho utlwisisa hore na ke eng e susumetsang diqeto tsa bareki ho reka dihlahiswa tsa mofuta ona o ikgethang.Sepheo sa thuto e ne e le ho bokella dintlha tse tebileng mabapi le moelelo wa maikutlo a bareki ba Afrika Borwa mabapi le mefuta e meng ya lebese la UHT le merero ya bona ya ho reka.
Diphuphutso di sebedisitse mokgwa wa ho totobatsa dintlha tse hlokomelehang tsa boleng ho bopa pono ya thuto e hlalosang seo batho ba fetileng ho sona. Thuto ena e sebedisitse dihlopha tse pedi tsa batho, dihlopha tse robedi tsa inthaneteng tse tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho inthanete le dipuisano tse tebileng tsa inthanete tse leshome le motso o le mong, ho bokelletswe dintlha ho tswa ho bankakarolo ba 35. Tataiso ya dipuisano e ile ya sebediswa ho qala dipuisano mme ya fetolwa ho latela moralo o hlahang wa dipatlisiso. Botshepehi ba diphumano bo ne bo tshehetswa ke ho tshepahala, ho fetiswa, ho tsitsa ha dintho tse fumanweng, ho tiisa, le ho ananela karolo e nkilweng dipatlisisong. Dintlha di ile tsa manollwa ho sebediswa mokgwa wa ho tlisa-ho beha diqeto ka mabaka ho hlalosa mekgwa ya moelelo ka hara dintlha tsa boleng. Diphumano di ile tsa hlaloswa, ho bontsha dikamano dipakeng tsa dihlooho le dihloohwana tse amang maikutlo a bareki ka kopanelo le merero ya ho reka mabapi le dihlahiswa tse ding tsa lebese la UHT ka hara mmaraka wa Afrika Borwa.
Dihokelo tse nang le morero di ile tsa sibollwa ho tswa mekgweng e mengata ya ditjhebo tsa bankakarolo, ho ntshetsapele boemedi bo rarahaneng ba dintlha tse amehang mererong ya bona ya ho reka. Maikutlo a bareki a ne a tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo moelelong wa bankakarolo o tsamaellanang le sehlopha sa sehlahiswa, a ne a entswe ka ditumelo tsa sehlahiswa sa bareki le tlhahlobo ya bona ya sehlahiswa, le dihloohwana tsohle tse tshehetsang.Maikemisetso a theko ya bareki hangata a ne a tsepamisitswe dinthong tse sa amaneng le sehlahiswa, jwalo ka diphetho tse lebelletsweng, tlwaelo ya setjhaba le taolo, tse ileng tsa ama merero ya ho reka ya bareki. Leha ho le jwalo, merero ya ho reka e ile ya angwa haholo ke maikutlo a bareki mabapi le sehlahiswa ka bosona.Diphuphutso di fumane hore ha ho le ha e le nngwe ya dintlha tse ka sebediswang ka thoko ho hlalosa maikutlo a bankakarolo le merero ya ho reka. Maikutlo le maikemisetso ana a tlameha ho nahanwa ka botlalo molemong wa maikutlo a bareki ba Afrika Borwa
mabapi le dihlahiswa tse ding tsa lebese la UHT le maikemisetso a ho reka hore a utlwisiswe, e leng se lebisang ho ntshetsopele ya Mokgwa o Kopanetsweng wa Boikutlo ba Bareki.Nakuba izici ezihlukahlukene njengezimo zempilo, izitayela zokuphila kanye nezidingo ezikhethekile zokudla okunomsoco kudala intshisekelo ekhulayo yomthengi esigabeni esihlukile sobisi lwe-UHT, kuncane okwaziwayo ngemakethe yaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nencazelo abathengi abayibeka ngale mikhiqizo. Lokhu kusalokhu kuyisithiyo kumasu okumaketha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi. Imboni idinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini enomthelela ezinqumeni zabathengi zokuthenga imikhiqizo kulesi sigaba esiyingqayizivele. Inhloso yocwaningo bekuwukuqoqa imininingwane ejulile mayelana nengqikithi yesimo sengqondo sabathengi baseNingizimu Afrika maqondana nezinye izindlela zobisi lwe-UHT kanye nezinhloso zalo zokuthenga ezihlobene.
Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela yokuhumusha iqiniso ngokwezibalo, echazayo ukuze ilolonge umbono wocwaningo lokuqala emcabangweni wombono. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise amaqembu amabili okugxilwa kuwo kumuntu, amaqembu ayisishiyagalombili agxile ku-inthanethi anabahlanganyeli abambalwa kanye nezingxoxo ezijulile eziyishumi nanye eziku-inthanethi, ukuqoqa imininingwane kubahlanganyeli abangama-35. Umhlahlandlela wokuxoxisana wasetshenziswa ukuqalisa izingxoxo futhi washintshwa ngokuvumelana nomklamo wocwaningo oluvelayo. Ukwethembeka kokutholakele kusekelwe ngukukholeka, ukudluliswa, ukwethembeka, ukuqinisekiswa, kanye nokuvumelana nezimo. Imininingwane yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlaziya evumela imininingwane inqume indikimba kanye nesekelwe olwazini olukhona. Okutholakele kwachazwa, kubukwa ngeso lengqondo lokuxhumana phakathi kwezindikimba nezindikimba zesibili ezakha ngokuhlangene izimo zengqondo zabathengi kanye nezinhloso zokuthenga mayelana nemikhiqizo yobisi lwe-UHT ehlukile phakathi kwemakethe yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Izixhumanisi ezibalulekile zitholwe emibonweni yabahlanganyeli abaningi, ukuthuthukisa ukumelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto ezibandakanyekayo ezinhlosweni zabo zokuthenga. Izimo zengqondo zabathengi ezigxile ngokukhethekile encazelweni yomhlanganyeli eshiwo esigabeni somkhiqizo, bekuhlanganiswa izinkolelo zomkhiqizo wabathengi kanye nokuhlola kwabo umkhiqizo, nazo zonke izingqikithi zesibili ezisekelayo. Izinhloso zokuthenga kwabathengi zazivame ukugxila ezintweni ezingahlobene nomkhiqizo, njengemiphumela elindelekile, inkambiso yomphakathi nokulawula, okube nomthelela ezinhlosweni zokuthenga zabathengi. Kodwa-ke, izinhloso zokuthenga nazo zathintwa kakhulu yisimo sengqondo somthengi ngomkhiqizo ngokwawo. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi azikho izici ezingasetshenziswa zodwa ukuchaza izimo zengqondo
ix
zabahlanganyeli kanye nezinhloso zokuthenga. Lezi zimo zengqondo nezinhloso kufanele zibhekwe ngokuphelele ukuze kubhekwe ingqikithi yesimo sengqondo sabathengi baseNingizimu Afrika mayelana nemikhiqizo ehlukile yobisi lwe-UHT kanye nezinhloso zokuthenga ukuze ziqondwe, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni Kwesifanekiso Sesimo Sengqondo Somthengi Esididiyelwe.D. Phil. (Consumer Science)Life and Consumer Science
Constructing a career counselling framework to guide adaptive behaviour
No full textText in English, abstracts in English, Zulu and AfrikaansThis research focused on constructing a career counselling framework that could be applied for career development support in the context of the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) in South Africa. The constructs of relevance to the research are adaptivity or adaptive readiness (operationalised by individuals’ career agility and psychological capital), adaptability resources (operationalised by individuals’ career adaptability) and mode of adaptedness (operationalised by individuals’ career resilience and overall career satisfaction) as an outcome. Individuals’ sociodemographic characteristics of age, gender, job level and tenure were treated as control variables to assess whether the relationship between the construct variables was conditional upon their sociodemographic characteristics and whether any significant group differences could be detected.
A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted on a random sample of (n = 412) DMRE employees. Correlation statistics revealed significant positive associations between the construct variables. The mediation analysis showed that career adaptability partially acted as an explanatory mechanism in understanding the link between both career agility and psychological capital and participants’ career resilience. Career agility and psychological capital also directly increased the likelihood of greater levels of career resilience and career satisfaction. The moderating results revealed that participants’ level of career resilience was conditional upon their tenure and mean scores on career agility. Their level of career satisfaction was conditional upon their job level and mean scores on psychological capital. The tests for significant mean differences showed that the age groups differed significantly regarding their mean scores on facets of career agility and career adaptability, including career resilience and personal resilience. The job level groups differed significantly regarding their mean scores on self-efficacy (psychological capital) and personal resilience (career
resilience). The tenure groups differed significantly regarding facets of their career agility and career adaptability.
Theoretically, the study extended the understanding of the relationship dynamics among
constructs of career-adaptive behaviour. At an empirical level, the study delivered an
empirically tested career counselling framework to guide organisational support interventions for adaptive behaviour. At a practical level, individual and organisational interventions regarding the career-adaptive counselling framework for enhancing career resilience and career satisfaction were recommended.Lolu cwaningo lugxile ekwakhiweni kohlaka lokwelulekwa ngokwemisebenzi olungase
lusetshenziselwe ukwesekwa kokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi ngokwesimo soMnyango
Wezimbiwa Namandla (MWN) eNingizimu Afrika. Izakhiwo zokuhambisana nocwaningo
ukuzivumelanisa nezimo noma ukulungela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo (okusetshenziswa
ukushesha komuntu ngamunye kwezemisebenzi kanye nemali engokwengqondo), izinsiza
zokuzivumelanisa nezimo (ezisetshenziswa ngokuguquguquka kwemisebenzi yomuntu
ngamunye) kanye nendlela yokuzivumelanisa nezimo (okusetshenziswa ukuqina komuntu
ngamunye emsebenzini kanye nokwaneliseka kwawo wonke umsebenzi) njengomphumela.
Izici zomuntu ngamunye zokuhlalisana kwabantu yobudala, ubulili, izinga lomsebenzi kanye
nesikhathi sokuhlala zithathwe njengezinto eziguquguqukayo zokulawula ukuze kuhlolwe
ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zokwakha babunemibandela ezicini
zabo zokuhlalisana komphakathi nokuthi noma yimuphi umehluko obalulekile weqembu
ongatholwa.
Inhlolovo yesimoi sezingxenye ezihlukene yenziwa ngesampula engahleliwe (n = 412)
yabasebenzi be-DMRE. Izibalo zokuhlobana zembula ukuhlobana okubalulekile okuhle
phakathi kokuguquguqukayo kokwakha. Ukuhlaziywa kokuxoxisana kubonise ukuthi
ukuguquguquka kwemisebenzi kusebenze ngokwengxenye njengendlela echazayo
ekuqondeni ukuxhumana phakathi kwakho kokubili ukushesha komsebenzi kanye nemali
engokwengqondo kanye nokuqina komsebenzi wabahlanganyeli. Ukushesha emsebenzini kanye nemali engokwengqondo nakho kukhulise ngokuqondile amathuba okuba khona
kwamazinga amakhulu okuqina emsebenzini kanye nokwaneliseka emsebenzini. Imiphumela
yokumodareyitha iveze ukuthi izinga lokuqina labahlanganyeli lalincike esikhathini sabo
sokuphatha kanye namaphuzu asho ukushesha emsebenzini. Izinga labo lokwaneliseka
emsebenzini lalincike ezingeni labo lomsebenzi futhi lisho amaphuzu emalini yengqondo.
Ukuhlolwa komehluko obalulekile wabonisa ukuthi amaqembu obudala ahluka kakhulu
mayelana nenani lamaphuzu awo ezicini zokushesha emsebenzini nokuzivumelanisa nezimo
emsebenzini, okuhlanganisa ukukhuthazela emsebenzini nokukhuthazela komuntu siqu.
Amaqembu ezinga lomsebenzi ahluke kakhulu mayelana nenani lamaphuzu awo okusebenza
kahle (imali engokwengqondo) kanye nokuqina komuntu siqu (ukuqina emsebenzini). Isikhathi
sokuhlala samaqembu ahluke kakhulu mayelana nezici zekhono labo lomsebenzi kanye
nokuzivumelanisa nezimo emsebenzini.
Ezingeni lethiyori, ucwaningo lwandisa ukuqonda kokuguquguquka kobudlelwane phakathi
kwezakhiwo zokuziphatha okuzivumelanisa nezimo emsebenzini. Ezingeni lobufakazi,
ucwaningo lwethule uhlaka lokwelulekwa ngokwemisebenzi oluvivinywe ngokunamandla
ukuze luqondise ukungenelela kokwesekwa kwenhlangano yokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo.
Ezingeni elingokoqobo, ukungenelela komuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlangano ngokohlaka
lokwelulekwa oluvumelana neokugculiseka emsebenzini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina
emsebenzini kanye nokwaneliseka emsebenzini.Hierdie navorsing het op die konstruksie van ’n loopbaanvoorligtingsraamwerk gefokus wat
op loopbaanontwikkelingsteun in die konteks van die Departement van Minerale Hulpbronne
en Energie (DMRE) in Suid-Afrika toegepas kan word. Die tersaaklike konstrukte vir die
navorsing is aanpasbaarheid of aanpassingsgereedheid (geoperasionaliseer deur individue
se loopbaanbeweeglikheid en sielkundige kapitaal), aanpasbaarheidhulpbronne
(geoperasionaliseer deur individue se loopbaanaanpasbaarheid) en modus van
aangepastheid (geoperasionaliseer deur individue se loopbaanveerkragtigheid en algehele
loopbaantevredenheid) as uitkoms. Individue se sosiodemografiese eienskappe van
ouderdom, geslag, posvlak en dienstyd is as beheerveranderlikes gehanteer om te assesseer
of die verhouding tussen die konstrukveranderlikes aan hul sosiodemografiese eienskappe
onderhewig is en of enige belangrike groepsverskille bespeur kan word.
’n Kwantitatiewe deursnee-opname is op ’n ewekansige steekproef van (n = 412) DMRE werknemers uitgevoer. Korrelasiestatistieke het beduidende positiewe assosiasies tussen die
konstrukveranderlikes blootgelê. Die mediasieontleding het aangedui dat
loopbaanaanpasbaarheid deels as verklarende meganisme opgetree het om die skakel
tussen loopbaanbeweeglikheid en sielkundige kapitaal asook deelnemers se
loopbaanveerkragtigheid te verstaan. Loopbaanbeweeglikheid en sielkundige kapitaal
verhoog ook regstreeks die waarskynlikheid van groter vlakke van loopbaanveerkragtigheid
en loopbaantevredenheid. Die modereringsresultate het getoon dat deelnemers se vlak van
loopbaanveerkragtigheid van hul dienstyd en gemiddelde tellings met betrekking tot
loopbaanbeweeglikheid afgehang het. Hul vlak van loopbaantevredenheid was aan hul posvlak en gemiddelde tellings met betrekking tot sielkundige kapitaal onderhewig. Die toetse
vir beduidende gemiddelde verskille het aangedui dat die ouderdomsgroepe beduidend verskil
met betrekking tot hul gemiddelde tellings vir fasette van loopbaanbeweeglikheid en
loopbaanaanpasbaarheid, insluitend loopbaanveerkragtigheid en persoonlike
veerkragtigheid. Die posvlakgroepe het beduidend verskil met betrekking tot hul gemiddelde
tellings vir selfdoeltreffendheid (sielkundige kapitaal) en persoonlike veerkragtigheid
(loopbaanveerkragtigheid). Die dienstydgroepe het beduidend verskil met betrekking tot
fasette van hul loopbaanbeweeglikheid en loopbaanaanpasbaarheid.
Op ’n teoretiese vlak het die studie die begrip van die verhoudingsdinamiek onder konstrukte
van loopbaanaanpasbaarheidsgedrag uitgebrei. Op ʼn empiriese vlak het die studie ʼn empiries
getoetste loopbaanvoorligtingsraamwerk daargestel om organisatoriese
ondersteuningsingrypings vir aanpasbaarheidsgedrag te rig. Op ’n praktiese vlak is individuele
en organisatoriese ingrypings aan die hand van loopbaanaanpasbaarheid voorligtingsraamwerk vir die versterking van loopbaanveerkragtigheid en
loopbaantevredenheid aanbeveel.D. Phil. (Psychology)Psycholog
Teachers’ understanding of gender-based violence in a primary school : a case study of a primary school in the Hhohho region, Eswatini
No full textAbstracts in English and ZuluThis study investigated primary school teachers’ understanding of Gender-Based Violence (GBV). GBV affects teacher performance negatively and thus the study focused on the causes, nature and impact of GBV on teachers in order to formulate strategies to alleviate its impact. The indirect consequences of GBV infringes on the basic right of learners to quality education since the performance of teachers who are victims of GBV is serious. Crenshaw’s (1989) intersectional theory formed the theoretical framework. A single case study followed a qualitative approach with the use of face-to-face interviews to collect data. Interpretivism was adopted as the research paradigm. The study was conducted in one selected primary school in the Hhohho region of Eswatini. Purposive sampling was used to select six participants for the study. The findings indicated that teachers had some knowledge of GBV, although they also entertained certain misconceptions about this phenomenon. GBV has negative consequences for teachers’ performance and leads to teacher absenteeism at work. The school lacked a policy on GBV. The researcher recommends that the Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) of Eswatini together with school governing bodies should formulate policies on GBV as a guide for schools and establish psycho-social counselling services in schools. Community-based support programmes on GBV are also needed.Lolucwaningo belutfungatsa umcondvo wabothishela ngesihloko lesitsi kuhlukubetana ngetebulili. Kube netinsolo kutsi kuhlukubetana ngetebulili kuyayitsikameta inchubo yathishela nekusebenta kwakhe,ingako kubangeleke kutsi sekucwaningwe imbangela yako,futsi nekucondza ligalelo lako kuhlukubetana ngetebulili Kubo bothishela ,bese kufunwa tindlela tekucedza letilondza kulabothishela labahlukubetekile. Imiphumela yekuhlukubetana ngetebulili iphule yaphindze yalimata emalungelo langumgogodla kubantfwana ekutfoleni imfundvo lengiyo sibili njengoba lokusebenta kwalabothishela labahlukubetekile babese abasabi ngibo kepha babe balingisi. Elucwaningweni lolujulile lwa Kimblê Crenshaw's (1989) lokuhlukubetana ngetebulili kwetfuliwe kwaphindze kwalungisiswa kute kube lucwaningo lolungilo. Lolucwaningo lolucocako lolulungisiwe lwaphindze lwaba yindlela yekunika lwati,lusetjentiswe kubantfu labebabonwa ngemehlo,babutwa imibuto kwabuketwa netindlela lebenta ngato kucokelela imiphumela yalolucwaningo. Kuchaza nekuhlatiya kusetjentisiwe njengemgogodla walolucwaningo. Lolucwaningo lwentiwe kusinye setikolwa letincane esigodzini sakaHhohho Eswatini. Kuhlungwe ngemigomo letsite kuhlanganisa lolucwaningo. Lokutfolakele kulolucwaningo kuvele kutsi bothishela banalo lwati ngetekuhlukubetana lutebulili noma banako kungayicondzi kahle. Kuhlukubetana ngetebulili kunemitselela lemibi ekusebentenj kwabothishela. Futsi kuhlukubetana ngetebulili kubanga kulova emsebentini . Kusete umtsetfomgomo ngekuhlukubetana ngetebulili etikolweni lapho lucwaningo lwentiwe khona. Umcwaningi uncoma kutsi litiko letemfundvo netekucecesha nematiko lamanye ahulumende labambisene nawo akubeke embili kwakha umtsetfomgomo lotawuhola tikolwa kuto yekuhlukubetana ngetebulili. Futsi litiko letemfundvo netekucecesha kudzinga liphindze lisungule luhlelo lwetekululeka ngengcondvo etikolweni. Kunesidzingo nasemimangweni kwakhiwe tinhlelo tekusekela yekuhlukubetana ngetebulili.M. Ed.Educational Studie
Decoding quality from a single cell to organisational optimisation
No full textCollege of Engineering, Science and Technolog
The private security industry in South Africa a force to be reckoned with: Reality or Rhetoric?
No full textCriminology and Security Scienc
An evaluation of the rehabilitation programmes for youth offenders at Boksburg correctional centre in Gauteng province of South Africa
No full textCorrectional centres play a vital role in the rehabilitation of offenders. Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, crime has increased globally in countries the world over, especially youth crime, although commonly in relation to online activities. Youth offenders are the category of the South African incarcerated population that has been growing rapidly in the first decade of democratic South Africa and has been observed to be continually growing. Despite the efforts by the Department of Correctional Services to rehabilitate the offenders, South Africa’s criminal re-offending rate is at an approximate alarming rate of 87% and has partly been attributed to the rehabilitation programmes in correctional services which have been pointed to be absent or ‘problematic’.
Rehabilitation programmes are one of the several endeavours which the Department of Correctional Services has embarked upon in its quest to rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them into communities as law-abiding citizens. Rehabilitation focusing on offender development, education and training for the youth is therefore key to the prevention of recidivism.
The study sought to evaluate the rehabilitation programmes for youth offenders at the Boksburg Correctional Centre in the Gauteng province of South Africa with a view to enhance its perceived impact in reducing re-offending. The objectives of the study were to determine the types of rehabilitation programmes that are rendered to youth offenders; assess the success factors of rehabilitation programmes; analyse the threats to the rehabilitation programmes; and to suggest recommendations that can be adopted to enhance the perceived impact of the rehabilitation programmes for the youth offenders. The study adopted the qualitative research approach and employed the case study design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two (2) educationists, one (1) social worker, one (1) religious officer, one (1) sports officer, and seven (7) youth offenders who were all purposively sampled. Data from the study was thematically analysed.
Findings from the study revealed that correctional programmes, offender development programmes, and psychological, social and spiritual programmes are rendered to the youth offenders. The study also established that the success factors to the rehabilitation programmes include human resources, communication and facilities. It was further established that there are threats to the rehabilitation programmes such as communication, facilities, offender development training and financing.
The study concluded that while rehabilitation programmes are rendered to the youth offenders, they do not seem compulsory. Further, the study concluded that there are gaps in the laws and regulations regarding participation and attendance of the youth offenders in the programmes, as well as gaps in skills development training programmes which contribute to the ineffectiveness of the rehabilitation programmes. The study recommended that the correctional centre introduces diversified educational programmes and offer skills development training and puts in place rules and regulations regarding the participation and attendance of the youth offenders in the rehabilitation programmes.M.A. (Corrections Management)Corrections Managemen