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Ground state properties of a weakly-bound three-body halo system
No full textIn this dissertation, we investigate the role of the nucleon-nucleon (nn) and threebody interactions on the ground-state structure of the 22C! 20C + n + n borromean system. We start by outlining the theoretical formulation of a three-body bound-state problems, starting with the fundamentals of two-body bound and scattering states. The different steps leading to the transformation of the three-body Schrödinger equation into a one-dimensional set of coupled differential equations are shown. These equations are numerically solved to obtain the three-body groundstate binding energy. The analysis of the numerical results show that even in the absence of the nn interaction, the system remains bound, provided the three-body interaction becomes more attractive. Similarly, the system remains bound in the absence of the three-body interaction, provided the nn interaction becomes more attractive. The ground-state binding energy is also found to be a continuous function of the strengths and ranges of both interactions, meaning that when these parameters increase, the binding energy increases as well, making the system to be more compact. The study presented in this dissertation highlights the interplay of the nn
and three-body interactions in the dynamics of the three-body neutron-halo system. These results have been published in the Brazilian Journal of Physics (2022) 52, 193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13538-022-01194-5. Using the ground-state binding energy, various thermodynamic properties such as the mean energy, the free energy, the entropy as well as the specific heat capacity of this system are also calculated.M. Sc. (Physics)Physic
Theorising hybridity in state‑owned enterprises (SOEs)
No full textIn the context of governing state-owned enterprises (SOEs), we respond to calls for
further research into public entrepreneurship and for theorising hybridity in SOEs,
by navigating through the diverse and fragmented literature on public entrepreneurship.
Synthesising this literature will improve our understanding of this complex
organisation form and identify key areas of tension, enabling the development
and deployment of more appropriate governance models for SOEs. A modified
five-stage systematic literature review process is used to ensure that this study sufficiently
encapsulate the significant topics, themes and debates in SOEs, relating to
relevant early and contemporary studies. We identify areas that introduce significant
tension into this organisation field, noting that corporate governance within SOEs
constitutes a laboratory for governance issues. Linking public entrepreneurship
with public enterprises, we discuss the restructuring of SOEs as well as hybridity in
SOEs. Taking into account the practices and characteristics of SOEs, we argue that
the missing link in theorising hybridity in SOEs is theorising hybridity in terms of
objective/activity; thus bridging this gap. In concluding, we note that although this
paper has discussed some of the identified gaps at length, it is a precursor for future
research convergence, thereby pointing to areas for future research.Auditin
Young women's participation in electoral process in post 1994 South Africa : the case of Pretoria East constituency
No full textThe study investigates young women’s participation in electoral processes in Pretoria East in post 1994 South Africa. A qualitative approach was used in this study. A case study that focused on young women aged between 18 and 35 was conducted in Pretoria East. Participants were selected using snowball sampling. The study drew on a narrative of 553 participants, 523 questionnaire respondents, 26 focus group respondents, and four semi-structured interviews. Questionnaires, focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and secondary data analysis were used as instruments to collect data from the participants. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. The primary findings showed that young women are not motivated to participate in electoral processes because of issues such as corruption and nepotism, a patriarchal society, inequality toward women and a lack of support. Among some of its recommendations, the study proposes gender equality, education and young women empowerment, job creation, and support from society and male counterparts.M.A. (Development Studies)Development Studie
Development of behavioural change communication strategies to promote the use of intrauterine contraceptive device in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Get PDFIntrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are one of the long-acting contraceptive methods
that provide protection from pregnancy for duration up to 12 years. IUCD is the most efficient,
cost-effective, and extensively used contraceptive technique in the world, yet it is rarely
utilized in Ethiopia.
The purpose of this study was to develop social and behavioural change communication
strategies (SBCC) to improve the utilization of IUCD in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, through
understanding intention and its determinants.
The research was conducted in Addis Ababa among users of family planning methods in
health facilities using complex mixed research approaches. Reasoned Action Approach was
used as the study’s theoretical framework and the research was completed in three
consequetive phases. In the first phase, qualitative data from users of a short and long-acting
method of family planning was obtained, and the findings were utilized to help construct a
questionnaire that was employed in the second phase of the study. Correlational quantitative
cross-sectional approach was used in the second phase to collect data from representative
samples of users of short-acting contraceptive methods in health facilities. Using the findings
from the second phase, the SBCC model and communication strategy for IUCD promotion
in Addis Ababa was developed in the third phase.
Only 8.4% of short-acting contraceptive have intention to use IUCD in the coming year.
Unfavourable attitudes and a negative perceived social norm on the use of IUCD were the
main drivers of poor intention. The specific underlying beliefs responsible for the observed
low intention and its direct determinants were presence of fear and shyness related to the
procedure of IUCD insertion, believing that IUCD is not allowed for them, perception that
IUCD causes infertility, need for approval from husband, preference to do as their close
friends and neighbours, and preference to hear experience from other IUCD users.
SBCC model and communication strategy were designed to address the identified
underlying beliefs, to result in a positive attitude, supporting social norm, and enhanced
intention toward the usage of IUCD, which will ultimately improve uitiliztion of IUCD and
family planning method mix in Addis Ababa.Ph. D. (Public Health)Health Studie
Social work services for parents of adolescents with substance use disorders in Limpopo Province: Capricorn and Waterburg district
Get PDFText in English with summary in English and TswanaSubstance use disorders among adolescents are on the rise globally, including in South Africa, posing a huge challenge to their parents. Regardless of the challenges associated with substance use disorder among adolescents and its effect on parents, most studies on substance use focus on various areas, excluding social work services for the parents of adolescents with substance use disorders. Unleashing an improved understanding of social work services for parents of adolescents with substance use disorders is crucial. The study's main goal was to develop an in-depth understanding of social work services provided for the parents of adolescents with substance use disorder in the Capricorn and Waterberg districts of Limpopo. A qualitative research approach was employed where the social work services for these parents in Capricorn and Waterberg districts in Limpopo were explored and described from social workers and parents’ perspectives. A sample was acquired by implementing purposive sampling from a population of social workers rendering services in the substance use field and snowball sampling from parents of adolescents with substance use disorders. Data were collected through semi-structured, face-to-face interviews to discover the observations of samples of eleven social workers and nine parents. Tesch’s eight steps were applied to analyse the data. Data were verified by applying Guba’s model. Ethical considerations, such as informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing of participants, anonymity, information management and beneficence, were observed throughout the research. Substance use disorders among adolescents are on the rise globally, including South Africa, posing a huge challenge to their parents, such as financial implications, time constraints, and exclusion from services, psychosocial needs and lack of communication. The study findings confirm the lack of specific social work services provided to parents of adolescents with substance use disorders, although the social workers claimed that they provide such services; further findings reveal that the majority of the parents of adolescents with substance use disorders declared that they are excluded from accessing social work services in Limpopo. Recommendations for policy and future research are presented.Bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya diokobatsi gare ga bafsa ba mahlalagading bo a hlatloga lefaseng ka bophara go akaretswa le Afrika Borwa, bo hlola tlhohlo ye kgolo yeo gape e tutuetsago batswadi ba bona. Go se setswe ga ditlhohlo tseo di amanago le bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya diokobatsi gare ga bafsa le khuetso ya bjona go batswadi, dinyakisiso tsa morago bjale tseo di dirilwego ka ga tshomisompe ya diokobatsi di lebeletse kudu mafelo a go fapafapana, go sa akaretswe ditirelo tsa mosomo wa leago go batswadi ba bafsa bao banago le bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya diokobatsi. Go lokolla kwesiso ye e kaonafetsego ya ditirelo tsa mosomo wa leago go batswadi ba bafsa bao ba nago le bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya dihlare-tagi go hlokwa kudu.
Maikemisetso a magolo a nyakisiso ye e be e le go hlabolla kwesiso ye e tseneletsego ya mohuta wa ditirelo tsa mosomo wa leago tseo di fiwago batswadi ba bafsa bao banago le bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya diokobatsi ka dileteng tsa Capricorn le Waterberg ka profenseng ya Limpopo. Mokgwa wa nyakisiso ya boleng o somisitswe moo ditirelo tsa mosomo wa leago tsa batswadi ba bafsa bao ba nago le bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya diokobatsi ka profenseng ya Limpopo di ilego tsa hlahlobja le go hlaloswa go tswa go dipono ka bobedi tsa badirelaleago le batswadi. Sampole e ile ya tsewa ka go tsea mehlala ka morero go tswa go ditshaba ka bobedi tsa badirelaleago bao ba abago ditirelo lefapheng la bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya dihlare-tagi le batswadi ba bafsa bao ba lego mahlalagading bao ba nago le mathata a go dirisa diokobatsi. Sampole e hweditswe ka go phethagatsa go tsea dipoledisano ka morero go tswa go setshaba sa basomi ba leago bao ba abago ditirelo lefapheng la diokobatsi le go tsea mehlala ya kgwele ya lehlwa go tswa go batswadi ba bafsa bao ba lego mahlalagading bao banago le bolwetsi by tshomiso ya diokobatsi. Datha e kgobokeditswe ka dipoledisano tse di sego tsa rulaganywa gabotse, tsa go lebana le sefahlego go utolla dipono tsa disupo tsa badirela leago ba lesometee le batswadi ba senyane. Megato ye seswai ya Tesch e dirisitswe go sekaseka datha. Datha e ile ya netefatswa ka go dirisa mohlala wa Guba. Go hlokomelwa ga dikakanyo tsa boitshwaro tsa go swana le tumelelo ye e nago le tsebo, sephiri, go botsiswa ga batswasehlabelo, go se tsebje, taolo ya tshedimoso le mohola go dirilwe mo
nyakisisong ka moka. Bolwetsi bja tshomiso ya diokobatsi gare ga bafsa ba mahlalagading bo a hlatloga lefaseng ka bophara, go akaretswa Afrika borwa, a hlola tlhohlo ye kgolo go batswadi ba bona, go swana le ditlamorago tsa ditshelete, dithibelo tsa nako, go kgaphelwa ka ntle ditirelong, dinyakwa tsa monagano le leago le go hloka kgokagano. Dikutollo tsa dinyakisiso di bontsha ka ntle le pelaelo gore ga gona ditirelo tse di itsego tsa mosomo wa leago tseo di fiwago batswadi ba bafsa bao ba lego mahlalagading bao ba nago le di-SUD, le ge e le gore badirelaleago ba boletes gore ba fan aka ditirelo tse bjalo; diphetho tse dingwe di utolla gore batswadi ba bafsa bao ba nago le di-SUD, ba tsebagaditse gore ba kgaphetswe ka ntle le go amogela tsa ditirelo tsa leago ka profenseng ya Limpopo; ditshisinyo tsa pholisi le dinyakisiso tsa ka moso di dirilwe.M.A. (Social Work)Social Wor
Digital preservation and access to archival materials at selected University-based archival repositories in the Gauteng Province
No full textThe purpose of this study was to assess the readiness of selected university-based archival repositories in Gauteng for implementing digital preservation practices that facilitate access to archival materials. Employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilising an exploratory-interviews research design, the study sought to gain a comprehensive understanding of digital preservation dynamics. Eleven employees from the archival repositories and libraries of four universities in Gauteng—University of South Africa (Unisa), University of Pretoria (UP), University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), and University of Johannesburg (UJ)—were purposively sampled for their direct involvement in archival materials and library digital content management. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews, conducted with archives managers, archivists, and library digital content managers, the study explored various digital preservation issues, including digitisation workflows, challenges, policies, born-digital databases, preservation strategies, software, access, and the OAIS reference model. Thematic analysis of the data revealed significant findings, including the absence of digitisation policies, preservation strategies, methodologies, software, staffing shortages, and knowledge gaps. The study suggests that addressing these identified issues could significantly improve digital preservation effectiveness and enhance access to archival materials within these repositories.Information Scienc
Evaluation of the efficacy of selected ameliorants to alleviate soil crusting, with a view to reclamation of degraded land, in Dinokeng Game Reserve
No full textSoil crusting is a serious problem throughout South Africa in crop farming, rangeland and wildlife reserves, leading to reduced water infiltration, increased runoff and ero-sion, inhibited soil aeration, germination and seedling emergence. Crusted soils of-ten do not recover after several decades as seen in Dinokeng Game Reserve (DGR) where the study was conducted.
Selected ameliorants which are effective in the amelioration of soil crusts in cropping areas were assessed. These were PAM at two levels, Gypsum, Molasses meal and combinations thereof, and also brush packing. The methods used in testing the ef-ficacy of the ameliorants in the field study were crust strength and final infiltration rate. Structure stability tests were done by means of wet sieving. Seedling emergence of sown in grass was determined in the field.
All amendments, except gypsum and gypsum + PAM, were statistically significantly effective in creating stable soil structure. PAM performed well in the field trial and pilot study. The high efficacy of the lowest PAM treatment is economically important.Environmental Science
Monetary policy and inequality nexus: does liquidity matter?
Get PDFFinance, Risk Management and Bankin
Sustainability of municipal wastewater treatment plants operations in Ethekwini municipality
No full textMunicipal wastewater pollution in developing countries is a great concern due to partially treated or untreated wastewater. Inflow and Infiltration (I/I) is a challenge in municipalities that receive stormwater as it impacts the capacity and efficiency of the sewage plants. As such this study sought to evaluate the impacts of the I/I on the 3 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) namely: Kwa-Mashu, Phoenix and Verulam in eThekwini that were assessed. The operating data for twelve-months in 2019 calendar year of each plant were evaluated which factored in the storm water contribution. The total monthly and average daily flows and influent loads were more variable especially during the wet weather seasons. Kwa-Mashu with operating capacity of 65 000 m3/d after recording up to 51,1 mm average daily rainfall resulting in inflows up to 96 305 m3/d. Phoenix had an operating capacity of 29 000 m3/d however, received inflows up to 35 284 m3/d whilst it recorded the maximum of 8 mm rainfall in December 2019. Verulam mainly treats 8 000 m3 wastewater but could receive up to 10 675 m3/d whilst it recorded rainfall up to 16 mm. Using the IBM SPSS statistical package, moderate to strong correlations between rainfall intensity (I) and flowrate (Q) in the 3 WWTPs assessed were observed. Kwa-Mashu showed a strong/ large correlation (0.756). Verulam showed a weak/small correlation (-0.42) between rainfall and inflow, while Phoenix also had a week/small correlation (0.164).
The wastewater influent (Qw) characteristics as well as effluent quality indicators are also impacted by the additional pollution in the storm water contribution. This can result in a short-term risk of non-compliance in the discharged effluent. Thus the treatment efficiency based on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammonia (NH3) Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and PV4 removal were evaluated in the 3 (WWTPs) that were assessed. These involved analysing both the influent and the effluent data. Kwa-Mashu showed high concentrations of COD whilst Phoenix had the least and Verulam was in between. Kwa-Mashu influent COD ranged from 720 – 940 mg/l, Verulam received up to 848 mg/l COD whilst Phoenix influent COD concentrations ranged from 456 – 615 mg/l . The influent NH3 in Kwa-Mashu ranged from 17 – 33 mg/l in, about 26 – 44 mg/l and 30,8 – 41 mg/l in Verulam and Phoenix, respectively. The treatment efficiency in Kwa-Mashu was equally high for all the key parameters evaluated recording as high as 96% for COD removal followed by Verulam then Phoenix. Phoenix was receiving wastewater with relatively low concentrations however,the effluent was equally high, showing generally poor treatment by the WWTP, as low as 34% for COD.
Municipal wastewater are designed to treat wastewater, however, sludge treatment and disposal are a challenge. Sludge produced may be re-used to produce bio-energy and other bio-commodities however, it contains pollutant loads such as pathogens and heavy metals. Sludge can be stabilised with anaerobic digestion which is becoming an integral part of a modern WWTPs. Hence there is a surge in anaerobic digestion with a potential of recovery and reuse of biogas globally. Thus anaerobic digestion optimises the financial and environmental footprint of the WWTP. This study sought to review the anaerobic digestion fundamentals, the applicable process parameters, the types of digesters, the biogas utilisation, challenges and opportunities, and the biogas developments with focus in South Africa.
Biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments using the AMPTS II were performed in order to assess the potential to produce biogas. Triplicates samples of thickened sewage sludge and digested sewage sludge from the 3 WWTPs assessed were used as subtrates and inoculum, respectively. Each 50 mL bottle reactor sample operating at mesophilic temperature of 37 oC was incubated for 31 days where the gas produced was measured in the thermostatic water bath through the water displacement. Connected to the computer, a digital pulse for every 2 mL of gas that flows was recorded and the values were read off through a data-logger. The BMP results were as follows: Phoenix 264,18 NmL/g VS, Kwa-Mashu 147,96 - 170,50 NmL/g VS and Verulam 181,79 NmL/g VS. The electrical energy potential was estimated where Phoenix showed an electrical energy potential of 7 kWh, Kwa-Mashu’s Mash-S1a - c and Mash-S2a – c had 4,51 and 3,91 kWh, respectively and Verulam had a potential electrical energy of 4,81 kWh.M. Eng. (Chemical Engineering)Civil and Chemical Engineerin
The incorporation of education for sustainable development in Technology Education for an indigenous context
No full textAbstracts in English, Zulu and Northern SothoThe United Nations Conference on “Environment and Development” emphasised the significance of the concept of sustainable development (SD). The concept's development has revealed difficulties with implementation in schools. The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) emphasises the recognition of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in Technology Education (TE). However, CAPS is silent about Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), therefore adding to teachers not considering ESD in their teaching. Hence, in this context, this study aimed to explore ways that can promote ESD in the teaching of Technology, particularly within an indigenous context. Adopting a constructivist paradigm, the study used a qualitative research approach. A descriptive case study was chosen as appropriate for the study. Eight (8) Senior Phase Technology teachers and a Curriculum Subject Advisor (CSA) for the General Education and Training Band at Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga Province participated in the study. The findings revealed that, while Technology teachers understand the concepts of SD and ESD, they are still not teaching Technology in a way that promotes ESD. The interpretation of the CAPS in relation to sustainability in the subject was identified as a challenge. The findings revealed that the way Technology is taught further jeopardises IKS which could otherwise be used to promote ESD; so, Technology teaching is still Westernised to a great extent. The findings of the study also revealed that collaboration and teamwork, along with social constructivist-related aspects such as Community of Practices, Ubuntu, culture, and so on, would facilitate the teaching of ESD in the TE curriculum. Hence, a framework for incorporating ESD into the Technology curriculum in an indigenous context was developed in the study. The findings have implications for future research on the incorporation of ESD in the TE curriculum, as well as for practice by Technology teachers and curriculum implementers on ESD teaching in Technology.INgcungcutsela Yenhlangano Yetive "ngeMvelo kanye neNtfutfuko" igcizelele kubaluleka kwemcondvo wentfutfuko lesimeme (i-SD). Kutfutfukiswa kwalomcondvo kuvete bumetima bekuphumelelisa etikolweni. Sitatimende Senchubomgomo Yeluhlelo Lwetifundvo Nekuhlola (i-CAPS) sigcizelela kwemukelwa kwetinhlelo telwati lwendzabuko (i-IKS) Kutimfundvo Tetheknoloji (i-TE). Nanobe kunjalo, i-CAPS ayisho lutfo ngeMfundvo Yentfutfuko Lesimeme (iESD), ngako-ke yengeta kubothishela labangayicabangi i-ESD ekufundziseni kwabo. Ngako-ke, kulendzikimba, lolucwaningo luhlose kuhlola tindlela letingatfutfukisa i-ESD ekufundziseni iTheknoloji, ikakhulukati ngekhatsi kwendzikimba yemdzabu. Kwamukela i-constructivist paradigm, lucwaningo lusebentise indlela yelucwaningo lwekhwalithi. Lucwaningo loluchazako lwakhetfwa njengalolufanele kulolucwaningo. Bothishela Labasiphohlongo (8) Besigaba Lesisetulu Setheknoloji kanye neMeluleki Wetifundvo (i-CSA) we-General Education and Training Band Esigodzini sase-Ehlanzeni, Esifundzeni saseMpumalanga bahlanganyele kulolucwaningo. Lokutfolakele kuvete kutsi, nanobe bothishela beTheknoloji bavisisa imicondvo ye-SD ne-ESD, basengakafundzisi iTheknoloji ngendlela letfutfukisa i-ESD. Kuhunyushwa kwe-CAPS macondzana nekusimama esifundvweni kubonwe njengensayeya. Lokutfolakele kuvete kutsi indlela iTheknoloji ifundziswa ngayo kubeka engcupheni i-IKS lebeyingahle isetjentiselwe kutfutfukisa i-ESD; ngako-ke, kufundziswa kweTheknoloji kusentiwa ngesiNshonalanga ngekwelizinga lelikhulu. Lokutfolakele kulolucwaningo kuphindze kwaveta kutsi kusebentisana nekubambisana, kanye netinhlangotsi letitsintsa i-social constructivist njenge-Community of Practices, Ubuntu, emasiko, nalokunye, kutawenta kube lula kufundziswa kwe-ESD eluhlelweni lwetifundvo lwe-TE. Ngako-ke, luhlaka lwekufaka i-ESD eluhlelweni lwetifundvo teTheknoloji esimweni semdzabu lwatfutfukiswa elucwaningweni. Lokutfolakele kunemitselela elucwaningweni lwesikhatsi lesitako ngekufakwa kwe-ESD eluhlelweni lwetifundvo lwe-TE, kanye nekutetayeta kubothishela beTheknoloji nebaphumelelisa beluhlelo lwetifundvo ekufundzisweni kwe-ESD kuTheknoloji.Khonferentshe ya Ditshabakopano ya “Tikologo le Tlhabollo” e gateletse bohlokwa bja kgopolo ya tlhabollo ya go ya go ile (SD). Tlhabollo ya kgopolo ye e utolotse mathata a phethagatso dikolong. Setatamente sa Pholisi ya Kelo le Kharikhulamo (CAPS) se gatelela temogo ya mekgwa ya tsebo ya setlogo (IKS) ka go Thuto ya Theknolotsi (TE). Le ge go le bjalo, CAPS e homotse mo tabeng ya Thuto ya Tlhabollo ya go ya go ile (ESD), ka fao e tlaleletsa go barutisi bao ba sa naganego ka ESD mo go ruteng ga bona. Ka fao, mo seemong se, maikemisetso a nyakisiso ye e be e le go nyakisisa ditsela tseo di ka tswetsago pele ESD mo go ruteng Theknolotsi, kudukudu ka gare ga seemo sa setlogo. Ka go amogela mokgwa wa bokhonsetrakethibise (constructivist), nyakisiso e somisitse mokgwa wa nyakisiso wa khwalithethifi. Kheisesetati ya tlhaloso ye e hlalosago e ile ya kgethwa bjalo ka yeo e swanetsego nyakisiso. Barutisi ba seswai (8) ba Theknolotsi ya Kgato ya Godimo le Moeletsi wa Dithuto tsa Kharikhulamo (CSA) wa Sehlopha sa Thuto le Tlhahlo ya Kakaretso Seleteng sa Ehlanzeni, Profentsheng ya Mpumalanga ba tseere karolo nyakisisong ye. Dikutullo di utolotse gore, le ge barutisi ba Theknolotsi ba kwesisa dikgopolo tsa SD le ESD, ba sa dutse ba sa rute Theknolotsi ka tsela yeo e tswetsago pele ESD. Tlhathollo ya CAPS mabapi le go tswela pele mo tabeng ye e lemogilwe bjalo ka tlhohlo. Dikutullo di utolotse gore tsela yeo Theknolotsi e rutwago ka yona e bea IKS kotsing gape yeo e kago somiswa go tswetsa pele ESD; ka fao, Theknolotsi e sa ntse e rutwa ka mokgwa wa Bodikela bogolo bja yona. Dikutollo tsa nyakisiso ye di utolotse gape gore tirisano le mosomo wa sehlopha, gammogo le dikarolo tse di amanago le bokhonsetrakethibise bja leago go swana le Sehlopha sa go Abelana Tshedimoso (Community of Practice), Botho, setso, bjalobjalo, di tla nolofatsa go rutwa ga ESD ka kharikhulamong ya TE. Ka fao, tlhako ya go akaretsa ESD ka gare ga kharikhulamo ya Theknolotsi ka gare ga seemo sa setlogo e hlamilwe ka nyakisisong. Dikutullo di na le ditlamorago go dinyakisiso tsa ka moso ka ga go akaretswa ga ESD ka gare ga kharikhulamo ya TE, gammogo le go somiswa ke barutisi ba Theknolotsi le baphethagatsi ba kharikhulamo ka ga go ruta ga ESD ka go Theknolotsi.D. Ed. (Technology Education)Science and Technology Educatio