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Evaluating authentic assessments and academic integrity in the age of generative AI
No full textThe rapid evolution of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) technologies, such as ChatGPT and Claude, is prompting urgent reflections across the education sector. While much of the early discourse focused on concerns about plagiarism or cheating (Lee et al., 2024), there is a need to explore how GenAI challenges the core assumptions of assessment design – especially in higher education settings
Benchmarking autonomy in scientific experiments: a hierarchical taxonomy for autonomous large-scale facilities
Full text linkThe transition from automated data collection to fully autonomous discovery requires a shared vocabulary to benchmark progress. While the automotive industry relies on the SAE J3016 standard, current taxonomies for autonomous science presuppose an owner-operator model that is incompatible with the operational rigidities of Large-Scale User Facilities. Here, we propose the Benchmarking Autonomy in Scientific Experiments (BASE) Scale, a 6-level taxonomy (Levels 0--5) specifically adapted for these unique constraints. Unlike owner-operator models, User Facilities require zero-shot deployment where agents must operate immediately without extensive training periods. We define the specific technical requirements for each tier, identifying the Inference Barrier (Level 3) as the critical latency threshold where decisions shift from scalar feedback to semantic digital twins. Fundamentally, this level extends the decision manifold from spatial exploration to temporal gating, enabling the agent to synchronise acquisition with the onset of transient physical events. By establishing these operational definitions, the BASE Scale provides facility directors, funding bodies, and beamline scientists with a standardised metric to assess risk, define liability, and quantify the intelligence of experimental workflows
Core-shell nanofibers integrating growth factor-loaded nanoparticles for spatio-temporal delivery In chronic wound healing
Full text linkEffective chronic wound management increasingly relies on advanced delivery systems capable of providing spatio-temporal control over release of therapeutic agents. Such systems can localize treatment precisely at the wound site while coordinating the multiple bioactive cues, addressing the complex and sequential biological processes required for successful tissue repair. In this study, we present a composite core–shell nanofiber dressing designed to integrate epidermal growth factor (EGF)-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) and ciprofloxacin, addressing two key requirements of wound healing: rapid antimicrobial protection and promotion of tissue regeneration. Fabricated via a green coaxial electrospinning approach under aqueous conditions, the system features a polyvinyl alcohol core and a polyvinylpyrrolidone /hyaluronic acid shell. Nanoencapsulation was employed to protect the growth factor from harsh processing conditions and to enable precise delivery of EGF directly to the wound site. EGF-loaded NPs with an average diameter of around 170 nm were prepared by modified solvent diffusion and loaded into a nanofiber shell layer by dispersion in the polymeric solution. The successful formation of the core-shell architecture and homogeneous NPs loading was confirmed by TEM and confocal microscopy. Upon contact with wound exudate, the nanofiber dressing outer shell rapidly dissolves, enabling a fast release of EGF-loaded NPs, while simultaneously triggering sustained ciprofloxacin release from the core, enabling coordinated dual therapeutic delivery. The dressing exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, showed high biocompatibility and promoted effective in vitro wound closure in a scratch assay. By combining multiple encapsulation techniques, this dressing architecture enabled spatial segregation of therapeutic agents within the core and shell allowing coordinated and temporally controlled delivery at the wound site. We expect that this approach may support localized treatment, minimize off-target effects, and protect surrounding healthy tissue, potentially addressing the complex requirements of chronic wound healing and highlighting the promise of rationally engineered core–shell platforms for advanced wound care
Lupin as an alternative source of protein for plant-based foods: a review
Full text linkLupin, an underutilized legume belonging to the Fabaceae family, demonstrates a huge potential as an alternative protein source by contributing to food security and environmental resilience in the face of climate change. This work highlights the potential of lupin protein as a preferred substitute for soy protein in plant-based food applications. A critical assessment of the protein extraction methods for lupin and their influence on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the extracted lupin protein was determined. Furthermore, the structural and physicochemical properties of lupin proteins compared to those of soybean were examined. Despite its high protein content and excellent amino acid profile, the poor functional properties of lupin protein in comparison to soy posed a major limitation for its use in food formulations. Based on this observation, the effect of novel and non-thermal processing on lupin protein was further determined. Findings revealed increasing utilization of lupin protein for novel foods, but limited success in the adoption of lupin protein in the mainstream plant protein sector, attributed largely to the presence of anti-nutritional factors, allergens, and inferior organoleptic qualities. Therefore, by offering process-induced improvement of the functional properties, a wider application of lupin protein in food products could address the protein diversity challenge
Viral and host factors involved in host gain and host loss by tomato leaf curl begomoviruses in tomato and cucumbers
Full text linkBegomoviruses transmitted by whiteflies cause severe crop losses worldwide. Individual strains or isolates have a narrower host range, but collectively begomoviruses infect a wide range of plants. Begomovirus genomes undergo frequent recombination and mutations that confer a selective advantage in interactions with specific host factors facilitating host range adaptation, resulting in the rapid emergence of new strains with adapted host range. In this study, we examined the processes by which the begomoviruses can acquire and lose hosts by exchanging fragments of the viral genomes between a variant of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus only infecting cucumber (ToLCNDV-C), tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus only infecting tomato (ToLCKV-T), and a ToLCNDV strain infecting both tomato and cucumber (ToLCNDV-T&C). We mapped the region responsible for tomato host loss to a 63 nucleotide (nt) region in the C-terminal of the transcriptional activator/replication enhancer protein (TrAP/REn) regions of ToLCNDV. We tested known host proteins reported to interact with this region using the yeast two-hybrid approach and found divergence in interactions with host proteins PCNA and AGO1. Finally, we found that the TrAP/REn region of DNA-A in conjunction with DNA-B can confer ToLCKV-T the ability to weakly infect its non-host, cucumber, and ToLCNDV-C to infect its non-host, tomato. Our studies reveal that multiple complex intra-virus interactions between viral proteins and virus–host interactions govern infectivity, virus accumulation and symptom severity
Do people leave managers or organisations? An Integrative review of employee turnover through the lenses of LMX and JD-R
No full textPurpose: This integrative review examines the validity of the suggestion that, “people leave managers, not organisations”. This is done through the synthesis of existing evidence on employee turnover through the lenses of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory and Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. The study aims to understand how leadership influences turnover and how it compares with organisational factors.
Design/methodology/approach: An integrative review of 39 peer-reviewed studies from 2014 – 2025 was conducted focusing on organisational settings that linked leadership or managerial behaviour and organisational factors to turnover intentions and decisions.
Findings: From the analysis conducted, leadership affects turnover primarily by increasing or eroding resources, and shaping demands. Transformational, servant, and ethical leadership behaviours are consistently associated with lower turnover intentions while toxic, abusive, and transactional patterns relate to higher attrition. The literature also indicates that organisational factors (e.g., compensation, growth, workload, scheduling) remain significant predictors of employee turnover. The review refines the suggestion that “people leave managers” by indicating that more specifically, people leave when demands chronically exceed resources. In this regard, both leadership behaviour and organisational design jointly determine that balance.
Originality: The review integrates LMX within the JD-R architecture and specifies mechanisms (i.e., resource and demand pathways) and boundary conditions (i.e., demand-resource balance relative to leadership effects). This approach moves beyond either-or accounts of the binary “manager vs. organisation” claim on turnover decision. It also offers a sequenced and actionable agenda for implementation across HR practice
Inter-epistemic and creative collaborations for water: Indigenous Peoples’ Water Justice across three territories
No full textIndigenous Peoples’ conceptualisations of water justice challenge dominant paradigms in water governance by foregrounding relational, spiritual, and place-based understandings of water. Rather than framing water as a resource to be allocated or managed, many Indigenous communities view water as a living entity with inherent rights and a central role in sustaining interconnected life systems. This article examines how Indigenous Peoples’ conceptualisations of water justice differ from Western approaches, which often prioritise individual rights and utility. Through case studies of First Nations and Alaska Tribes in the Yukon River, the Awajún in the Chiriaco River, and the Sámi in the Deatnu River, the paper illustrates both the resilience of Indigenous Peoples’ ontologies and the tensions that arise when colonial or state-led projects and policies override Indigenous Peoples’ sovereignty and knowledge systems. Drawing on these cases, a framework for ethical co-visioning of water futures is presented, outlining principles, practices, and policy directions that support sustainable water security governance. Achieving water security requires not only recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ governance systems, legal traditions, and cosmologies, but also their full inclusion in decision-making processes to collectively overcome the ‘crisis of imagination’ hindering innovative policy responses. This article contributes to the growing recognition that water security cannot be achieved through material provision alone but must also attend to ethical, cultural, and relational dimensions of water
Letter to the editor refuting “Debunking the GAMLSS myth: simplicity reigns in pulmonary function diagnostics”
No full textLetter. No Abstract
Interplay of semantic and phonological predictions in language comprehension: insights from the visual world paradigm
Full text linkPrediction in language processing is a fundamental cognitive function that supports efficient comprehension and interaction by anticipating upcoming linguistic input from multiple cues, including semantic (meaning-based) and phonological (sound-based) information. This study examined the interaction between semantic and phonological pre-activation during predictive language processing using the visual world paradigm. Across seven experiments with Spanish speakers, we assessed predictive eye movements toward semantic and phonological competitors, both when these competitors were presented independently and when they directly competed, with two experiments specifically targeting bottom-up integration to evaluate the phono-semantic competition effects. Our results showed that predictive looks toward semantic competitors preceded the availability of phonological information. Moreover, when both cues were presented simultaneously, semantic predictions were prioritized during the anticipatory period, whereas phonological activation emerged primarily after the onset of the target word. Importantly, the bottom-up phonological effect occurred earlier in highly constraining sentence contexts than in neutral or absent contexts, indicating that semantic contexts facilitated phonological processing. Finally, the last two experiments demonstrated predictive fixations toward competitors phonologically related to the semantic competitor, suggesting that participants generated parallel predictions encompassing both semantic and phonological forms. Taken together, these findings support the framework of hierarchical predictive processing, in which semantic predictions guide and shape phonological predictions. The observed flexibility and context sensitivity of this system underscore the complexity of language comprehension, revealing that predictions are dynamically integrated and prioritized across multiple levels of linguistic representation
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