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    The Application of Divergences in Prototype Based Vector Quantization

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    Dit proefschrift geeft een systematische analyse van op divergentie gebaseerde leer algoritmen en levert het mathematisch kader voor het gebruik van deze informatie theoretische maten in verschillende leer algoritmen, waaronder gradient gebaseerde training voorschriften. In het bijzonder richten we ons op ongecontroleerd en gecontroleerde prototype methoden, en op dimensie reductie en visualisatie technieken die gebruik maken van Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (SNE). This thesis gives a systematic analysis of machine learning relying on divergences and provides the mathematical framework for the use of these information theoretic dissimilarity measures in various learning schemes, including gradient based training prescriptions. In particular, we focus on unsupervised and supervised prototype based vector quantization as well as on dimension reduction and visualization generalizing the SNE approach.

    Understanding bird migration through diet shifts, developmental mode, habitat,and life history traits from a phylogenetic perspective

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    De begeleider en/of auteur heeft geen toestemming gegeven tot het openbaar maken van de scriptie. The supervisor and/or the author did not authorize public publication of the thesis.

    Newly introduced vaccines: effectiveness and determinants of acceptance

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    Sinds het begin van de twintigste eeuw, zijn veel infectieziekten onder controle door grootschalige vaccinatieprogramma's. Toch staan huidige vaccinatie programma's in Europa voor uitdagingen als gevolg van bezorgdheid over de effectiviteit en de veiligheid van vaccinatie. De algemene doelstelling van dit proefschrift is dan ook om een bijdrage te leveren aan het onderzoek naar nieuw ingevoerde vaccins door het beoordelen van de effectiviteit en de determinanten van acceptatie. De routinematige beoordeling van griepvaccinatie campagnes in Nederland, Litouwen en in meerdere landen en jaren met behulp van nieuwe methoden bevestigde dat griepvaccins effectief waren. Bijvoorbeeld, griepvaccinatie voorkomt ongeveer 30 % tot 80 % van influenza-gerelateerde ziekten in personen ouder dan 60 jaar. Naast influenza, is Streptococcus pneumoniae één van de belangrijkste oorzaken van respiratoire aandoeningen. Vaccinatie tegen deze bacterie bleek beschermend te zijn tegen het gebruik van respiratoire antibiotica, vooral in kinderen van drie en vier jaar oud. Het Q-koorts vaccin was bijna 100% effectief in het voorkomen van de ziekte bij relatief gezonde personen. De doeltreffendheid van het Q-koorts vaccin in risicogroepen, zoals zwangere vrouwen, immuungecompromitteerde personen of personen met reeds bestaande hartklep- of vaataandoeningen, moet nog worden bepaald. Ondanks de relatief hoge vaccin effectiviteit die in de bovengenoemde studies gevonden zijn, moet toekomstig onderzoek zich richten op de resterende methodologische uitdagingen om meer accurate effectiviteit schattingen te bieden voor verschillende populaties. Bovendien, uit onze studies blijkt dat wanneer mensen weten dat het vaccin effectief is, de acceptatie van het griepvaccin bij werknemers in de gezondheidszorg verdubbeld, en de acceptatie van het vaccin tegen humaan papillomavirus (HPV) in tienermeisjes zeven maal groter wordt. Informatie met betrekking tot de effectiviteit van vaccins zou daarom in de vaccinatie voorlichtingscampagnes moeten worden opgenomen. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, many infectious diseases have been controlled by large scale vaccination programs. Nevertheless, current vaccination programs in Europe face challenges due to concerns regarding vaccine effectiveness. In this thesis the effectiveness of newly introduced vaccination campaigns and the determinants of their acceptance were assessed. The routine assessment of influenza vaccination campaigns in the Netherlands, Lithuania and across multiple countries and years using novel methods confirmed that influenza vaccines were quite effective. For example, it prevented approximately 30% to 80% of influenza-related outcomes in senior populations. Besides influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae is also one of the leading causes of respiratory diseases. Vaccination against this bacterium showed to be preventive against respiratory antibiotic use, especially in three and four years old children. Additionally, we found that the Q fever vaccine was nearly 100% effective in preventing the disease in relatively healthy subjects. Its effectiveness in risk groups such as pregnant women, immunocompromised persons or those with pre-existing cardiac valve- or vessel defects, is still to be determined. Despite relatively high vaccine effectiveness estimates found in the abovementioned studies, future research should focus on addressing the remaining methodological challenges to provide more accurate effectiveness estimates in different populations. Furthermore, knowing that the vaccine was effective doubled influenza vaccine acceptance in health care workers and increased acceptance of the vaccine against Human Papillomavirus by more than seven-fold in teenage girls. Information regarding vaccine effectiveness should therefore be implemented in vaccination information campaigns.

    PvdA: Europese verkiezingen 2014

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    SP: Europese verkiezingen 2014

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    Dorpslijst Deest: Gemeenteraadsverkiezingen 2014, Deest

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    Essay: The Neanderthal Extinction

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    Extinction and evolution are two sides of the same coin. When one creature disappears from the fossil record, we speak of “extinction” but there are multiple explanations for this phenomenon. During the emergence of the human species, a lot of our evolutionary “relatives” did not survive to this day. The Neanderthal is believed to be not only one of the most closely related hominins, but also one of the hominins that survived until most recently. In this essay I study different causes for the Neanderthal extinction, and consider whether it is likely that Neanderthals were absorbed in the human population of the time (anatomically modern humans, or AMH), or if humans replaced them. Considering the evidence for a large scale intermixture of Neanderthals an AMH is scarce, Neanderthals were most likely replaced by humans. What caused the Neanderthals to die out, and did AMH cause this event? And if AMH did not cause the Neanderthal extinction, how did the AMH, a very similar creature, manage to survive? While no large unified explanation can be given, it seems that a number of natural causes, including climate change and the inability of Neanderthals to adapt to them and the arrival of AMH have pushed the Neanderthal over the edge.

    CDA: Europese verkiezingen 2014

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    VVD: Europese verkiezingen 2004

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