Procter & Gamble (United Kingdom)
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Distribution of Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1834) in winegrowing regions of Serbia
No full textNeoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1834) je polifagna cikada koja naseljava
napuštena polja i vinograde u Europi. Poznata je kao vektor različitih fitoplazmi od kojih
neke uzrokuju ekonomski značajne bolesti uzgojnih biljaka. Istraživanje
rasprostranjenosti N. fenestratus u polju provedeno je od 2007. do 2024. godine u svim
vinogradarskim regijama u Srbiji, obuhvaćajući širok spektar livada, napuštenih i
komercijalnih vinograda. Jedinke su prikupljane sa biljaka iz porodice Asteraceae
(Cirsium sp., Crepis sp., Picris sp., Cichorium sp.) te sa vrste Convolvulus arvensis (L., 1753).
Osim uzorkovanja sa biljaka, monitoring je obuhvaćao postavljanje i pregled ljepljivih
klopki u vinogradima diljem Srbije. Provedeno istraživanje potvrđuje prisustvo N.
fenestratus u svim vinogradarskim regijama. Prethodna istraživanja su pokazala kako N.
fenestratus prenosi ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ na zelenu salatu, mrkvu, vinovu lozu
te na autohtone biljke koje su redovno prisutne u vinogradima Srbije (Convolvulus
arvensis, Calendula officinalis, Chenopodium album, Picris hieracioides). Polifagna prehrana,
uključujući uobičajene korove poznate kao domaćine 'Ca. Phytoplasma solani' koja
izaziva ekonomski značajnu bolest žutila vinove loze Bois Noir, potvrđena vektorska
sposobnost te široka rasprostranjenost u Srbiji, uključujući i komercijalne vinograde,
nedvojbeno kvalificiraju N. fenestratus kao važan čimbenik koji treba uzeti u obzir pri
objašnjavanju niza događaja koji doprinose ponovnom unosu Bois Noir u vinograde u
Srbiji.Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1834) is a polyphagous leafhopper that inhabits
abandoned fields, vineyards and sparsely vegetated meadows across Europe. It is
recognized as a vector of various phytoplasmas, several of which are associated with
economically significant diseases in cultivated plants. A field survey of N. fenestratus
distribution was conducted between 2007 and 2024 across all vinegrowing regions of
Serbia, covering a wide range of meadows, as well as abandoned and commercial
vineyards. Specimens were collected by sweeping vegetation, primarily from plants in
the family Asteraceae (Cirsium sp., Crepis sp., Picris sp., Cichorium sp.), as well as from
Convolvulus arvensis (L., 1753). In addition to field sampling, monitoring involved the set
up and inspection of sticky traps placed in vineyards across Serbia. The survey confirmed
the presence of N. fenestratus in all vinegrowing regions. Previous studies have identified
N. fenestratus as a vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', transmitting the pathogen to
lettuce, carrot, grapevine and native plants commonly found in Serbian vineyards
(Convolvulus arvensis, Calendula officinalis, Chenopodium album, Picris hieracioides). Its
polyphagous feeding behavior, including preference for common weeds known to host
‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’—the causal agent of the economically important grapevine
yellows disease, Bois Noir—combined with its confirmed vector capacity and
widespread distribution across Serbia, including within commercial vineyards, strongly
supports the designation of N. fenestratus as a critical factor in the repeated introduction
and spread of Bois Noir in Serbian vineyards
Survey of bacteria affecting stone fruits and almond in Montenegro
No full textThe production of stone fruits and almonds in Montenegro is often compromised by various
pathogenic bacteria. The infection and disease spread are facilitated by favourable
environmental conditions as well as extensive cultivation practices and inadequate control
measures. Symptomatic samples of stone fruit and almond plant material were collected from
different locations across Montenegro during the 2017–2020 survey. Not all of them resulted
in bacterial isolation indicating that some symptoms could not be a reliable diagnostic
criterion. From apricot, peach and sweet cherry samples 48 strains were isolated, and based
on their morphological, pathogenic, biochemical, and molecular characteristics identified as
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap). Additionally, 29 strains, identified as Pseudomonas
syringae pv. syringae (Pss), were isolated from apricot, peach, nectarine, sweet cherry,
Japanese plum, and almond, suggesting a wider spread of this pathovar across the country.
No mixed infections were registered. Phenotypic and genetic variations within the Pss
population could be a consequence of multiple strain origin, and adaptation to different hosts
and climatic conditions. In contrast, the genetic homogeneity observed in the Xap population
suggests a spread of the local population without new introductions. To prevent spread of
Xap to other areas and susceptible hosts, strict phytosanitary measures are implemented.
However, Pss as a wide host range pathogen should be controlled by cultural practices. All
tested strains showed in vitro resistance to copper sulphate and sensitivity to streptomycin
sulphate, indicating that integrated management strategies have to be implemented to
protect orchard productivity and stone fruit yield
Impact of commercial phosphine fumigation of stored-grains in concrete silos on survival and progeny of natural free-living insect pests
No full textThis study was conducted to examine the impact of commercial phosphine fumigation on survival and progeny of natural free-living insect populations in wheat and maize stored in concrete silos. Aluminium phosphide pellets (560 g/kg) were applied at the recommended dose of 20–25 pellets/t of grains (4–5 g of phosphine gas/t) in two airtight cells in one silo at Pančevo locality (wheat and maize) and in one without airtight cell, in silos in Perlez (wheat) and Vrbas (maize). Samples collected before fumigation were used for pre-treatment assessment of grains' infestation levels, while samples taken for post-treatment assessment served to determine insect survival after 4 weeks and progeny after 8, 12 and 16 weeks. All taken samples were kept and analysed in laboratory. In pre-treatment assessment of wheat we found two primary and three secondary pests in density rates 0–0.9 and 1-34 adults/sample/kg, respectively. In maize were recorded one primary and three secondary pests in rates 1.5–1.7 and 0.9–62 adults/sample/kg, respectively. Post-treatment assessments of treated grains showed no insect survival and progeny. However, in untreated grains we recorded population growth of all insect species, especially of primary pests, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat in Pančevo, from 0 to 170.4 adults/kg, and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), in maize in Pančevo from 1.5 to 82.6 adults/kg and in Vrbas from 1.7 to 74.9 adults/kg. The phosphine gas high impact on survival and progeny of all recorded natural free-living insects, regardless of grain and storage type is promising for its further use in the future
MIKROBIOM U SLUŽBI ZAŠTITE BILJA U VINOGRADIMA CRNE GORE PRIMENA BACILLUS SPP. ZA BIOKONTROLU BOLESTI DRVETA VINOVE LOZE
No full textVinova loza (Vitis vinifera L.) predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih gajenih biljnih vrsta u svetu, ali na kvalitet i prinos negativan uticaj imaju fitopatogeni, među kojima su najznačajnije fitopatogene gljive prouzrokovači bolesti drveta vinove loze, koje inficirajući sprovodne sudove dovode do postepene degradacije tkiva, nekroze, truleži I smanjene vitalnosti čokota. Zbog dugog i latentnog razvoja simptoma, kao i nedostatka efikasnih mera zaštite, ove bolesti se smatraju jednim od glavnih razloga propadanja vinograda, naročito u područjima sa mediteranskom klimom. Stoga, zaštita zahteva primenu integrisanih pristupa, sa posebnim naglaskom na biološke mere zaštite, što ujedno predstavlja i glavni cilj ovog istraživanja. Tokom 2024. godine prikupljeno je ukupno 44 uzoraka zemlje (rizosferni sloj) I drveta vinove loze uzetih sa oboljelih i čokota sa folijarnim simtpomima bolesti. Izolacija potencijalnih biokontrolnih kandidata iz roda Bacillus rađena je primenom termalne inaktivacije u sterilnoj destilovanoj vodi na 80 °C tokom 10 minuta. Direktni in vitro ogledi su vršeni sa gljivama: Neofusicoccum parvum, Fomitiporia mediterranea I Phomopsis viticola (kolekcija laboratorije za fitopatologiju Biotehničkog fakulteta). Identifikacija sojeva sa dokazanom anatagonističkom aktivnošću izvršena je sekvenciranjem 16S RNK gena, a dobijene sekvence korišćene su za koinstruisanje filogenetskog stabla metodom „Neighbour-joining”. Ostvareni rezultati su pokazali aktivnost 71 soja od ukupno izolovanih 261 sa morfologijom nalik Bacillus spp. Inhibicija porasta se kretala od 29,9-65,0% kod N. parvum, 14,1-71,0% kod F. mediterranea i 17,8-65,8% kod P. viticola. Filogenetskom analizom (16S rRNK) biokontrolni sojevi su podeljeni u 12 grupa [I grupa: 22 soja – B. amyloliquefaciens operational group; II grupa: 4 soja – B. subtilis/B. tequilensis; III grupa: 1 soj – B. licheniformis/B. paraicheniformis; IV grupa: 6 sojeva – B. halotolerans/B. mojavensis/B. spizizenii/B. subtilis/B. tequilensis; V grupa: 6 sojeva – B. australimaris/B. pumilus/B. safensis; VI grupa: 3 soja – B. arachidis/B. cereus/B. tropicus/B. thuringiensis; VII grupa: 11 sojeva – B. albus/B. anthracis/B. cereus/B. thuringiensis/B. toyonensis; VIII grupa: 1 soj – Fictibacillus barbaricus; IX grupa: 3 soja – B. aryabhattai/B. megaterium; X grupa: 10 sojeva – Peribacillus frigoritolerans/Peribacillus simplex; XI grupa: 3 soja – Brevibacillus laterosporus; XII grupa: 1 soj – Paenibacillus peoriae/Paenibacillus polymyxa]. Dalje sekvenciranje više konzervisanih gena omogućiće precizniju identifikaciju sojeva od interesa na nivou vrste
A Framework for Understanding Crop–Weed Competition in Agroecosystems
No full textCompetition is a fundamental ecological interaction among plants, arising when species
utilise the same limited resources such as light, water, nutrients, and space. Resource limitations reduce the growth and survival of less competitive species, altering ecosystem
structure. In agroecosystems, weed–crop competition is a major challenge, reducing yield
and quality. Weeds often exhibit greater adaptability and resource efficiency, enabling
them to outcompete crops. Competition intensity is influenced by population density,
morphology, phenology and survival strategies. Understanding plant competitive interactions is crucial for ecologists and agronomists to develop sustainable weed management
and resource optimization strategies. Climate change further alters competitive dynamics,
favoring resilient and plastic species. Mechanisms like allelopathy, aboveground and belowground competition and adaptive growth responses shape community structure.
Strategies to reduce weed pressure include breeding competitive crops and integrating
cultural practices such as optimal sowing density, narrow row spacing, and cover cropping. Future research should address plant responses to multiple simultaneous stressors,
the ecological role of allelochemicals under varying conditions, and the genetic mechanisms of competitive adaptability. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions
is essential for designing resilient, high-performing agroecosystems in changing environmental conditions
Epiphytic fungal antagonists as biocontrol agents of Alternaria leaf spot of Brassicas
No full textPlants of the genus Brassica occupy the top place among vegetables in the world with a steady trend of increasing yields and growing area (1). Brassica crop losses due to leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria pathogens, specifically A. brassicicola, are reported worldwide and are often controlled by chemical fungicides (2). During the five-year study of Alternaria spp. in various Brassica host plants in Serbia, highly virulent strains of A. brassicicola were detected. In the same study, fungi were isolated from the phyllosphere of healthy Brassica plants in Alternaria disease-affected fields and tested against disease. Two epiphytic fungal strains with high antagonistic activity were detected from Brassicas leaves and identified as Trichoderma sp. and Fusarium sp. The objective of this study was to investigate their antifungal potential to A. brassicicola isolates, in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro test, the dual culture method was used and the colony diameter of A. brassicicola isolates was measured after 7 days of growth on PDA at 25 °C, and the percent inhibition (I) relative to the control was calculated. Both antagonists revealed a high inhibition effect on the growth of A. brassicicola with Trichoderma sp. being more effective than Fusarium sp. An in vivo test was performed on healthy eight-week-old cabbage plants in two ways. First, leaves were treated with a spore suspension of Trichoderma sp. or Fusarium sp., and 24 h before spraying pathogen spore suspension. The second test involved applying a pathogen spore suspension on leaves 24h prior to the spraying of the antagonists’ spore suspension. The antagonist efficacy, measured as a percentage of necrotic leaf surface relative to the control, was significantly higher when leaves were first treated with the antagonists’ spore suspension and no significant difference in action between Trichoderma sp. and Fusarium sp was reported. Given that cabbage cultivars resistant to Alternaria pathogens have not been registered so far, biological control of Alternaria spp. represents an essential strategy of their suppression that should be integrated into management strategies
The application of different microbial strains alters the Nepeta grandiflora leaf metabolome.
No full textNepeta L. is the largest genus of the Lamiaceae family which produces iridoids (iridoid aglycones - IAs and/or iridoid glucosides-IGs), which facilitate complex plant-biotic interactions. However, the
genus Nepeta also comprises IAs-lacking species, such as Nepeta grandiflora. The plant-microbial
interactions can affect overall plant performance through different mechanisms, including the
perturbations in the specialized metabolism. In this work we analyzed the effects of selected
microbial strains, repeatedly applied via leaves and roots, on alterations in Nepeta grandiflora
specialized metabolism. The experimental setups involved treatments with plant viruses, plant growth-promoting bacteria, phytopathogenic fungi and a control group inoculated with sterile water.
After ten days of treatments, leaves were metabolically profiled for major phenolic acids
(chlorogenic, caffeic, and rosmarinic acid), and iridoids content ( cis,trans-nepetalactone and 1,5,9- epideoxyloganic acid) by GC/MS and UHPLC/DAD/( ethod. Targeted approach
revealed significant differences in the content of phenolic compounds accumulated in leaves after selected microbial applications, as compared to control. Moreover, inoculation with phytopathogenic fungi from the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Botritis, resulted in the production of IA,
cis,trans-nepetalactone in N. gradiflora. Our results indicate a possibility of using microbial infection to reestablish the production of biologically active IAs in Nepeta species lacking this group of iridoids
DETERMINATION OF THE FLAVOR OF TOMATO FRUIT TREATED WITH MARIGOLD EXTRACT AND BACILLUS SP. ISOLATES
No full textUkupne rastvorljive materije (TSS), ukupne titrabilne kiseline (TTA) i pH su najvažniji parametri ukusa za većinu plodova. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se odredi ukus ploda paradajza na osnovu pH, TSS, TTA i indeksa ukusa. Eksperiment je sproveden tokom vegetacionih sezona 2023. i 2024. u poljskim uslovima i ispitivana je sorta paradajza za industrijsku preradu (SP-109). Eksperiment je postavljen po sistemu slučajnog blok sistema u četiri ponavljanja. Četiri tretmana je primenjeno tri puta tokom vegetacione sezone uz kontrolnu varijantu (T1 - kontrola, T2 - ekstrakt nevena, T3 - fungicid, T4 - izolat Bacillus sp. I, T5 - izolat Bacillus sp. II). Određivanje TSS je sprovedeno pomoću refraktometra, a rezultati su izraženi u °Bx. TTA je određen alkalnom titracijom i predstavljen u g limunske kiseline po g sveže mase (FW) plodova. Indeks ukusa je izračunat na osnovu ukupnih rastvorljivih materija (TSS) i titrabilne kiselosti (TA). Dvogodišnji rezultati pokazali su da faktori posmatrani pojedinačno, godina i tretman su ispoljili statistički vrlo značajan uticaj na sve ispitivane parametre. Interakcija godina i tretman imala je statistički značajan uticaj na TSS i pH, dok nije bilo statistički značajne razlike kod TTA i indeks ukusa u poređenju sa kontrolom. Generalno, ekstrakt nevena je imao najbolji efekat na ispitivane parametre u poređenju sa drugim tretmanima. Najveći uticaj na sadržaj TSS imao je u prvoj godini istraživanja T4 tretman (11,1 °Bx), u odnosu na ostale tretmane (T1-10,7 °Bx, T5- 10,6°Bx, T3 -10,4 °Bx i T2-10,3 °Bx). Najveće vrednosti TTA su izmerene u drugoj godini istraživanja u tretmanu T2 (91,9) u poređenju sa tretmanima T3, T1, T5 i T4 (88,9, 88,3, 80,4 i 76,4 g limunske kiseline/g sveže mase (FW) plodova). Takođe, taste index kao najznačajniji factor koji određuje ukus paradajza je bio najbolji u tretmanu T2 tretmanu (2,42) u odnosu na druge tretmane T1, T3, T5 i T4 (2,35, 2,28, 2,02 i 1,93). pH vrednost je bila slična kod svih tretmana. Kao zaključak možemo istaći da je ekstrakt nevena imao najbolji efekat na sintezu primarnih metabolita
Evidence and characterisation of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis causing bacterial blight of walnut in Montenegro
No full textThis study represents the first evidence of the bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) on walnut trees in Podgorica (Montenegro). Disease symptoms appeared on leaves in the form of dark,
angular leaf spots surrounded by yellow-green haloes and lesions spread across the whole leaf. Isolated bacteria were
preliminarily identified using PCR with pathovar-specific primer pair XajF/XajR and further characterised based on
multi-locus sequence analysis with nine housekeeping genes (fusA, gapA, gltA, gyrB1, lepA, rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and
gyrB2). Montenegrin walnut isolates were homogeneous among themselves and the most closely related to different
X. arboricola strains originating from Juglans regia isolated elsewhere. The pathogenicity of isolates was confirmed on
walnut leaves, fruits, and branches. All inoculations resulted in the formation of necrotic lesions that initially developed
at the site of bacteria entry, with later developing chlorotic areas on leaves along the leaf veins. This finding of Xaj causing leaf blight symptoms on walnuts in Montenegro highlights its expanding distribution across Europe and indicates
a potential threat to walnut plantations in Montenegro
