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Yield of Early Potatoes in the Conditions of Western Serbia
No full textThe goal of the research was to determine the variation in the yield of early potatoes in the conditions of western Serbia. During 2021 and 2022, the experiment was carried out at the site of KO Bogatić, the area of the village of Belotić (65 m above sea level, chernozem), 44 ̊ 49' N, 19 ̊ 32' E. The research was set up with three potato varieties: one early (Colomba) and two medium early (Esmee and Memphis).The analysis of productive traits showed very significant differences (r<0.01) and (r<0.05) under the influence of the variety (factor G). The influence of the year (factor E) and the interaction of factors (E × G) on the examined productive traits of early potatoes were absent. The mid-early varieties Esmee and Memphis showed a significantly lower yield of early potatoes, compared to the early variety Colomba. A significant positive correlation was found between the yield of new potatoes and the number of tubers per plant (r = 0.78447, p<0.05). We can conclude that the Colomba variety, due to its early maturity and genetic predisposition, formed and bulking the tubers the fastest, which directly influenced the achievement of the highest yield of early potatoes
The bioherbicidal potential of hemlock water extracts
No full textStudying plant species rich in bioactive compounds, including allelochemicals,
could lead to the development of biodegradable and environmentally safe herbicides. In this
study, a water extract of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.), known to be rich in alkaloids, was
used to investigate its effects on the germination of Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ambrosia
artemisiifolia L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., and Lactuca sativa L., providing valuable insights
into its phytotoxic properties. Among the C. maculatum water extracts (CmWEs) tested, that
of dry leaves showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the germination of all species analyzed.
The CmWE of dry leaves (50%) completely inhibited seed germination of all species tested.
The CmWE of dry stems (50%) reduced seed germination in S. media, A. retroflexus, and A.
artemisiifolia by 20% to 89%, whereas the germination of L. sativa was less affected (9%). In
addition, a CmWE of dry stems (5%) selectively inhibited ragweed germination (45%), while
the germination of Lactuca sativa was not significantly affected. The CmWE of dry leaves
(20%) inhibited early root and shoot growth of S. media more effectively than suppressing seed
germination. Moreover, the dry leaves and inflorescences of C. maculatum demonstrate strong
allelopathic properties even after two years of storage, highlighting the long-term potential of
C. maculatum as a source of natural herbicides
Occurrence and Distribution of Root-Knot Nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in Serbia
No full textThis study examines the occurrence and distribution of root-knot nematodes
(RKN), Meloidogyne spp., in Serbia through an official survey conducted from 2021 to 2023.
A total of 241 plant and soil samples were collected from 25 districts across two regions:
Northern Serbia (Vojvodina Province) and Central Serbia. RKN infestations were detected
in 23.7% of the samples. Among the 57 identified populations, 5 Meloidogyne species were
recorded: M. incognita, M. hapla, M. luci, M. arenaria and M. javanica. Meloidogyne luci was
reported in Serbia for the first time, marking a significant finding for nematology in the
region. This study highlights the importance of implementing effective pest management
strategies to mitigate the agricultural impact of RKN in Serbia
Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Corn Silage Depending on Cutting Height and Forage Losses
Full text linkThe study presents the effect of cutting height (10, 15 and 30 cm) on yield, nutritional value and chemical
composition of silage corn. The experiment was carried out under dryland conditions and the silage corn was
harvested with three types of self-propelled silage harvesters. Cutting height increased linearly with increasing
operating speed of silage harvesters. For all types of silage harvesters, the cutting height of 30 cm had a
statistically significant (p≤0.05) effect on losses of yields. The numerical value of the R2
factor (from R2
= 0.8978
to 0.9896) shows a strong dependence in all harvesters for all three cutting heights. The regression coefficients
(b) show a significant deviation from the theoretical cutting height at 10 and 15 cm (b = 0.6676 and b = 0.6715),
and very significant (b = 2.0249) at the theoretical cutting height of 30 cm. With an increase in cutting height,
the nutritional value of silage increased. At a cutting height of 30 cm, during the test period in all types of
harvesters, the crude protein (CP) content was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than at a cutting height of 10 cm
(harvester C = 6.94% at 10 cm, harvester B = 8.15% at 30 cm). The cutting height of 30 cm influenced a
significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (CF) content of harvester Claas Jaguar 850 (21.19%), compared to
John Deere 6810 (24.33%) at a height of 10 cm. The crude ash content (CAsh) did not vary significantly under
the influence of cutting height. Starch content was statistically higher (p≤0.05) in all types of silage harvesters
during the test at a cutting height of 30 cm (28.2% harvester New Holland FX 28, 33.8% harvester
Claas Jaguar 850). The content of calcium (Ca) was significantly higher at a height of 30 cm for harvesters
John Deere 6810 and Claas Jaguar 850 in the third year, while no significant difference was found for
harvester New Holland FX 28. For phosphorus (P), there was no significant difference depending on the
cutting height, but it did exist depending on the year
Efficacy of selected foliar herbicides in raspberry plantations in Serbia
No full textSerbia is one of the leading
producers of raspberries worldwide.
Efficient weed control
represents an integral part of
maintaining perennial production
systems such as raspberry
plantations.
Efficacy of a selection of foliar
herbicides was studied in raspberry
plantations in two regions of Serbia,
across two years.
Two field sites (Kušići and Guča)
were located in the traditional raspberry growing region of Western
Serbia, and the other two (Zminjak
and Lipolist) in the low-lying Mačva
region.
Weed control was assessed
using commercial products based on
the following active substances: a)
pyraflufen-ethyl (26.5 g a.s./l); b)
glufosinate-ammonium 150 g a.s./l; c)
glufosinate-ammonium 200 g a.s./l,
and d) paraquat dichloride 200 g
a.s./l.
The trials were set up following
the standardized EPPO protocol, and
applications were done when weeds
were in full development (beginning of
May), and raspberry in the growth
stages 40-97 (BBCH scale).
Efficacy of the tested products
was assessed against the untreated
control.
Pyraflufen-ethyl was shown to
be highly effective in controlling
broadleaf weeds (≥90%), in both
single and split application, but
inefficient in controlling Sorghum
halepense (0-20%).
Meanwhile, efficacy of
glufosinate-ammonium 150 g/l and
glufosinate-ammonium 200 g/l varied
between the target weed species,
field sites and across assessments,
between 50 and 100%.
Efficacy of paraquat dichloride
ranged between 82.5 and 100% for
broadleaf weeds, but no efficacy was
observed against S. halepense.
Of all the tested treatment options, the
highest efficacy in weed control was
observed when pyraflufen-ethyl was
applied in a split application (0.8
l/ha+0.8 l/ha)
Delovanje vodenog ekstrakta kukute (Conium maculatum L.) na klijanje semena štira (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)
No full textUpotreba sintetičkih pesticida je, delom zbog njihove lake dostupnosti i selektivnog načina delovanja, i dalje glavna metoda hemijske kontrole korova na obradivim površinama. Međutim, zbog sve učestalijeg i brojnijeg stvaranja rezistentnih populacija korovskih vrsta i sve ozbiljnijeg zagađenja vodenih površina, zemljišta i vazduha koje izazivaju sintetički herbicidi, značajna pažnja je preusmerena na proučavanje prirodnih herbicida (bioherbicida). Identifikovanje biljnih vrsta koje mogu biti potencijalni izvor alelohemikalija, bitne vrste bioherbicida, predstavlja prvi korak u tom proučavanju. U našem radu je ispitivano delovanje vodenih ekstrakata lista i stabla kukute (Conium maculatum L.) različite starosti na klijanje semena štira (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), česte korovske vrste u Srbiji. Semena štira i biljni material kukute su ubrani na periferiji Zemuna i čuvani na sobnoj temperaturi do početka eksperimenta. Ekstrakt je dobijen držanjem 24 časa biljnog materijala kukute u destilovanoj vodi (1:10, m:V). Semena štira stratifikovana na 4±1 0C su isklijavana u različitim razblaženjima ekstrakta na temperaturi od 25 0C. Statistička obrada podataka obavljena je pomoću softvera Statistica 7. Ekstrakt suvih listova kukute u koncentraciji od 50% je potpuno inhibirao klijanje štira, tj. ni jedno seme nije proklijalo. U koncentraciji od 20% konačno, ukupno klijanje nije bilo statistički značajno umanjeno, ali je dinamika klijanja bila poremećena, klijanje semena je kasnilo u odnosu na kontrolu i sa klijanjem prvog semena i sa postizanjem platoa klijanja. Ostala razblaženja (5% i 10%) vodenih ekstrakata suve mase listova nisu imale uticaja na inhibiciju i/ili odlaganje klijanja u odnosu na kontrolu. Ekstrakt sveže mase listova je u najmanjem razblaženju (50%) doveo do smanjenja klijnja semena, dok vodeni ekstrakti sa većim razblaženjem ne dovode do statistički značajnih razlika u klijanju semena. Vodeni ekstrakti suve mase stable kukute utiču na dinamiku klijanja semena štira u koncentracijama od 50% i 20%, ali ne utiču statistički značajno na procenat ukupnog klijanja
Incidence and genetic diversity of garlic common latent virus infecting garlic in Serbia
No full textGarlic (Allium sativum L.) has been cultivated as a vegetable for over 5000 years. In Serbia, garlic farming occurs across various geographic regions, with the main cultivation area being the Vojvodina province. Viruses pose a significant threat to garlic crops, especially due to ability to spread easily through vegetative propagation. Garlic plants are susceptible to infection by viruses from three main families: Potyviridae (genus Potyvirus), Betaflexiviridae (genus Carlavirus), and Alphaflexiviridae (genus Allexivirus). Among them, garlic common latent virus (GarCLV) stands out as one of the most prevalent viruses affecting garlic. Despite often showing no visible symptoms, GarCLV plays a crucial role as a synergistic agent, particularly when combined with other plant viruses, notably potyviruses. The first report of GarCLV infecting garlic in Serbia was reported in 2011, but the extent of its incidence and genetic diversity remained unclear. In this study, 130 garlic plants were collected and tested for the presence of GarCLV by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA using commercial diagnostic kit (Bioreba, AG, Reinach, Switzerland). After detection of GarCLV presence through ELISA, further confirmation, and molecular characterization two selected samples was carried out using RT-PCR with GarCLV-specific primer pair, 1-GCLV and 2-GCLV, which amplified a 960-bp fragment of the entire coat protein (CP) gene. The amplified products were purified, sequenced in both directions using the same primer pair, and deposited in GenBank (Acc. No. KP208802 and MK814828). The serological results showed a high prevalence of GarCLV in garlic crops in Serbia, and the phylogenetic studies showed that GarCLV isolates exhibited significant genetic similarity and were grouped in the same cluster. Considering that GarCLV is mainly transmitted through propagation material and the risk of a synergistic effect due to mixed infections with other garlic viruses, special measures should be taken to control impact of this virus on garlic production
Efficacy of pyraflufen-ethyl in the control of suckers in raspberry, apple and plum orchards in Serbia
No full textSuckers can have adverse effects in fruit orchards for various reasons. In addition to their
competition with the plant, they also provide hiding places for insect pests, promote favorable
environmental conditions for disease development, serve as entry points for plant diseases,
and interfere with in-row weed management. The efficacy of a herbicide based on pyraflufenethyl (26,5 g a.s./l) in the control of suckers was studied in raspberry, apple and plum
orchards across four field sites in Serbia (Kušići, Zminjak, Padinska Skela and Morović). The
trials were set up following the standardized EPPO protocol, and herbicide application was
done in spring, when the longest suckers were 10-15 cm long. In the split application
treatments, the second treatment was done when the new suckers had reached a length of 10-
15 cm. The efficacy of the tested product was assessed in comparison to the untreated control.
Pyraflufen-ethyl was shown to be highly effective in controlling the number of suckers
(>90%), both in single and split application in all three orchards. The highest level of efficacy
in raspberry and plum orchards was observed in the split application treatment, when the
tested product was applied at a dosage of 0,8 l/ha + 0,8 l/ha. When applied in combination
with the adjuvant Alteox T prima, the highest efficacy levels were also observed in the split
application treatments. In contrast, the efficacy of the inhibition of subsequent regrowth was
comparatively lower, with efficacy percentages between 69 and 84% in raspberry, 50 and
64% in plum and between 51 and 65% in apple orchards
Citizen science platforms can effectively aid early detection of invasive alien species based on species traits
No full textCitizen science platforms can effectively support early detection of invasive alien species according to species traits
No full text1. Early detection and rapid response are essential to deal effectively with new introductions of invasive alien species (IAS). Citizen science platforms for opportunistic recording of species are increasingly popular, and there is potential to
harvest their data for early detection of IAS, but this has not been tested.
2. We evaluated the potential of data from existing citizen science platforms for
early detection of IAS by obtaining 687 first records of species from 30 European
countries where there was both an official first record (i.e. published in scientific
literature or by a government agency) and a record in a citizen science platform.
We tested how the difference between the two (time lag) was related to species
traits, popularity in citizen science platforms, public and research attention and
regulatory status.
3. We found that for 50% of the time lag records, citizen science platforms reported
IAS earlier than or in the same year as the official databases. Although we cannot determine causality (the first official record could have been from a citizen
science platform, or contemporaneous with it), this demonstrates that citizen science platforms are effective for IAS early detection.
4. Time lags were largely affected by species traits. Compared with official records,
vertebrates were more likely to have earlier records on citizen science platforms,than plants or invertebrates. Greater popularity of the IAS in citizen science platforms and its observation in neighbouring countries resulted in earlier citizen
science reporting. In contrast, inclusion in the EU priority list resulted in earlier
official recording, reflecting the efficacy of targeted surveillance programmes.
However, time lags were not affected by the overall activity of citizen platforms
per country.
5. Synthesis and applications. Multi-species citizen science platforms for reporting
nature sightings are a valuable source of information on early detection of IAS
even though they are not specifically designed for this purpose. We recommend
that IAS surveillance programmes should be better connected with citizen science
platforms, including greater acknowledgement of the role of citizen scientists and
better data flow from smaller citizen science initiatives into global databases, to
support efficient early detection