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Achieving freedom of legal equity and legal safety as a condition of a legal state
Get PDFЗаконитост рада управе је основни елемент садржаја појма правне државе. Под појмом правне државе у најширем смислу речи подразумева се она држава у којој ради обезбеђења слободе правне једнакости и правне сигурности функционисања и манифестовање државне власти има правне форме и у којој су постављене одређене правне границе деловања државне власти. У раду су презентовани резултати истраживања права полицијских службеника на правну сигурност у Републици Србији. Тако усмерено истраживање имало је за циљ да се у методолошки исправном поступку идентификују и научно опишу кључни проблеми полицијских службеника у остваривању својих права из радних односа, после доношења Закона о полицији из 2016. године. Применом метода анализе садржаја, компаративне и формално-логичке анализе, у раду је анализирано више примера из праксе Министарства унутрашњих послова упоредно са анализом резултата актуелних теоријских истраживања и релевантних правних прописа и аката. Резултатима примене тих метода, као кључни проблеми у остваривању права на правну сигурност полицијских службеника, идентификовани су проблеми у поступцима: службеног оцењивања, стицања чинова, распоређивања и престанка радног односа. Закључцима изведеним синтезом тих резултата, као кључни узроци описаних проблема потврђени су: 1) неблаговремено доношење подзаконских прописа, 2) селек- тивна примена закона и 3) примена одредаба подзаконских про- писа који су престали да важе. Тако утврђено стање правне сигурности полицијских службеника у области радних односа не може се оценити сагласним са становиштем Европског суда за људска права према којем законске одредбе треба да буду „адекватно доступне, предвидиве и формулисане са довољно прецизности да појединцу – ако је то потребно, омогуће одговарајући савет – ради регулисања његовог понашања“.During the recent years we have witnessed an unsuccessful judicial reform (in 2010) which has shown us that only by established procedures and legal means can commonly accepted social goals be accomplished. In this work, the author points to a series of problems in exercising rights related to police officers’ employment relationships arising from the Law on Police dating from 2016, as well as from (not) passing new implementing regulations. A lot of examples of practice have been analyzed and the conclusion has been reached that regarding certain questions which required urgent procedures (un) debatable decisions were made. Namely, provisions of implementing regulations based on the Law on Police dating from 2005 were applied according to the procedures which had ceased to exist. It can be concluded at first sight that it is no sense. The European Court of Human Rights states that legal provisions should be “adequately accessible, i.e. the citizen must be able to have an indication that is adequate in the circumstances of the legal rules applicable to a given case; and that a norm cannot be regarded as ‘law’ unless formulated with sufficient precision to enable the citizen to regulate his conduct.” Certain legal provisions which were not applied in practice have been analyzed, where the authorized proponent had doubts regarding their constitutionality. The question is: is it possible to apply the provisions of the law in force selectively? That means making current legal norms ineffective, regardless of the
“good” intention and “justification” of such a decision. Who has the
authority to do it
Attitudes toward victim and victimization in the light of the just world theory
No full textPredmet rada je odnos prema žrtvama i viktimizaciji iz perspektive teorije o pravednom svetu Melvin-a Lerner-a, sagledan kroz prizmu relacija centralnog konstrukta ove teorije – verovanja u pravedan svet, sa okrivljavanjem žrtve, samookrivljavanjem i prevladavanjem viktimizacije. Rad ima za cilj da, u svetlu postojećih empirijskih nalaza, razmotri aktuelni status i značaj teorije o pravednom svetu za razumevanje procesa okrivljavanja i derogiranja žrtava, ali i ulogu koju verovanje u pravedan svet ima u procesu prevladavanja traume izazvane viktimizacijom. Verovanje u pravedan svet i na njoj utemeljena potreba za reuspostavljanjem pravde u situacijama u kojima je ovo verovanje ugroženo, smatra se adaptivnim mehanizmom kojim se čuva vera u sigurnost i predvidljivost socijalnog okruženja, odnosno, smislenost dugoročnih ulaganja i primene legitimnih sredstava za postizanje ličnih ciljeva. Jedna od kognitivnih taktika odbrane ugroženog verovanja u pravednost jeste reinterpretacija kritičnih događaja, uz okrivljavanje i derogiranje žrtava. Budući da nalazi empirijskih studija upućuju na zaključak da je izvesnost primene kognitivnih taktika odbrane ugroženog verovanja u pravednost veća u slučaju izostanka ili nedelotvornosti formalnih odgovora na zločin i viktimizaciju, efektivna i efikasna društvena reakcija usmerena na sankcionisanje učinilaca i reparaciju žrtava se može označiti činiocem koji ključno doprinosi redukovanju rizika od stigmatizacije i odbacivanja žrtava.The present paper discusses current empirical status of the Just world theory introduced several decades ago by Melvin Lerner, the content and functions of a just world belief as its central construct, and particularly, the relation between a just world belief and victim blaming and victim derogation phenomena. In the light of existing research evidence, a just world belief and a need to re-establish a “justice” when this belief is threatened, is considered to be an adaptive mechanism that protect a belief that a world is secure and the future is predictable, as well as a confidence in the purposefulness of selfdiscipline, long-term personal investments and social rules respecting. As proposed By the just world theory, when a person faces injustice, i.e. others’ (innocent victims’) suffering, his/her belief in a just world is threatened. Possible reactions to that threat comprise various rational victim helping activities, but also specific cognitive defensive strategies, including cognitive distortion, rationalization and reinterpretation of an event in order to minimize injustice or deny injustice happened at all. In the course of reinterpretation of injustice, victims are often blamed for their former actions, or derogated for their character, in order to indicate them responsible for their own fate and suffering. The findings of research studies suggest that the likelihood of employing cognitive defensive strategies rises if formal responses to crime and victimization lack or fail. This further suggests that an efficient and effective formal social response in terms of both sanctioning of offenders and reparation of victims should be considered highly important in reducing the risk of stigmatization and rejection of victims. Finally, the paper discusses the role of victim’s just world beliefs in post-trauma adaptation and coping processes. In virtue of findings from the existing research literature it may be concluded that victim’s belief in a just world is not necessarily obstructive for the adaptation and coping process. Moreover, in the research literature prevail findings telling in support of an assertion that strong just world belief serves significantly as a self-protective function
Concept of performance management in police organization
Get PDFModel upravljanja policijskom organizacijom koji je zasnovan na učinku i koji se u ovom radu predlaže obuhvata sledeće faze: (1) identifikaciju faktora učinka, (2) indikaciju učinka, (3) identifikaciju izvora podataka oučinku i određivanje uzorka, (4) identifikaciju načina merenja učinka, (5) identifikaciju rezultata merenja učinka, (6) poređenje učinka istovrsnih organizacionih celina, (7) praćenje učinka, (8) identifikaciju upravljačkih mera usmerenih na poboljšanje učinka, (9) utvrđivanje metodologije za merenje učinka, (10) utvrđivanje metodologije za praćenje učinka i (11) utvrđivanje metodologije izveštavanja o učinku. Ključna među njima je faza (8) identifikacija upravljačkih mera usmerenih na poboljšanje učinka, odnosno model učinka. Sam učinak je funkcija: (1) performansi, (2) kompetencija, (3) motivacije i (4) koordinacije sa drugim subjektima (područne funkcije upravljanja učinkom), čije poslovanje je od značaja za efektivnost i efikasnost pojedinaca i organizacija. Model upravljanja na bazi učinka obuhvata šest funkcija, koje povezuju aktivnosti policije sa njenom svrhom. To su: (1) definisanje misije i željenih ishoda, (2) utvrđivanje standarda o učinku, (3) identifikovanje i prikupljanje indikatora o učinku, (4) povezivanje učinka sa budžetom, (5) strukturiranje odgovornosti i (6) izveštavanje o učinku (procesne funkcije upravljanja učinkom). Dakle, predloženim modelom upravljanja policijskom organizacijom na bazi učinka, rukovodioci treba da utiču na navedene funkcije, tako što će na svaki od navedenih faktora uticati praktikovanjem šest navedenih procesnih funkcija upravljanja učinkom.Performance management is burdened by numerous problems caused by contradictions concerning the need for better results in the form of outputs and outcomes, on the one hand and the rationalization of operations, on the other hand. In such circumstances, there are rigging the results of police work (eg. percentage of solved crimes with unknown perpetrator), which police respond to increased expectations from it, in terms of limiting the intensive resources that she made available. This phenomenon requires a turnover from the populist (eg. “The fight against crime and corruption”) to a sincere approach, which the police organization declares and practice their own social roles (eg. “Serve and protect”), as expressed by its mission and achievement of outputs and outcomes that are consistent with it. Such a qualitative turning point in the management and functioning of police organizations is complementary and corrective to the quantitative approach, thereby contributing to the development of the police profession. The police
organization management model that agrees with this and such demands of work and the results that they are achieving the cooperative management style. The management model of police organization which is based on performance and that this work proposed includes the following phases: (1) identification of performance factors, (2) indication of performance, (3) identification of the source of data on the performance and determination of sample, (4) identification of performance measurement modes, (5) identification of performance measurement results, (6) comparison of the effect same kind of organizational units, (7) performance monitoring, (8)
identification of management measures aimed at improving performance, (9) establishing of methodology for performance measurement, (10) establishing of methodology for performance monitoring and (11) establishing of methodology for performance reporting. Key among them is the phase 8. The performance is function of: (1) capabilities, (2) competences, (3) motivation and (4) coordination with other subjects, whose operations is of importance to the effectiveness and efficiency, as branch functions of performance management. The management model based on the performance includes six elements, which link the activities of the police with its purpose. Those are: (1) defining the mission and desirable outcomes, (2) setting standards on the performance, (3) identification and collection Koncept upravljanja učinkom u policijskoj organizaciji 17 of performance indicators, (4) connecting performance with the budget, (5) allocation of responsibilities and (6) performance reporting, as process functions of performance management. Thus, the proposed management model of police organization based on the performance should influence the capabilities, competence, motivation and coordination, by each of the above
factors affect the process that includes six performance management process functions. Applying of this conclusion is possible in the programs of study оf parent institution dedicated to the education of staff for the police and related agencies, and programs for professional training of police officers. On the other hand, the directions of future research in the field of police on the basis of the impact relating to the identification of key performance indicators, time and its factors, as well as in determination of methodology of their measurement and monitoring, aimed at its improvement
Од представничке до парламентарне владе у Србији
Get PDFПринуђена да изнађе адекватан образац за неочекивано повраћену државност, Србија је почела трагање за путоказима из сопственог историјског искуства. Потрага за српским уставним идентитетом као основом примереног уставног модела за Србију морала се, логично, окренути блиставим умовима чије су идеје уграђене у темеље модерне српске државе. У том смислу, XIX век нуди прегршт поузданих смерница, садржаних у концепцијама плејаде најумнијих људи тога доба. Поједини од тих великана који су својим знањем, енергијом и ентузијазмом омогућили убрзано путешествије Србије од заостале турске провинције до узорне европске државе, били су предмет интересовања научних посленика, док су неки други остали изван видокруга проучавалаца прошлости српског народа. У том смислу, ова монографија написана је у право време. Намера пишчева била је да у низу размишљања из личног угла укаже на „знакове поред пута“, које су нам у завештање оставили великани из наше прошлости.Едиција Монографије ; књ. 3
Determining chemical irritants influence on evaluation of alternatives for police unit engagement
Get PDFВаријанте ангажовања полицијских јединица које се пореде у овом раду међусобно се разликују по томе што се једнима од њих предвиђа употреба хемијских средстава, а другима не. При томе, критеријуми којима се пореде наведене варијанте погодни су за квантификацију, а уобичајени су у области организационих наука. Наведени критеријуми су: ефективност, ефикасност, економичност, минимизација времена решавања безбедносних проблема и поузданост, а служе за међусобно поређење наведених варијанти ангажовања полицијских јединица при остваривању циља: „Оптимизација варијанти ангажовања полицијских јединица за извршавање посебних безбедносних задатака“. Применом методе аналитичких хијерархијских процеса АХП (аnalytic hierarchy process – AHP), обе врсте наведених варијанти су међусобно упоређене, појединачно, по сваком од наведених критеријума. Наведеним поређењима закључено је да су варијанте ангажовања које садрже употребу хемијских средстава ваљаније од оних које не обухватају примену наведених средстава принуде. Прецизније, док су варијанте ангажовања полицијских јединица које садрже примену хемијских средстава вредноване са 0,719, дотле су варијанте које не садрже примену наведених средстава принуде вредноване са 0,281, уз прихватљиву инконзистенцију (противречност) критеријума. Имајући то у виду, интензитет утицаја наведених средстава принуде на прихватљивост варијанти ангажовања полицијских јединица за извршавање посебних безбедносних задатака је „средњи“.The alternatives compared in this paper are the police unit engagement alternatives for performing special police tasks, and they differ from each other in that some of them are implemented by using chemical irritants, and others are not. Moreover, the criteria used for the evaluation of the plausibility of formed alternatives are carried out from the aspect of organizational sciences by quantification of the usual criteria for its evaluation such as: effectiveness, economy, efficiency, time minimisation and reliability in the function of achieving the objective: “Optimisation of results in forming alternatives depending on the implementation of chemical irritants”. Using the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the above mentioned types of alternative forming for special police tasks are compared in relation to each of the stated criteria individually, and it was concluded that the alternative which anticipates the use of chemical irritants during police unit engagement is more valid than the alternative in which this is not the case. In fact, while the ranking of the alternatives’ acceptability which anticipates the use of chemical irritants is 0.719, those that do not are marked with 0.281, with acceptable inconsistency. Bearing that in mind, the intensity of influence of considered means of coercion on acceptability of police unit engagement alternatives is “moderate”
Longer-term and lower temperature annealing of as-and post-weld heat treated AL/CU bimetal joints
No full textThe aim was to evaluate effects of different continuous drive friction welded (CDFW) parameters and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the formation of AlxCuy interlayer at the Al/Cu interface of produced bar joints after their exposure to the longer-term and lower temperature annealing. Structural properties were analyzed by using the bright-field and polarized light microscopy. Al/Cu joints produced by using higher friction pressure and forging pressure introduced the formation of interlayers of smaller thicknesses compared to joints produced by applying only a lower friction pressure. The PWHT at 400°C/10min of as-welded Al/Cu joints affected insignificantly the interlayer thickness. However, the PWHT caused a reconstruction of deformed Cu grains, which was also detected after annealing at 177°C/230h. The annealing also introduced a formation of non-uniform interlayer thickness in joints produced by using only the friction pressure in contrast to the joints produced by using higher friction pressure and forging pressure
Hybrid methodological approach to context-dependent speech recognition
No full textAlthough the importance of contextual information in speech recognition has been acknowledged for a long time now, it
has remained clearly underutilized even in state-of-the-art speech recognition systems. This article introduces a novel,
methodologically hybrid approach to the research question of context-dependent speech recognition in human–machine
interaction. To the extent that it is hybrid, the approach integrates aspects of both statistical and representational
paradigms. We extend the standard statistical pattern-matching approach with a cognitively inspired and analytically
tractable model with explanatory power. This methodological extension allows for accounting for contextual information
which is otherwise unavailable in speech recognition systems, and using it to improve post-processing of recognition
hypotheses. The article introduces an algorithm for evaluation of recognition hypotheses, illustrates it for concrete
interaction domains, and discusses its implementation within two prototype conversational agents
Principle of Guilt in Criminal Legislation of Serbia and Security Measures
Get PDFU radu se objašnjava odnos mera bezbednosti medicinskog
karaktera, kao vrste krivičnh sankcija, koje se izriču neuračunljivim
učiniocima dela koja su protivpravna i zakonom propisana kao
krivična dela i načela krivice koje u srpskom krivičnom pravu (a
naročito, u kontekstu objektivno-subjektivnog opšteg pojma krivičnog
dela), podrazumeva da se ne samo kazne, već i krivične sankcije
uopšte, mogu izricati samo učiniocu kojem se protivpravno delo, koje
je zakonom propisano kao krivično delo, može pripisati u krivicu, te
stoga i predstavlja krivično delo.
U radu se objašnjava značaj načela krivice u savremenom
krivičnom pravu, uz analizu primera iz osnovnih uporednopravnih modela i njihovog odnosa prema načelu krivice. Autor objašnjava osnovne
komponente načela krivice i neuračunljivosti, odnosno nesposobnosti
snošenja krivice – u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i u Nemačkoj
(„Insanity” i „Schuldunfähikeit”). U radu se potom objašnjava
krivičnopravni, pa i ustavno-pravni značaj načela krivice u srpskom
krivičnom pravu, te sistem krivičnih sankcija koji u važećem krivičnom
pravu Srbije, kada je reč o merama bezbednosti medicinskog karaktera,
donekle odstupa od načela krivice, jer se takve krivične sankcije mogu
izricati i licima koja nisu učinila krivično delo, odnosno one su načelno
i projektovane za izricanje i primenu prema neuračunljivim učiniocima
koji zbog svog duševnog stanja i njegovog uticaja na njihovu, bilo intelektualnu, bilo voluntativnu moć, ne snose krivicu za svoje protivpravno delo koje je zakonom propisano kao krivično delo.
Autor zaključuje da bi nesporno i načelno – bilo koja krivična
sankcija mogla da se izrekne jedino učiniocu kojem se njegovo delo
može pripisati u krivicu, jer jedino tada takvo protivpravno delo koje
je zakonom propisano kao krivično delo, formalno i predstavlja
krivično delo.
Kada je reč o krivičnom zakonodavstvu Srbije, jedino iz razloga određene krivičnopravne tradicije, a donekle i zbog već stečenih
navika i nekih konkretnih praktičnih razloga, poput verovatne/moguće
nespremnosti zdravstvenog sistema da se bez oslonca na prethodno
formalno i odlučujuće reagovanje krivičnopravnog sistema i u sklopu
tog sistema, bavi tretmanom takvih pacijenata, može donekle biti prihvatljivo zadržavanje mogućnosti da se licima koja nisu učinila
krivično delo (neuračunljivi učinioci), izriču krivične sankcije, koje
naravno, nisu kaznenog karaktera, već se svode na odgovarajuće medicinske tretmane. Bilo bi svakako veoma komplikovano da se sada
radikalno menja koncept krivičnih sankcija u krivičnom zakonodavstvu Srbije, a naročito da se reagovanje na protivpravna dela
zakonom propisana kao krivična dela neuračunljivih učinilaca (koja
stoga i nisu krivična dela), kompletno prebacuje na „kolosek“ koji
uopšte nije krivičnopravni.
Možda bi najjednostavniji, a suštinski sasvim prikladan način
uskla|ivanja načela krivice i sistema krivičnih sankcija, kada se radi
o merama bezbednosti medicinskog karaktera koje se izriču
neuračunljivim učiniocima, bio da se za početak takve mere i formalno definišu kao mere posebne vrste, koje ne spadaju u krivične sankcije, te da se onda eventualno, u nekoj budućoj većoj reformi našeg
krivičnog zakonodavstva, ovo pitanje reši i na drugačiji način, koji bi
u osnovi podrazumevao potpunije isključenje krivičnopravnog sistema
u odnosu na neuračunljive učinioce.
Ovde je problem kako bi bilo mogu}e da krivični sud izriče
mere koje nisu krivične sankcije. Moglo bi se možda poći i od principa, ko može više, može i manje, pa ipak, omogućiti i krivičnom sudu da
izriče i tu vrstu mera (što bi bilo verovatno prilično sporno), ili bi se
mogao razvijati drugačiji koncept, koji bi u praksi bio nešto komplikovaniji, ali svakako manje sporan. To znači da bi se u krivičnom postupku, krivični sud ograničavao samo na konstatovanje da je
neuračunljivi učinilac učinio delo koje je protivpravno i zakonom
propisano kao krivično delo (neka vrsta prethodnog pitanja), da bi potom, drugi oblik suda, a to bi po logici stvari, trebalo da bude vanparnični sud, takvom učiniocu odredio konkretnu meru psihijatrijskog
lečenja, bilo u zdravstvenoj ustanovi (oblik lišenja slobode/prinudnog
lečenja), bilo na slobodi. Naravno, ovo su osnovne „konture“ takvog
mogućeg rešenja, koje bi se svakako moralo detaljnije razraditi u odgovaraju}im zakonima, tj. kako u Krivičnom zakoniku, tako i u ZKP-u i u
drugim zakonima.This paper explains relations between medical security measures as a type
of criminal sanctions imposed on unaccountable perpetrators which are unlawful
and proclaimed as criminal offences by the criminal law of Serbia (especially in the
context of objective-subjective general notion of the criminal offence), it is selfunderstood that not only punishments, but also criminal sanctions in general can be
imposed only to a perpetrator to whom an unlawful act which is proclaimed as a
criminal offence by the law and therefore makes a criminal offence.
This paper explains the importance of the principle of guilt in contemporary
criminal law with the analysis of examples from the basic models of comparative law
and their relations towards the principle of guilt. The author explains the basic components of the principle of guilt and insanity, i.e. incapability of bearing guilt - in the
USA and Germany ('Schuldunfähikeit'). Furthermore, this paper explains the criminal-legal and constitutional-legal importance of the principle of guilt in the criminal
legislation of Serbia, and the system of criminal sanctions which partially deters from
the principle of guilt when it comes to medical security measures because such criminal sanctions can be imposed to persons who did not commit crime i.e. they are generally created for insane perpetrators who are not baring the guilt for their unlawful
act which is prescribed as a criminal offence by the law due to their mental illness and
its affect on their intellectual of voluntary powers.
The author concludes that undisputed and in principle - any criminal sanction can be imposed only to a perpetrator whose act can be accounted for as guilt
because only in this case an unlawful act which is defined as a criminal offence by
the law formally is a criminal offence.
When it comes to criminal legislation of Serbia, only because of a certain
criminal-legal tradition, and partially because of habits which have already been
created and some particular practical reasons such as possible/probable unpreparedness of the health system to treat such patients without relying on previous formal and decisive reaction of the criminal system and within this system, it can sometimes be acceptable to keep the possibility to impose criminal sanctions to persons
who did not commit any crime (insane perpetrators), but in case these sanctions are
not punitive but come down to certain medical treatments. It would certainly be very
complicated to radically change the concept of criminal sanctions in the criminal legislation of Serbia, especially to completely transfer reacting to unlawful acts
which are defined as criminal offences by law but are committed by insane perpetrators (and therefore are not criminal offences) to a completely different track
which isn't criminal or legal.
When it comes to medical security measures for insane perpetrators, perhaps the easiest and most appropriate way of harmonising the principle of guilt and
system of criminal sanctions would be to formally define special measures which
are not categorised as criminal sanctions, and to then solve this problem in a different way in a future reform of our criminal legislation. This alternative way of
solving the problem would imply thorough exclusion of criminal system in relation
to insane perpetrators.
The problem here is how to enable criminal court to impose measures
which are not criminal sanctions. One can perhaps start with the principle 'who can
do more, can do less' and enable criminal court to impose this type of measures
(which would probably be pretty controversial) and another option is to develop a
different concept which would in practice be a little more complicated but nevertheless much less controversial. This means that in the criminal proceedings, criminal
court would be limited to state that the insane perpetrator committed an unlawful
act which is defined as criminal offence by law (some sort of preliminary question)
and then a different court would have to impose a measure of psychiatric treatment,
whether in a medical institution (the form of deprivation of freedom/compulsory
treatment) or at liberty. Of course, these are the main contours of a possible solution which would have to be developed in more detail within specific laws, i.e. in
Criminal Code of Serbia, Criminal Procedure Code and other legislation