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Aggresion in intrenational criminal law
No full textМеђународни кривични суд, основан Римским статутом 1998. године,
је према члану 5. Статута надлежан за вођење кривичног поступка за четири међународна
кривична
дела:
кривично дело геноцида, кривична дела против човечности, ратне
злочине и кривично дело агресије. За кривично дело агресије није било могуће покренути
кривични поступак,иако се она формално налазила у надлежности Суда, јер нису били
усвојени њени елементи. Финални акт дипломатске конференције у Риму, која је одржана
под
окриљем
Уједињених
Нација,
наложио
је
посебној
комисији
(The
Preparatory
Commission
for the Court) да припреми одредбе о агресији, укључујући дефиницију, елементе
злочина агресије и услове под којима ће Суд спроводити своју надлежност. Тај задатак је
завршила Специјална радна група за кривично дело агресије (Special Working Group on the
Crime of Aggression-SWGCA) формирана од стране скупштине држава чланица Статута.
Њен
извештај
је представљао главни предмет разматрања у Кампали у Уганди, од
31. маја до 11. јуна 2010. године, на првој ревизионој конференцији Статута. Државе
потписнице Статута постигле су историјски споразум о његовој допуни дефиницијом
кривичног дела агресије. Такође, постигнут је споразум око осетљивог питања надлежности
тј.
услова
под
којима
би
Суд,
у
будућности,
могао
да
врши
јурисдикцију
за
ово
дело.
Аутори
у
раду
дају
генезу агресије као међународног кривичног дела, са посебним
акцентом на конференцију у Кампали и допуну Статута.The International Criminal Court, founded by the Rome Statute of 1998, according
to
Article
5
of
the
Statute,
has
jurisdiction
in
the
cases
of
prosecution
involving
the
following
four
international
criminal
offences:
the
criminal
act
of
genocide,
crimes
against
humanity,
war
crimes,
and
criminal
offences
of
aggression.
It
was
previously
impossible
to
institute
criminal
proceedings
for
a
criminal
act
of
aggression
although
it
was
formally
within
the
Court’s
jurisdiction
because
its
elements
had
not
been
adopted.
The
final
act
of
a
plenipotentiary
diplomatic
conference
in
Rome,
which
was
held
under
the
auspices
of
the
United
Nations,
ordered
a
special
commission
(The
Preparatory
Commission
for
the
Court)
to
prepare
the
provisions
on
aggression
including the definition, elements of the crime of aggression, and the
conditions under which the Court would exercise its jurisdiction. The task was performed by
the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression - SWGCA, which was formed by the assembly
of the states parties to the Statute of the Court. The resulting report constituted the
main subject matter under consideration at the first Review Conference on the Court held in
Kampala, Uganda from 31 May to 11 June 2010. The ratifying states reached a historic agreement
on
amending
the
Statute
by
adding
the
definition
of
the
criminal
act
of
aggression.
An
agreement
was
also
reached
concerning
the
delicate
issue
of
jurisdiction,
i.e.
the
conditions
under
which
the
Court
is
to
execute
its
jurisdiction
over
this
crime
in
future.
Authors
of
this
paper
offer
a
historic
overview
of
aggression
as
an
international
criminal
offence,
placing
a
special
emphasis
on
the
conference
in
Kampala
and
the
amendment
to
the
Statute
Certain aspects of security science methodological bases
Get PDFThe paper deals with the following: (1) the security science concept, (2) the
security science constituents, and (3) the possibilities of the security science research. According to this, it has been concluded that: (1) security agencies and their activities should be developed scientifically; that this development in security science knowledge is acquired by scientific methods; and that it offers proven knowledge to legal regulation. It is true that the activities of security agencies are not studied by security science only. Since these activities are very complex, they became the subject of numerous sciences and scientific disciplines. Each of them investigates the activities of the security agencies from its own aspects and allows security science to use the obtained results. However, that does not deprive them from obligation to come to key knowledge by their own research endeavors, (2) that knowledge of security has its constituent sciences. However, the subject has not been clearly and precisely defined yet, while the theory, method, and language are in the process of development. This means that security science is at the beginning of its constitution and development. It may develop faster or slower, depending on the systematic study of its subject area and meta research and; (3) the ability of scientific research of security phenomena is conditioned by theoretical fund and security science language. New scientific knowledge on security phenomena is essentially dependent on the quantity and quality of existing theoretical funds of security science. The fact is that security science have neither a complete nor a unique theory; they are a unity of often remote theories about narrower parts of security science’ subject. Some are primarily theoretical and some are applied. Each of them has the character of a doctrine and (or) legal regulations; they are made of a series of attitudes, instructions and principles. There is a lack of correct definitions of the scientific laws that have the capital role in the research of security phenomena. This is why the research is very complex and unreliable, while the results are conditional and hypothetical
Interamerička telekomunikaciona komisija
Get PDFAt this revolutionary time in the development of telecommunications, universal access/service is the fundamental tenet to be taken into account in the development of telecommunications policies and legislation. The new context of international trade, the increasingly competitive environment, convergence, technological progress, the establishment of consumers’ rights and the implementation of the Global Information Society (GIS) and Global Information Infrastructure (GII) are adding new dimensions to the concept of the universal access/service in every country in the Americas. The member states of the Organization of American States (OAS) have undertaken to note efforts to promote and achieve economic and social development with equity. They have also recognized the vital role of telecommunications as a tool to achieve that objective. They have thus placed special emphasis on the need to consolidate and promote telecommunication modernization and coordination in the region. Among the numerous attempts to increase cyber security in the Americas, the largest share of the burden has assumed the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL) on itself. The Inter-American Telecommunication Commission was established at 1994 under the auspices of the Organization of American States. It consists of public sector – 35 Member States and over 200 Associate Members (international, national, professional and non-governmental organizations) – private sector. CITEL serves as a permanent forum that brings together the government and the private sector for coordinating the Member States’ diverse political, economic, social and technical perspectives required to assist in meeting their specific infrastructure needs. CITEL’s evaluations include relevant legal, regulatory and technology-related issues such as universal access to ICTs, common standards, network interoperability and compatible use of the radio spectrum. CITEL has technical autonomy to perform its functions within the limits prescribed by the OAS Charter, its statutes and the mandates of the General Assembly. Its objectives include facilitating and promoting the continuous development of telecommunications in the Hemisphere. These CITEL activities uniquely promote country and regional economic development and contribute to consolidated representation of the Members’ positions at regional, hemisphere and international policy meetings. Contributing to the region’s economic and social development is the objective of all elements of the work of CITEL, whether it is coordinating the rules needed to facilitate infrastructure deployment and telecommunication service delivery, harmonization of the radio frequency spectrum to reduce the cost of providing wireless services, information and communication technology (ICT) training, or helping countries devise telecommunication development strategies. There are a number of factors regarding the organization and operation of CITEL that are rather obvious. Probably, the most important of these is the fact that CITEL must confront the future in partnership with the private sector in order to position itself to be of assistance to the member states. With the increased participation of the private sector, it is anticipated that the scope of activities CITEL will be addressing in the future will also broaden. This is already taking place, especially in support of the establishment of a free trade zone in the Americas. One obvious step in this direction would be the expansion of the standards coordination activities into the area of information technology standards, which not only supports the trade negotiations but also the implementation of the global information infrastructure.U mnoštvu pokušaja da se poveća sajber-bezbednost na američkom kontinentu, najveći deo tereta na sebe je preuzela Interamerička telekomunikaciona komisija (CITEL – Inter-American Telecommunication Commission). Ova organizacija je nastala 1994. godine, pod patronatom Organizacije američkih država, a čine je: javni sektor – 35 država članica, kao i preko 200 međunarodnih, nacionalnih, strukovnih i nevladinih organizacija iz svih delova sveta – privatni sektor. CITEL deluje kao permanentni forum, koji doprinosi i javnom i privatnom sektoru bezbednosti u koordinaciji različitih političkih, ekonomskih, društvenih i tehničkih perspektiva i zahteva država članica i organizacija, a takođe pomaže i da se ovi subjekti sastaju u zavisnosti od infrastrukturnih potreba. Kroz ovu organizaciju procenjuju se relevantna pravna, regulatorna i tehničko-tehnološka pitanja kao što je univerzalni pristup bazama podataka, zajednički standardi, mrežna interoperabilnost i kompatibilna upotreba radio-spektra. Sve ove aktivnosti koje promoviše CITEL su nacionalnog i regionalnog razvojnog karaktera i doprinose usklađenom predstavljanju zemalja članica na regionalnim i međunarodnim sastancima
Zaštita nacionalnih interesa Republike Srbije u procesu međunarodnih integracija
Get PDFThe realization and the protection of national interest is, traditionally, linked with the state of national security; national Security implies unobstructed achieving, enjoying and developing of national values and certainty of realizing national interests, absence of threats to national values and interests, as well as absence of fear that they will be endangered. Capability of state to regularly determine and efficiently realize national interests, depends on the level of security of society, state and international community. The policy of carrying out national interests is complicated because it is 'stretched' between real national needs, social interests, political and informal (interest and lobbying) groups, national power, the state of national and international security, national and international right, foreign policy of other states and political international organizations. As well as to propagation of national interests, statesmen are not always objective, and often changes in regime in countries in transition sometimes require drastically change in agenda of national interests. Eventually, contra positive attitudes in terms of declaring and the manner of achieving national interests can encourage conflicts of national and international proportions, especially in societies with undeveloped tolerance, security and political culture, in which the continuity in leading national politics does not exist. In such turbulent circumstances it is not that simple to define and achieve national priorities, and with that ensure national security. That is the situation with the Republic of Serbia too, which is a country in transition and in the process of international integrations.Dostizanje i zaštita nacionalnih interesa se, tradicionalno, vezuje za stanje bezbednosti države i nacije: nacionalna bezbednost upravo podrazumeva nesmetano dostizanje, uživanje i razvoj nacionalnih vrednosti i izvesnost realizovanja nacionalnih interesa, odsustvo pretnji po nacionalne vrednosti i interese, kao i odsustvo straha da će biti ugroženi. Od sposobnosti države da pravilno utvrdi i efikasno realizuje nacionalne interese, zavisi i stepen bezbednosti društva, države i međunarodne zajednice. Politika sprovođenja nacionalnih interesa je složena i u disperziji između realnih nacionalnih potreba, interesa društvenih, političkih i neformalnih (interesnih i lobističkih) grupa, nacionalne moći, stanja nacionalne i međunarodne bezbednosti, nacionalnog i međunarodnog prava, spoljne politike drugih država i politike međunarodnih organizacija. Uz to, u propagiranju nacionalnih interesa državnici nekada nisu objektivni, a česte promene režima u tranzicijskim državama neretko uslovljavaju i drastičnu promenu agende nacionalnih interesa. Najzad, oprečnost stavova u pogledu deklarisanja i načina dostizanja nacionalnih interesa može da podstakne konflikte nacionalnih i međunarodnih razmera, posebno u društvima sa nerazvijenom tolerancijom, bezbednosnom i političkom kulturom, i u kojima i ne postoji kontinuitet u vođenju nacionalne politike. U tako turbulentnim okolnostima nije jednostavno definisati i dostići nacionalne prioritete, a time ni osigurati nacionalnu bezbednost. U takvoj situaciji se nalazi i Republika Srbija, kao zemlja u tranziciji koja teži međunarodnim integracijama
Bezbednosni aspekt održivog razvoja urbanih ekosistema
Get PDFAt the present stage of development of human society, more than half of mankind lives in urban areas with a high tendency of daily increase of population in cities around the planet, which may be considered Urban planet. UN Habitats research points to the fact that until the 2030th year, about 60 percent of the total population on the planet will live in cities if they continue with the current trend of population growth. The huge inflow of population in cities in developing countries has resulted in a lack of drinking water, poor hygienic conditions, lack of basic living space, lack of permanent living space, high level of crime and fear of crime. At the same time, cities in developed countries, are faced with another problem - the need of the population in areas with lower density for large amounts of energy. A large number of residents in cities of developed countries live in the suburbs, with large dependence of the quality of transport infrastructure. In searching for human well-being, the existing resources of immediate living environment are becoming more vulnerable. The important security indicator of existing resources, but also the indicator of sustainable development in urban ecosystems is an ecological footprint. The existing methodology for calculating the ecological footprint has not proved efficient enough in the urban planning of sustainable cities. Finding the Balance between human needs and potentials of urban living environment is the essence of sustainable development which can not be viewed as a simple collection of separate parts, but as a complex system (superorganism) which takes a series of mutually conditioned, related functions that occur in a manner that establish and / or maintain the balance of the urban environment - the urban ecosystem. The urban ecosystem is a complex open dynamic system that has a dynamic structure and functional streams in which it seeks the balance between the need for natural resources and existing capacity of the environment in an effort to meet the needs. The structure of urban system consists of a space with clearly defined boundaries, the elements, natural resources and urban infrastructure networks. The functionality of urban ecosystems is caused by many, varied activities - functions, functions of regulators, feedback gain and dynamics of functional flows. Urban institutional ecological footprint is a complete, comprehensive approach to urban planning, sustainable and safe cities - urban ecosystems.U sadašnjoj fazi razvoja ljudskog društva, više od polovine čovečanstva živi u visoko urbanizovanim sredinama sa tendencijom svakodnevnog porasta broja stanovnika u gradovima širom planete koja se može smatrati Urbanom planetom. Istraživanja UN Habitat-a ukazuju na činjenicu da će do 2030. godine, oko 60 posto ukupnog stanovništva na planeti živeti u gradovima ako se nastavi sa sadašnjom tendencijom rasta broja stanovnika. Ogroman priliv stanovništva u gradovima u zemljama u razvoju ima za posledicu nedostatak pitke vode, loše higijenske uslove, nedostatak osnovnog životnog prostora, nedostatak trajnog životnog prostora, veliki stepen kriminaliteta i straha od kriminala. Istovremeno, gradovi u razvijenim zemljama sveta, suočeni su sa drugim problemom - potreba stanovništva u sredinama sa manjom gustinom naseljenosti za velikom količinom energije. Veliki broj stanovnika, u gradovima razvijenih zemalja živi u predgrađima, u velikoj zavisnosti od kvalitetne saobraćajne infrastrukture. U potrazi za ljudskim blagostanjem postojeći resursi neposrednog životnog okruženja postaju sve ugroženiji. Značaj pokazatelj bezbednosti postojećih resursa ali istovremeno i održivog razvoja urbanog ekosistema je ekološki otisak. Postojeća metodologija proračuna ekološkog otiska nije se pokazala dovoljno efikasnom u urbanom planiranju održivih gradova. Uspostavljanje ravnoteže između ljudskih potreba i potencijala urbanog životnog okruženja je suština održivog razvoja grada koji se ne može posmatrati kao prost zbir odvojenih delova, već kao složen sistem (superorganizam) u kome se odvija niz međusobno uslovljenih, povezanih funkcija koje se odvijaju na način da se uspostavi i/ili održi ravnoteža urbanog okruženja - urbanog ekosistema. Urbani ekosistem predstavlja kompleksan otvoren dinamičan sistem koji ima svoju strukturu i dinamične funkcionalne tokove u kome se teži uspostavljanju ravnoteže između potreba za prirodnim resursima i postojećih kapaciteta životne sredine u nastojanju da se potrebe zadovolje. Strukturu urbanog sistema sačinjava prostor sa jasno definisanim granicama, elementima, prirodnim resursima i mrežama urbane infrastrukture. Funkcionalnost urbanog ekosistema uslovljena je brojnim, raznovrsnim aktivnostima - funkcijama, regulatorima funkcija, povratnim spregama i dinamikom kretanja funkcionalnih tokova. Urbani institucionalni ekološki otisak predstavlja kompletniji, sveobuhvatniji pristup u urbanom planiranju održivih i bezbednih gradova - urbanih ekosistema
Uporedni prikaz graničnih policija država nastalih raspadom Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije i Granične policije Republike Srbije
Get PDFFirst of all, the authors of this paper examine the organisation, jurisdiction and regulations of the Border Police of the Republic of Serbia and afterwards give comparative review of similar services in countries formed after the breakup of Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. From the given review, one may conclude that the organisation, jurisdiction and procedure in afore-mentioned countries are similar and in some parts even the same, thanks to the fact that all countries have adopted the Concept of Integrated Border Management and the procedure of controlling border crossing and maintaing the security of state borders from Schengen Border Code. Accepting these terms represents one of the conditions for entering European Union. All countries have to uniform their activitites in securing and controlling border crossing. One proposition should be concerned- for all the similarities in the organisation, activities and regulation , mutual education and training for all the members of Border Police from ex YU countries could be organised.Autori teksta u radu prikazuju, organizaciju, nadležnosti i propise koje prate rad Granične policije Republike Srbije, kao i njen uporedni prikaz sa sličnim službama svih država nastalih raspadom bivše Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije, njihovim načinima rada i aktima na osnovu kojih oni sprovode svoju delatnost. Iz komparativnog prikaza graničnih službi navedenih država može se konstatovati da su organizacija, nadležnosti i procedure koje se primenjuju veoma slične, čak u nekim delovima istovetne, jer su sve države prihvatile Koncept integrisanog upravljanja granicom, kao i procedure kontrole prelaženja i obezbeđenja državne granice koje su predviđene Šengenskim kodeksom o granicama, a što je jedan od uslova za njihov ulazak u Evropsku uniju. Zbog toga sve države moraju da unificiraju svoja postupanja prilikom obezbeđenja i kontrole prelaženja državne granice. Takođe, zbog svih navedenih sličnosti u organizaciji, postupcima, propisima, treba se uzeti u razmatranje mogućnost sprovođenja zajedničke specijalističke obuke svih pripadnika graničnih policija, bivših država Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije
Uporedni pregled sistema za istraživanje i oduzimanje imovine stečene kriminalom
Get PDFIn introduction author points to the necessity of adopting the institute of confiscation of criminal assets, supported by international experience, primarily due to the weakness of previously known institute confiscation of the proceeds of crime (for which the offender is being tried), showed in front of the phenomenon of organized crime. In doing so, he analyzes the modalities of confiscation of criminal origin present in modern legal systems and emphasizes the required standard of proof, as one of the key factors of their particularity. The following is a comparative review of the system for investigating and confiscation of criminal assets in Italy, Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, France and the United States. There are emphasized the normative elements which affect to scope of application of this institute, especially in light of its connection to the criminal proceedings, as well as jurisdiction to realization of the investigation process and procedure of confiscation. In the final part, the author concludes that appropriate social and institutional responses are very important for the effective fight against crime, every time if there is a suspicion about illegally acquired wealth. In doing so, particular attention arouses organized crime, particularly in the light of contemporary global trends, which, unfortunately, significantly affect the possibility of the development of organized crime, and development and/or covering up its financial component. In this sense, the author emphasizes that the basic characteristics of the system for investigation and confiscation of criminal assets connected to the criminal proceedings, which are used in developed European countries and the United States: (1) changed the rules of evidence, which means less convenient role of suspects, (2) the application of this mechanism to a limited number of crimes, which often includes drug trafficking and other serious crimes or organized crime, and (3) the existence of specialized subjects and investigative powers, which vary in relation to the classical powers related to the investigation of criminal offenses.Nakon uvodnih izlaganja, u kojima se osvrće na modalitete oduzimanja imovine kriminalnog porekla prisutne u savremenim pravnim sistemima i naglašava zahtevani standard dokaza kao jedan od ključnih faktora njihovog specifikuma, autor u kratkim crtama daje uporedni pregled sistema za istraživanje i oduzimanje imovine stečene kriminalom u nekoliko evropskih zemalja i SAD. Pri tome, apostrofira normativne elemente kojima su određeni uslovi i delokrug primene ovog instituta, prvenstveno u svetlu vezanosti za krivični postupak, kao i nadležnosti za sprovođenje istražnog procesa i postupka oduzimanja. U završnom delu rada autor zaključuje da su osnovne karakteristike sistema za oduzimanje kriminalnog bogatstva vezanog za krivični postupak, koji se danas primenjuju u razvijenim evropskim zemljama i SAD, izmenjena pravila dokaznog postupka, koja podrazumevaju manje lagodnu ulogu lica u čije poštenje se sumnja, primena ovog instituta samo kod ograničenog kruga krivičnih dela i postojanje specijalizovanih istražnih subjekata i ovlašćenja
Mapiranje kriminala u funkciji problemski orijentisanog rada policije
Get PDFThe diversity of activities and tasks of modern policing, and their simultaneous focus on the interests of all citizens and the whole society, and a high degree of uncertainty and unpredictability of emergence and development of safety occurrences and events shows the complexity of environment in which the police system operates. If the police want to effectively perform its function in society, police officers at all hierarchical levels should have timely and precise knowledge about when and where crimes and other events of police importance happen, and who are their actors (perpetrator, victim, etc.). In other words, to solve problem it is necessary to possess reliable information about its characteristics, especially on the causes of its appearance and the way it is expressed, or the consequences caused. For decision makers is extremely important that the information be reliable, i.e. reflect the true state of the object, phenomena and processes that are related and that at any given time and space. The complexity of the problem may result in that such information is often a numerous. As the majority of these data can be related to a location in space, geo-topographical surface can be a good basis for their synthesis and presentation. Combining operations with databases, such as query and statistical analysis, with a unique layered data organization and visualization, crime mapping based on the GIS technology can play an important role in the problem-oriented policing.Raznovrsnost poslova i zadataka savremene policije i njihova istovremena usmerenost na interese svih građana i čitavog društva, kao i visok stepen neizvesnosti i nepredvidivosti nastajanja i razvoja bezbednosnih pojava i događaja, ukazuju na kompleksnost uslova u kojima policijski sistem funkcioniše. Ako policija hoće efikasno da vrši svoju funkciju u društvu, policijski službenici na svim nivoima policijske organizacije trebalo bi da raspolažu blagovremenim i preciznim saznanjima o tome kada i gde se manifestuju krivična dela i drugi događaji od značaja za policijsko postupanje, kako se oni manifestuju i ko su njihovi akteri (učinilac, žrtva) i sl. Drugim rečima, za rešava- nje svakog problema potrebno je raspolagati pouzdanim informacijama o njegovim karakteristikama, posebno o uzrocima njegovog nastajanja i načina ispoljavanja, odnosno, posledicama koje izaziva. Za donosioce odluke od izuzetnog je značaja da te informacije budu pouzdane, tj. da odražavaju pravo stanje objekta, pojava i procesa na koje se odnose i to u datom vremenu i geoprostoru. Kompleksnost problema može za posledicu imati da je takvih informacija često veliki broj, ali kako se najveći broj njih može vezati za određenu lokaciju u geoprostoru, geotopografska podloga može biti dobra osnova njihove sinteze i prikaza. Objedinjujući operacije sa bazama podataka, poput upita i statističkih analiza, s jedinstvenom slojevitom (lejerskom) organizacijom i vizualizacijom podataka, mapiranje kriminaliteta zasnovano na tehnologiji geografskih informacionih sistema (GIS) može imati značajnu ulogu u problemski orijentisanom radu policije
Porodično nasilje u Srbiji - istorijsko-kulturološka dimenzija
Get PDFThis paper is based on the results of research of family violence in Serbia at the end of the last millennium and at the beginning of this one, with a particular emphasis on the basic settings of patriarchal family relations cherished for centuries in Serbia. The chronological matrix shows that the first research of family violence in Serbia as criminological, sociological, historical and cultural phenomenon marked the last decade of 20th century. At the same time, this period coincided with the circumstances of deep economic crisis, social stratification and value degradation.Ovaj rad se bazira na rezultatima istraživanja porodičnog nasilja u Srbiji na razmeđu dva milenijuma, pri čemu se posebno naglašavaju temeljne patrijarhalne postavke porodičnih relacija u Srbiji, negovane kroz vekove. Hronološka matrica pokazuje da su prva istraživanja porodičnog nasilja u Srbiji kao kriminološkog, sociološkog i istorijsko-kulturološkog fenomena obeležila poslednju deceniju 20. veka. Istovremeno, taj period se poklapa sa okolnostima duboke ekonomske krize, društvenog raslojavanja i vrednosnih degradacija
