Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral

Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral
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    Estimating intraurban socioeconomic status using users’interactions registered on digital data

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    xThe thesis addresses the challenge of estimating socioeconomic status (SES) at an intraurban level using digital data sources. Traditional methods for measuring SES, such as censuses and surveys, are often limited by their infrequency and coarse spatial granularity, which hinders timely and accurate assessments, especially at the neighborhood level. The study proposes leveraging alternative digital data sources, including mobile phone top-up transactions and supermarket purchase data, to model and predict SES, providing the potential for more frequent, cost-effective, and spatially granular analysis. The research focuses on urban neighborhoods in Ecuador, aiming to develop machine learning models that can accurately predict Neighborhood SES (NSES). The research employs two machine learning models: a Regression Model using mobile phone top-up transactions and a Graph Neural Network (GNN) Model using supermarket transaction data. The first model focuses on linear relationships between variables derived from top-up transaction data and NSES. The model is designed to estimate the NSES by aggregating the average denomination and the denomination diversity at the neighborhood level. The second model leverages the complex, non-linear relationships inherent in supermarket transactions. The GNN model transforms these transactions into a graph representation, where items purchased together are linked, and the frequency and diversity of these links are analyzed to infer SES. The model is particularly suited for capturing the socioeconomic patterns that emerge from the co-purchase behaviors of individuals within a neighborhood. Both models demonstrate significant predictive power in estimating SES at the intraurban level. The Regression Model achieves a prediction accuracy of up to 74%. This model is particularly effective in identifying the relationship between average top-up denomination and neighborhood SES, with higher denominations indicating wealthier neighborhoods. The GNN Model outperforms the Regression Model, achieving a prediction accuracy of up to 91%. The GNN model is able to model the intricate patterns of co-purchases within neighborhoods, allowing for a more detailed and accurate representation of NSES. The results highlight the potential of digital data sources as viable alternatives to complement traditional SES measurement methods

    EXA-2025-1S-CÁLCULO II-1-2Par.pdf

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    Fibra de carbono en la rehabilitación de columnas y vigas de hormigón armado para aumento de resistencia del antiguo edificio Banco de desarrollo del Ecuador (BIDE), ubicado en la ciudad de Guayaquil.

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    El presente proyecto se centra en la rehabilitación estructural de un pórtico compuesto columnas y una viga de hormigón armado perteneciente al edificio del Banco de Desarrollo del Ecuador, ubicado en Guayaquil. Su propósito principal es incrementar la capacidad de carga y asegurar la estabilidad estructural mediante la aplicación de fibras de carbono (CFRP). Justificado por la necesidad de mitigar el deterioro causado por factores como la carbonatación y las deficiencias en diseño original, el proyecto propone una solución técnica alineada con normativas internacionales. Se realizaron inspecciones visuales, ensayos destructivos y no destructivos (esclerometría, pachometría y extracción de núcleos), integrando estos datos en un modelo computacional utilizando ETABS. Posteriormente, se diseñó un refuerzo estructural siguiendo la normativa NEC-2015 y ACI 440.2R-17, empleando el software Sika CarboDur® para dimensionar y simular la aplicación de CFRP en elementos críticos. La propuesta incluyó un análisis detallado de costos y especificaciones técnicas para la implementación del refuerzo. Los resultados obtenidos con software mostraron una mejora en la capacidad estructural de los elementos reforzados, incrementando su resistencia y reduciendo las vulnerabilidades sísmicas. El CFRP demostró ser una solución efectiva, sostenible y viable, garantizando la prolongación de la vida útil del edificio. El proyecto concluye que la rehabilitación con CFRP asegura la funcionalidad y seguridad de la estructura, proponiendo su implementación en edificaciones similares en zonas sísmicas.This project focuses on the structural rehabilitation of a frame composed of reinforced concrete columns and beams in the Banco de Desarrollo del Ecuador building, located in Guayaquil. Its main objective is to enhance load capacity and ensure structural stability through the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). This intervention addresses the deterioration caused by factors such as carbonation and deficiencies in the original design, providing a technical solution aligned with current international standards. Visual inspections, destructive, and non-destructive tests (such as sclerometry, pachometry, and core extraction) were conducted. The collected data were integrated into a computational model using ETABS software. A structural reinforcement was then designed following NEC-2015 and ACI 440.2R-17 standards, utilizing Sika CarboDur® software to size and simulate the CFRP application in critical elements. The proposal included a detailed cost analysis and technical specifications for implementing the reinforcement. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the structural capacity of the reinforced elements, enhancing their resistance and reducing seismic vulnerabilities. CFRP proved to be an effective, sustainable, and viable solution, ensuring the building's prolonged service life. The project concludes that CFRP rehabilitation ensures the functionality and safety of the structure, recommending its application in similar buildings located in seismic zones

    Efecto de la supersaturación de oxígeno y tiempo de transporte sobre la supervivencia de huevos de huayaipe (Seriola rivoliana)

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    La piscicultura es clave para la producción sostenible de la industria acuícola, sin embargo, no siempre es posible llevar a cabo todas las fases de cultivo en un mismo centro de producción, por lo que se debe adquirir y transportar “semilla” (huevos, larvas o juveniles) de la especie que se desea cultivar desde centros especializados en la reproducción de peces como el CENAIM. Este estudio propone un protocolo seguro para el transporte de huevos de Huayaipe (Seriola rivoliana), una especie con alto valor comercial y con un alto potencial de cultivo. Factores como la calidad del agua, los niveles de oxígeno y la duración del trayecto afectan la viabilidad embrionaria y larvaria. Se colectaron huevos provenientes de desoves espontáneos de huayaipe con el método tradicional y se evaluó el efecto de la supersaturación o hiperoxigenación y el tiempo de traslado sobre la calidad del desarrollo y eclosión. Los resultados mostraron que niveles de oxígeno de hasta 400% no mejoraron la viabilidad, y los viajes de más de 12 horas en condiciones no controladas afectaron negativamente los huevos. Se concluye que mantener la saturación entre 100% y 200% optimiza el proceso, reduce costos y mejora la eficiencia del transporte, asegurando un método más sostenible y viable.Fish farming is key to the sustainable production of the aquaculture industry; however, it is not always possible to carry out all cultivation phases in the same production center. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire and transport "seed" (eggs, larvae, or juveniles) of the species to be cultivated from specialized fish reproduction centers such as CENAIM. This study proposes a safe protocol for transporting eggs of longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana), a species with high commercial value and great cultivation potential. Factors such as water quality, oxygen levels, and travel duration affect embryonic and larval viability. Eggs from spontaneous spawning events of Huayaipe were collected using the traditional method, and the effects of supersaturation or hyperoxygenation and transport time on development and hatching quality were evaluated. The results showed that oxygen levels of up to 400% did not improve viability, and transport lasting more than 12 hours under uncontrolled conditions negatively affected the eggs. It is concluded that maintaining oxygen saturation between 100% and 200% optimizes the process, reduces costs, and improves transport efficiency, ensuring a more sustainable and viable method. Keywords: egg transport, hatching rate, longfin yellotail (Seriola rivoliana), oxygen saturation, transport efficiency

    Sistema de seguridad inteligente para monitoreo de ataques en una WSN para ambientes de agricultura de precisión.

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    En la agricultura de precisión, garantizar la seguridad en redes de sensores inalámbricos (WSN) es esencial para mantener la integridad de los datos del suelo y optimizar la productividad agrícola. Este proyecto desarrolla un sistema inteligente para detectar amenazas cibernéticas destinadas a este tipo de redes, como ataques DoS o denegación de servicio e inyección de datos, y mitigar su impacto. Para ello, se analizó el protocolo ESP-NOW, utilizado por la WSN de nuestro cliente, y el tráfico entre dispositivos ESP8266 en la WSN con el fin de determinar variables para predecir ataques DoS. Se implementaron medidas de seguridad, como una lista de acceso basada en direcciones MAC autorizadas y la validación de mensajes mediante HMAC-SHA256. Un microcontrolador configurado como sniffer capturó y analizó el tráfico, permitiendo la creación de un modelo de detección que incluyó la recopilación y preprocesamiento de datos, selección de características, entrenamiento y validación en datasets recopilados y tráfico en vivo. Los resultados muestran que el modelo clasifica correctamente el tráfico de red hacia el nodo receptor, diferenciando entre tráfico normal y ataques DoS con una precisión del 99.9% bajo condiciones específicas. Este enfoque mejora la seguridad y confiabilidad de las WSN en entornos agrícolas, incentivando su adopción al garantizar la integridad de los datos y respaldar decisiones basadas en información precisa.In precision agriculture, ensuring the security of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is essential to maintain soil data integrity and optimize agricultural productivity. This project develops an intelligent system to detect cyber attacks targeting such networks, including DoS or denial of service attacks and data injection, and mitigate their impact. To achieve this, the ESP-NOW protocol, used by our client’s WSN, and the traffic between ESP8266 devices were analyzed to determine features that can predict DoS attacks. Security measures were implemented, such as an access list based on authorized MAC addresses and message validation using HMAC-SHA256. A microcontroller configured as a sniffer captured and analyzed network traffic, enabling the development of a detection model. This process involved data collection, preprocessing, feature selection, training, and validation using both collected datasets and live traffic. The results show that the model accurately classifies network traffic destined for the receiving node, distinguishing between normal traffic and DoS attacks with 99.9% precision under specific conditions. This approach enhances the security and reliability of WSNs in agricultural environments, encouraging their adoption by ensuring data integrity and supporting decisions based on accurate information. Keywords: WSN, Network Attacks, Precision Agriculture, Artificial Intelligence, ESP-NO

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