Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Applied Chemistry)
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Effect of Combining Electron Beam Irradiation and Alkaline Pretreatments of OPEFB for Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Ethanol
Get PDFThe effect of pretreatment process from the combination of electron beam irradiation and alkaline to Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) was studied. The combination of pretreatment method was considered as an alternative way to increase glucose yield. In this study, OPEFB was pretreated using Electron Beam Irradiation (EBI) at 100 kGy and 300 kGy and followed by chemical pretreatment. In chemical pretreatment, irradiated OPEFB was reacted with sodium hydroxide 6% and 10% in stirred vessel at 4 bars and 150 oC for 30 min. The effectiveness of pretreatment was evaluated by calculating the composition of chemical component using National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Method. The samples which were hydrolyzed using enzymes with the addition of 30 FPU of CellicCTec2 per gram of pretreated biomass resulted high glucose in the amount of 9.86%. The fermentation process using Saccharomyces cereviceae obtained the highest ethanol concentration for 5.36% at 72h. The combination of the two pretreatment methods gave an effect on the weight loss, chemical composition, structure, and enzymatic hydrolysis produc
THE USE OF TITRIMETRIC, NELSON SOMOGYI AND HPLC METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CASHEW APPLE JUICE FERMENTATION BROTHS
No full textIn cashew apple juice fermentation to produce wine and vinegar, analysis of organic acids and sugars in fermentation broths is very important, due to the fact that optimum conditions of fermentation could only be established from results obtained on monitoring the concentrations of those components during the fermentation process. Analysis of organic acids by tiirimetric method and analysis of sugars by Nelson-Somogyi method only give a total amount of acids and sugars. HPLC is one of the promising method for determining the acids/sugars individually, although this method needs costly facilities such as columns and so/vents. In this work, organic acids were separated by HPLC on a u-Bondapak C1B column using aqueous solution of 2% NH4H2O4 as the mobile phase, while sugars were separated on silica-based column using an eluent containing a polyamine reagent. In this investigation the results of determination of organic acids by titrimetric method and those of sugars by Nelson-Somogyi method were compared respectively with the results of individual organic acids and sugars obtained from the HPLC methods. It was found that for organic acids, results of the determination using the titrlmetric method is correlated linearly with the results of acetic acid obtained by the HPLC methods. The same results were obtained for total and reducing sugars determination by the Nelson-Somogyi and individual sugar by the HPLC methods. The regression equation obtained for each of the organic acids and sugars can be used for the estimation of each of the respective components present in the cashew apple juice fermentation broths based on the results obtained from both titrimetric and Nelson-Somogyi methods. For routine monitoring of large number of fermentation broth samples, the proposed method was found to be a better alternative to the more castly HPLC method
ISOLASI DAN PENENTUAN STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DARI TANA MAN OBAT TRADISIONAL SMILAX CORDIFORIA
No full textA research was carried out to isolate the constituents of Smilax cordiforia trunk bark. It is a famous medicinal plant in Mexico, used as weight control. The isolation methods were carried out by maceration in ether, and remaceration in methanol, and then both of crude extracts were purified by using combined chromatography technique. In the purification and identitification of the ether extract two compounds as steroid saponins, 3-B-O -B-D-glucopyranosyl sitosterol (1) and a mixture of 6-O-palmitoyl-glucopiranosil sitosterot, 6-0stearylglucopyranosyl sitosterol and 6-0arachidoyl-glucopyranosyl sitosterol (2) were obtained, which also have been isolated from other medicinal plants. Isolation from methanol extract resulted in four known substance of phenolic derivatives, identified as afilbin (3) isoastilbin (4), engelitin (5). and chlorogenic acid (C). engelitin demonstrated antifungal activity, astilbin and chlorogenic acid showed antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Chlorogenic acid also exhibited antimutagenic, antitumour and antioxcidant activities. Their molecular structures were detemined on the basis of combied spectroscopic methods including two dimensional NMR (2D NMR)
PEMBUATAN KERAMIK KORDIERIT DENGAN METODE SOL-GEL DAN KARAKTERISASI-NYA
No full textSol-gel method and melt-quenching as a reference methodwere studied for preparing a-cordierite phase. The solution ofcordierite precursor was prepared from a mixture of Si(O-Et),Al(O-Bu'), and Mg (O-EI)2 in 2-methoxyelhanol. The alkoxidesolution thus obtained was hydrolyzed with NH4OH-water. Thegel obtained was aged 80'C. After aging for more than one day,the products were dried at 120'C for 24 hours in dry oven. Allthe gel powders obtained were heat-treated up to 1050C. Theirphase transformation was studied by using a DTA and X-raydiffraction. It was found that different crystallization behaviorswere shown by the Al/Si ratio in gel powders. As the amount of.41 atoms decreased the exothermic peak of DTA due tocrystallization shifted to lower temperature and the initialtram/ormation of a-cordierite phase front u-cordierite took placeby heat-treating at 900'C for 1 hour. However, the completetram/ormation of single a-cordierite phase took place at highertemperature than Al-rich samples. Although the calcination wasdone at 1050C for 1 hr, the phase of u-cor dierite was stillobserved. Transformation of u-cordierite to a-cordierite phasefor Al-rich samples showed al a higher temperature comparedfor Al-poor samples, although the complete transformation tookplace at a relatively low temperature, compared with solid statereaction.The increase in Al concentration will increase the density ofsamples. The density of all samples were increased up to thecalcination temperature of 950C, and the highest density wasobtained at 1050C. The sample which was prepared by 'meltquenching'method, showed that the density of the sample was almostthe same although the calcination temperature was increased up tomore than 900'C. After calcination at 1050'C, the Al-rich samplehas a density of around 3,32 g/cm3 (93% of density standardcordierite)
THE INFLUENCE OF CATALYST AND FEEDSTOCK ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTIONS FOR CRACKING OF c8 PARAFFINS ON HY AND HZSM-5 ZEOLITES
No full textCatalytic cracking of n-octane and 2-methylheptane, as well as mixtures of these paraffins, has been studied on HY and HZSAI-5 zeolites, and also on combinations of the catalysts. For cracking on individual zeolites, both feedstock and catalyst influence the resulting product distributions. For all feedstocks, product distributions are shifted towards smaller fragments for reaction on HZSM-5 compared to HY. Ratios of branched to linear paraffins are much more strongly influenced by catalyst type and feedstock than the corresponding ratios for olefinic products. For reactions on catalyst mixtures, distributions of the Iota I products by carbon number correspond well to a summation of contributions on the individual catalysts. However, a greater departure from prediction is seen for individual distributions of paraffins, olefins and aromatics, as well as for ratios of branched 10 lineal' paraffins, showing that hydrogen transfer processes and isomerization must occur. The addition of pentasil has also resulted in enrichment of the linear saturates at 101-,'ercarbon number which is due to preferential cracking of linear paraffins over the branched isomers
EKSTRAKSI DAN FRAKSINASI KOMPONEN BIOAKTIF ANTIMIKROBA DALAM BIJI INTISARI DAN DAUN LADA
No full textIn the framework of antimicrobial activity investigation, seeds and leaves of black pepper were fractionated with n-hexane, methanol, chloroform and water consecutively, to isolate the active fractions. The antimicrobial activity was determined by agar plate diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6536, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Antimicrobial activity against the microbes was not found in the pepper leaf extracts as well as in the n-hexane extract of the seeds. Methanol, chloroform and water extracts of pepper seeds showed antimicrobial activity against S.aureus and Calblcans, however they did not show any activity against E.coli. The chloroform extract, which was the most active, was further eluted and fractionated by column chromatography on silica gel, eluted gradually with n-hexanetethylacetate. Antimicrobial activity determination of the fractions obtained from the column chromatography, indicated that fraction L(IV) showed the highest activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of L(IV) illustrated the possibility of the presence of several compounds, such as piperonal; palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, B-sitosterol and 2(3H)-furanone, 3,4-bis (l,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmetyl) dihydro
PENGAMATAN ANGKA PEROKSIDA DAN ANGKA ASAM DALAM MEDE GORENG SELAMA PENYIMPANAN
No full textCashew nut is a kind of seed consumed usually as fried snack food. Deterioration due to oxidative rancidity as well as hydrolisis of fat may decreas the quality of the fried cashew nut. In this paper the peroxide value and acid value of fried cashew nut during storage is discussed. Peroxide value and acid values were determined by titrimetrlc method while the change of unsaturated fatty acids were analyzed by using gas chromatography after transformation into methyl esters. Such analysis subjected to fried cashew nut using several kinds of frying oil, namely: palm oil, coconut oil and mixed palm and soybean oils. Sample was analyzed immediately after frying process (t=O), after 2 weeks (t=2) , 4 weeks (t=4) and 6 weeks (t=6) in storage. The peroxide values of the raw cashew nut and fried one using palm oil were high at t=6, 98.91 and 91.21 meqlkg oil respectively while the values of fried cashew nut using coconut oil for mixed palm oil with soybean oil have decreased, namely 28.85 or 8.62 meqlkg oil respectively. The acid values of raw cashew nut, the fried ones using coconut oil and mixed palm oil wilh soybean oil increased up to t=4, namely: 1.96%, 1.62% and 1.45% respectively. However, acid value of fried cashew nut using palm oil decreased, this was 1.25%
PEMANFAATAN KULIT UDANG UNTUK PEMBUATAN KITOSAN DAN GLUKOSAMIN
No full textShrimp shells as side product of frozen shrimp industry isnot yet used in pharmaceutical or chemical industries. Shrimpshells has a chemical constituent called chitin, calcium carbonateand protein as main compounds. By decalcination in dilute aqueosHCl solution (1-2 N) and deproteination ill dilute aqueos NaOHsolution (3-4 Nj gives a chitin. Deacetylation of chitin in theexcess of aqueous 50 % NaOH solution produces chitosan. Inthe preleminary experiment indicated that water (< 10%) andash (< 2%) content of chit os an same as standard. Based on theexperiment result the optimum condition was obtained as 1N HCIsolution (1: 10), 3N NaOH solution (1:6) and 50 % NaOH solution(1: 5) resulted 12,61 % chitosan with deacetylation degree valueabout 70 % with FT1R methode. Hydrolysis of chitin or chitosanin excess HCl gives glucosamine about 17 %, it's a mixture of aand B-glucosa11line. Glucoseamine is identified using 1H and13C NMR spectrum
FERMENTASI ALFA AMILASE DARI ASPERGILLUS ORYZAE PADA MEDIA SAGU METROXYLON
No full textAlpha amylase is an extracellular enzyme which can be obtained from Aspergillus oryzae fermentation. The production of the alpha amylase in fermentation of sago starch media (Metroxylon sp)in 600, 800 and 1500 ml scale at 30C for 7 to 9 days in aerobic condition has been conducted. The observations at day-3 indicated that the maximum enzyme specific activity assayed at 40C for 30 minutes incubation, was 1096 U/g protein, 963 U/g protein and 810 U/g protein for 600, 800 and 1500 ml scale respectively. At this condition starch utilization for growth reached 69% for the 600 and 800 ml scale and 71% for the 1500 ml scale and the biomass production was 6.03 g dry weight/L media, 4.03 g dry weight/L media and 5.66% g dry weight/L media for the 600, 800 and 1500 ml scale respectively